Index. G Gap junctions, 21 Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, 219 G-protein-coupled receptors, 18 Guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), 18

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1 A Acidic foods, 9 Actin stress fiber formation, 21 Activities of daily living (ADLs), Acupuncture etiology, physiological and neurobiological mechanisms, incidence, 225 needles, 223 treatments, types of, 223 Aging, 97, 213 Alcohol, consumption, 9 Alkaline foods, 9 Ankle fracture, 107 Anthropometry, 63 TEST I, TEST II, 153 Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM), 153, 154, 159 Arcometer, Artemisia vulgaris, 223 Awareness Through Movement, B Back extension exercises, 110 Back pain, Balloon kyphoplasty, 168 calcium phosphate cements ( biocements ), 167 contraindications, indications, with multiple myeloma, , polymethylmethacrylate, 167 vs. vertebroplasty, 170 β-catenin, Berg balance test, 188 Bio-impedance analysis (BIA) technique, 159 Bone aging and skeletal muscle cell differentiation, cellular senescence, parallels in, 47 turnover, Bone health, Bone loss, exercise (see Exercises) hip fractures, 197, 198 measurements anthropometry, 63 BMD, 64 CHD risk, 64 clinical overall fractures, 64 dietary intake, questionnaires, 64 statistical analysis, 65 vibration training (see Vibration training) Bone mineral density (BMD), 2, 7, 64, Bone remodeling, 2 3 Bone resorption, Bracing, 225 postvertebral fracture, C Cadherins, 28 Calcium, 9, channels, 19 Cellular senescence, Cervicalgia, Cobb measurement, Compression fracture, Springer International Publishing AG 2017 M. Sinaki, M. Pfeifer (eds.), Non-Pharmacological Management of Osteoporosis, DOI /

2 246 D Densitometry, bone, 46 Dowager s hump. See Thoracic kyphosis Dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry, 6 Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), 237 Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), 60 E Electroacupuncture (EA), 224 Ephrin ligands, 28 Epidural steroid injections (ESIs), Estrogen receptors (ERs), Exercises, 9, 59 60, 200, 201, 225 high-intensity exercise programs, muscles, role of, osteoporosis management of, 79 recreational with, risk of falls, 88, 89 treatment, physical activities, postmenopausal women, osteoporotic fracture risk, program and intervention BMD changes, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, 63 cardiometabolic risk factors features, group classes, home sessions, 63 programme, 200, 201 SPEED, temporary limitations, vertebral fracture, risk for, Extracellular matrix (ECM), F Facet joint, 220 Falls, accidental anticoagulation, 193 assistive devices (walkers/canes), balance physiology, call alarm systems, 193 cardiac pacemaker, 191 cognitive motor interference, 191 cranial nerve deficits, 188 diagnostic testing, epidemiology, etiology, exercise programs, gait/balance interventions, 190 hip protectors, 192 home safety assessment, 191 induced injuries bone mineral density, 182 epidemiology, medication modification, 190 multifactorial fall risk assessment, neurologic examination, 188 oral nutritional supplementation, 192 physical examination, 187, 188 polypharmacy, 183 postural hypotension, 192 postural strategies, , prevention, prevention falls algorithm, 185, 186 risk factors, endogenous and exogenous, screening, 185, 193 sensory-motor control mechanisms, 181 vision assessment and correction, 191 vitamin D, Feldenkrais, , Flexicurve, Fluid flow, osteoprogenitor cells, Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), 16 Forearm fractures, 107 Fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX), 64, 66 Fractures in ankle, 107 compression, in forearm, 107 in hip (see Hip fractures) low-trauma, 64 in osteoporosis postmenopausal women, postvertebral, bracing in, sacral insufficiency fracture, 106 soft tissue injuries, 107 stress, 107 tibial shaft treatment, 106 vertebral wedging and compression fracture, 98, in pelvis, 106 in rib, vertebral, exercises, Functional independence measure (FIM) scale, 204 Functional Reach test, 187

3 G Gap junctions, 21 Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, 219 G-protein-coupled receptors, 18 Guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), 18 H Handheld device, Headaches etiology, 208 forward posture, head and neck, 208, 209 treatment, Healthy bone diet, 9 10 High-intensity interval training (HIIT), Hip fractures, 103 bone loss, 197, 198 definition and description, 103 epidemiology, 104 etiology and types, 104 extraskeletal clinical factors, 197 management, morbidity and mortality, 197 pathogenesis, 104 post-hip fracture rehabilitation course, rehabilitation fall clinics, comprehensive approach, falls prevention, guidelines, 203 hip protectors, 202 monitoring and prognosis, occupational therapy, 202 physical therapy, 200, 201 Hip protectors, 192, 202 Home-based exercises, 190 Hydrostatic pressure, 22 Hyperkyphosis, 115 I Iliocostal impingement syndrome hyperkyphosis and kyphoscoliosis, 211 spinal deformities, treatment, Immobilization, Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), 19 Intention-to-treat (ITT) principle, 148 Intracellular signaling pathways, Ion channels, 26 Isometric back extension exercises, 110 K Kyphoplasty, 115, Kyphosis, 78, 98, 108, angle, back extension exercises, 215 imbalance, 215, 217 index, physiologic factors, 213, 214 proprioception, proprioceptive dynamic posturography, 215 SPEED program, 215, 216 WKO, 215, 216 L Lipid-related protein receptor- 5/6 (LRP5/6), 17 Low-trauma fractures, 64 Lumbar brace, 111 Lumbar lordosis, M Magnesium, 56 Marrow adipose tissue (MAT), 46 Mechanical loading, 100 bone turnover, use and disuse, calcium signaling, 19 ERs, GTPases and G-protein-coupled receptors, 18 intracellular signaling pathways, mechanoreceptors, mechanotransduction, bone, mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, microdamage, osteocyte apoptosis, and bone resorption, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes, 13 osteoprogenitor cells fluid flow effects, hydrostatic pressure and compression effects, 22 substrate stiffness effects on, protein kinase activation, skeletal anatomical sites, 14 Mechanotransduction, bone, Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), 16 Microdamage, Mineral-to-matrix ratio, 1 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), 15 Moxibustion, 223

4 248 Muscle cell differentiation, 47, 48 Musculoskeletal health in nutrition alcohol and bone health, calcium and vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium, and strontium, 56 protein, 55 vitamin K, 56 osteoporosis cervicalgia and headaches, iliocostal impingement syndrome, kyphotic posture, normal vs. kyphotic posture, 206, 207 physical activity, 7, 76, 93, 145 Myocytes, 47, 48 Myofascial trigger points (MTPs), 225 Myogenesis, 47 N Nitric oxide (NO), 18, Nutrition, 53 alcohol and bone health, calcium and vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium, and strontium, 56 protein, 55 vitamin K, 56 O Occupational therapy (OT), 202 Opioids, 103, 224 Orthotic care, 116, 192 Oscillatory fluid flow (OFF), 16 Osteoblasts, 20 Osteocalcin (OCN), 16, 22 Osteocytes, 25 apoptosis, Osteomed orthosis, 124 Osteopenia, 46, 81 Osteoplastic techniques balloon kyphoplasty, 168 contraindications, indications, pain relief, 168 randomized controlled studies, vertebroplasty, 169 Osteopontin (OPN), 16, 22 Osteoporosis, 46, 82, 97, 219 bone health, maintenance of, 9 bone mass maintanance, 100, 101 definition, 2 diagnosis, 4 7 etiology and pathogenesis, 2 4 exercise management of, 79 recreational with, risk of falls, 88, 89 treatment, fractures in forearm, 107 hip fracture, postvertebral, bracing in, rib fractures, sacral insufficiency, 106 soft tissue injuries, 107 stress/ankle, 107 tibial shaft treatment, 106 vertebral wedging and compression, healthy bone diet, 9 10 mechanical loading, 100 mineral-to-matrix ratio, 1 multifaceted approaches,2, 98 postural changes in cervicalgia and headaches, iliocostal impingement syndrome, kyphotic posture, normal vs. kyphotic posture, 206, 207 prevention, 7 8 risk factors, 4 risk of falls, factors, 101 spinal extensor strengthening program, 98, 99 treatment of back extension exercise program, 79 80, 83 bone density, 80 positive correlation, rehabilitation guidelines, yoga position exercise, vertebral fractures, 98 Osteoprogenitor cellsm fluid flow effects, Osterix, 47, 48 P Pain management, 103, 105, 111 acupuncture and, exercise and bracing, 225 spine injections, trigger point injections, 225 VA,

5 Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test, 104 Peak bone mass, 46 Pelvic fractures, 106 Performance oriented mobility assessment tool (POMA), 187 Phosphorus, 56 Physical therapy, 200, 201, 225 Pneumothorax, 224 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), Polypharmacy, 183 Postural strategies, accidental falls, Posture analysis arcometer, flexicurve, SpinalMouse, systematic review, X-ray measurement, Postvertebral fracture, Primary cilia, 21 Progressive resistive exercise (PRE) program, 85, 86 Protein kinase activation, Protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), 16 Pulmonary embolism, 222 Pump-like energetic exercises, 200 R Radiation exposure, 31 Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), 220 Rehabilitation, hip fractures fall clinics, comprehensive approach in, falls prevention, guidelines, 203 hip protectors, 202 monitoring and prognosis, occupational therapy, 202 physical therapy, 200, 201 Rib fractures, S Sacral insufficiency fracture, 106 Sarcopenia, 45 46, 78 Satellite cells, 47 Sclerostin, 26 Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), Short physical performance battery (SPPB), 188 Skeletal muscle age-related loss of, anatomical sites, 14 vs. bone aging bone and muscle cell differentiation, cellular senescence, parallels in, 47 Soft tissue injuries, 107 Spinal deformities, Spinal extensor strengthening program, 98 SpinalMouse, Spinal orthoses, 116, types of, 116 Spinal osteoporosis, posture analysis arcometer, flexicurve, SpinalMouse, systematic review, x-ray measurement, Spinal proprioceptive extension exercise dynamic (SPEED) program, 89 92, 98, 99 headaches, 210, 211 kyphotic posture, 215, 216 Spine injections, Spinomed, 111 Spinomed active orthosis, 124 Sports medicine exercise (see Exercises) physical activity, 59 Steady fluid flow (SFF), 21 Strain rate, 67 Stress fracture, 107 Strontium, 56 Substrate stiffness, T Tai Chi, 202, integration, 232 mind-body method, 232 physiological and psychological benefits, 240 prescription, TCF, 233, 234 training and certification, 236 Tricia Yu bend bow and shoot tiger, 233, 235 dancing crane, 234 sweep lotus with leg, 233, 236 Therapeutic movement-based mind-body practices Feldenkrais, Tai Chi (see Tai Chi) 249

6 250 Thoracic kyphosis, 31 arcometer, Cobb measurement, 33 flexicurve, SpinalMouse, systematic review, x-ray measurement, Thoracolumbar brace, 111 Tinetti assessment tool, 187 Trabecular bone, 3 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), 232 Training and electromyostimulation trial (TEST) TEST I, TEST II, TEST III, TEST V, WB-EMS technology, musculoskeletal health, 162 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), 225 Transition vertebra, 33 Trigger point injections, 225 T-score, 2 V Vertebral augmentation (VA), Vertebral compression fractures (VCFxs), 219 acupuncture and, exercise and bracing, 225 spine injections, trigger point injections, 225 VA, Vertebral fractures, 98, pharmaceutical treatment, 115 rigid orthoses, 117 risk for, Spinomed in women, 117 surgical interventions, 115 treatment of (see Osteoplastic techniques) wedging fracture, Vertebroplasty, 115, 169 vs. balloon kyphoplasty, 170 calcium phosphate cements (biocements), 167 contraindications, indications, with multiple myeloma, 172, polymethylmethacrylate, 167 Vibration training applications, biomechanical parameters, 127 direct/local, 128 indirect, 128 mechanical oscillatory motion, 127 muscle strength/mass and bone density, phase-oriented discharge, 128 side-alternating vibrations, 129 tonic vibration reflex, 128 vertical synchronous vibrations, 129 Vitamin D, 9, Vitamin K, 56 Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs), 16 W Weight-bearing exercises, 9, 13, 200 Weighted kypho-orthosis (WKO), 89, 92, headaches, kyphotic posture, 215, 216 Western diet, 55 Whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) bipolar pulse mode, 146 body composition and strength parameters, elderly, 163 exercises, 147, 162, 163 limitations, 163 measurements, 148 operator device, 147 perceived exertion, rate of, 147 procedures, 148 statistical procedures, 148 TEST investigations (see Training and Electromyostimulation Trial (TEST)) Whole-body vibration (WBV) training, 128, 129, 145 applications, on bone density, on cardiovascular fitness, in elderly, on muscle activity, effects of, on muscle strength/mass, 131, postural control, dynamic and static, risk of falls, Wnt signaling, 26, 28 Y Yoga position exercises, Z Z score, 2