CONCEPT AND APPLICATION OF EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE IN SPORTS INJURIES

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1 CONCEPT AND APPLICATION OF EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE IN SPORTS INJURIES 1 Dr. Mandeep Singh 2 Mohd. Alyas 1 Department of Higher Education, Govt. of J&K, J&K, India 2 Lecturer, K C Public School, J&K, India ABSTRACT Every physical activity gives us something to learn, increases our fitness components (one or the other) makes one confident and refresher or recharges us to lead life happy. On other side participation in games and sports may lead to injury. The injury can be the minor one, serious, career ending or even some times life threatening. Four steps come under first aid for strain and sprain which is also known as PRICE where P Represent Protection, R Represent Rest, I Represent Ice, C Represent Compression and E Represent Elevation. Keywords : Injuries, First Aid and conceptual. INTRODUCTION: An athlete can face injuries at any time i.e. during main competition, in regular practice reasons or in off-season training also. The sports injuries result in pain, swelling, restriction of movements etc. and required immediate rest. The degree of pain, swelling etc. depends upon the seriousness of injuries. Sports injuries are those injuries which occurs while performing physical movements, no matter how tough or simple those movements are sports injuries are also generally known as Athletic injuries, sprain, strain, fractures etc. are common sports injuries. Types of Sports Injuries. 1. Acute Injuries. 2. Overuse injuries. 1. Acute Injury- An acute injury is a hidden trauma. In sports terminology acute is used for first 72 hours of injuries. Acute injuries are fresh injuries or caused by sudden fall, sudden twist, sudden pull of muscle. Common Acute sports injuries are:- a) Sprain Double Blind Peer-Reviewed Refereed Indexed On-Line International Journal 98

2 b) Strain c) Contusion d) Fracture e) Dislocation. 2. Overuse injuries- Overuse injuries are chronic in nature (not occurred in acute phase) but definately, are the result of series of small injuries, continue use of minority-injured tendon can lead to sever injury after sometime. Any injury versus overuse causes overuse injury like Tennis Elbow, if any sudden fall injured the lateral side of the elbow and then overusing this part by performing repetitive movements like lifting, bathing, tennis serve, shaking hands can result in Tennis Elbow. Sports injuries further can also be classified into two categories. i. Open Injuries: Open injuries are exposed injuries. In open injuries, the continuality of the skin is disrupted. These injuries range from a simple scratch to deep and large cut. The common open athletic injuries are Abrasion, laceration, puncture wounds etc. ii. Closed injuries: Closed injuries are unexposed injuries. These type of athletic injuries are internal without any disruption in the continuity of the skin. The common closed athletic injuries are strain sprain, dislocation, and simple fracture. MUSCLE PULL, SPRAIN AND STRAIN. 1. MUSCLE PULL- Muscle pull is almost similar to Muscle strain. Muscle pull or even a muscle tear implies damage to a muscle or its attaching tendons. You can put under pressure on muscles during the course of normal daily activities, with sudden, quick heavy lifting, during sports, or while performing work tasks. Muscle damage can be in the form of tearing (part or all) of the muscle fibers and the tendons attached to the muscle. The tearing of the muscle can also damage small blood vessels, causing local bleeding (bruising) and pain (caused by irritation of the nerve endings in the area). Double Blind Peer-Reviewed Refereed Indexed On-Line International Journal 99

3 The doctor will take a medical history and perform a physical exam. On exam, it is important to establish whether the muscle is partially or completely torn (which can involve much longer healing, possible surgery and a more complicated recovery). X-rays or laboratory tests are often not necessary, unless there was a history of trauma or evidence of infection. Muscle Strain Symptoms Swelling, bruising or redness, or open cuts as a consequence of the injury Pain at rest Pain when the specific muscle or the joint in relation to that muscle is used Weakness of the muscle or tendons. Inability to use the muscle at all 2. SPRAIN Sprain involves ligament. It is stretch, disruption or tear of this fibrous band of connective tissue (Ligament). Ligaments assist in stabilization of joints. Damage to any ligament can also occur by over stressing or over twisting of joint. Grades of Sprain are: a) First degree or Mild Sprain- First-degree sprain is very common. It involves minor tearing with minimum disruption in the continuity of ligament. This may lead to mild swelling and little pain but there s no gross instability. b) Second Degree or Moderate sprain- Second-degree sprain involves partial tearing of ligament fibers. This may lead to more swelling, more pain if compared to Fist degree sprain. Moderate sprain is very difficult to assess. c) Third Degree or severe sprain- Third degree sprain involves complete Double Blind Peer-Reviewed Refereed Indexed On-Line International Journal 100

4 Rapture of ligament. In it no continuity remains in this structure. Some times III degree sprain is some time accompanied with avulsion fracture (piece of bone copes out with the ligament at the paint of attachment). Athletic feels the ligament snap. In this injury athletic experience lot of pain and swelling. It may make the injured part instable or non-functional for some time. 3. STRAIN- Strain involves muscle, muscle tendon. It is a twist, pull or tear of a muscle or fibrous cords of tissue which attach muscles to bone (Tendon). Grades of Strain are: a) First Degree of mild strain- First-degree strain is also very common. It involves minor stretching with amount of tearing of muscle fibers. The slight stretch or pull of muscle or tendon may lead to mild pain and swelling. Athlete with first degree of strain experiences insignificant loss of strength. b) Second Degree or moderate strain- Second-degree strain involves significant tearing of fibers with some continuity remains in muscle as whole. In it some muscle function will be lost with more pain and inflammation. c) Third Degree or severe strain- Third degree strain involves complete destruction of muscle or tendon. Third (III) degree strain may accompanied with Avulsion fracture (piece of bone comes out with the muscle tendon at the point of attachment). In this athletic receive lot of pain, swelling or inflammation. In this athletic experiences significant loss of strength and immobility of injured part. FIRST AID FOR MUSCLE PULL, STRAIN AND SPRAIN First Aid is the immediate care given to the injured. Four steps come under first aid for strain and sprain which is also known as PRICE where P Represent Protection, R Represent Rest, I Represent Ice, C Represent Compression and E Represent Elevation. 1. PROTECTION (P) - Protection of injured person to get any kind of further injury is essential. Protection from the immediate sources of injury like during the game, racing tracks etc is highly required. Double Blind Peer-Reviewed Refereed Indexed On-Line International Journal 101

5 2. REST (R) - Providing rest to the injured athlete is the first requirement in first aid. Any kind of movement of injured part may cause more damage to effected soft tissue. Therefore, without any delay proper immobilization of injured part can prevent from any further damage. 3. ICE (I) - Immediate application of Ice on the injured part is beneficial. Ice application constricts the blood vessels and because of its effect on sensation it control swelling and reduces pain respectively. Application of ice decreases muscle spasm and discomfort in the injured muscle. The less swelling the less will be the recovery period. ICE cubes are generally used and these are easily available also. Duration of ice application may range from 15 to 20 minute s with 3-5 times in a day. 4. COMPRESSION (C) - In this step appropriate pressure is applied on the injured part mainly to stop bleeding. This process helps in controlling the swelling in injured part, Compression can be given comfortably firm, it must not be too heavy to cut off circulation. Elastic Strap are mainly used, clean Hanky or clean stockings can be used if medical wraps are not available. 5. ELEVATION (E) - Elevating the injured part while being compressed is the final step of this process. Elevation of injured part helps in draining the excess fluid. This reduces the inflammation and swelling. While elevating the injured part proper support must be given and elevated height should be above the level of heart. In Elevation comfort of athlete or must be taken into consideration. Price must be applied properly and for the whole period of acute phase (first 72 hours).any kind of heat application or physical activity or massage is not preferable and may increase swelling, inflammation and increase the period of recovery. The amount of swelling or local bleeding into the muscle can best be managed early by applying ice packs and maintaining the strained muscle in a stretched position. Heat can be applied when the swelling has lessened. However, the early application of heat can increase swelling and pain. Double Blind Peer-Reviewed Refereed Indexed On-Line International Journal 102

6 Note: Ice or heat should not be applied to bare skin. Always use a protective covering such as a towel between the ice or heat and the skin. Activities that increase muscle pain or work that affected injured body parts are not recommended until the pain has significantly gone away. Bone injuries Soft tissue injuries include the soft tissues like skin, ligaments, muscles etc. In the same way these injuries which having direct relation with any kind of disturbance or breakage in bone are Bone injuries. Types of fractures are mainly referred as common Bone injuries in sports. Any injury to bone usually associated with damage of soft tissues (depend upon the type of injury or severity of damage) FRACTURE: It is an injury of bone that may range from a minor hairline breakage of bone to complete separation or crushing of bone into pieces. Fracture is an injury that leads to damage the continuity of the bone. In combative, adventurous and major games and sports fracture is common sports injury. TYPE OF FRACTURE a) Simple Fracture - In simple fracture the skin remains intact and the bone is broken. It is a fracture without any external wound. b) Compound Fracture- In compound fracture skin does not remain intact. It is characterized with broken bone and damaged skin. The wound is external and therefore chances of infection in more in compound fracture. c) Complicated Fracture- In complicated fracture broken end of bone damages the delicate organ. It is a serious injury accord by broken bone to a delicate organ. Penetration of broken rib into the lung is one of the examples of complicated fracture. d) Multiple Fracture- In Multiple fractures a bone is broken more than one place. Multiple fractures are characterized with more than one fracture in the same bone. Double Blind Peer-Reviewed Refereed Indexed On-Line International Journal 103

7 c) Communicated Fracture- In communicated fracture bone is broken into numerous pieces. Communicated fracture is characterized with several pieces of broken bone. e) Comminuted Fracture- In comminuted fracture the bone is crushed by some external force. It is characterized by shattered bone. Comminuted fracture includes splinted bone. f) Green Stick Fracture- In Green stick fracture the bone does not break completely, it breaks as a green stick breaks. The part of the bone keeps hanging as the break is not complete. g) Spiral Fracture- In spiral fracture broken ends of bone is shaped S because of application of excessive twisting force. Excessive supply of twisting force to a fixed bone may result in spiral fracture. h) Stress Fracture- Continues and long-term load on fatigued injured muscle may lead to stress fracture of related bone. Therefore stress fracture comes under over use injuries. The transfer of over load to bone because of fatigue or injured muscle can cause a minor crack, this crake leads to stress fracture. Stress fracture mainly occurs in the weight bearings bones like bones of foot. i.) Impacted Fracture- In impacted fracture the broken ends of the same bone impacted or driven into one another. j.) Avulsion Fracture- In avulsion fracture bone fragment is pulled off by an attached tendon or ligament. FIRST AID OF FRACTURE: 1. Analyzing the general condition of the injured- First treatment for fracture also varies depending upon the seriousness of fracture. General condition here includes the type of fracture, Consciousness of injured athlete and action must be taken accordingly. 2. Immobilization of injured part- The affected part must be stabilized (example in case of ulna fracture whole limb to be stabilized). Immobilization is to prevent further damage. In General immobilization is the temporary fixation of injured part but the fixation must be done carefully. Double Blind Peer-Reviewed Refereed Indexed On-Line International Journal 104

8 3. Stopping of Bleeding- If the fracture is of open type (tincture of Iodine) can be applied to avoid chances of infection and careful pressure (bandage) is to be given to stop bleeding. In case of closed injury, to avoid internal bleeding or swelling compression is required with every care given to immobilization of injured part. Splints and bandages should be applied effectively. 4. Safety of Injured- Complete body rest is preferred but it depends on the situation running on. If the injured is in immediate threats of further injuries, with application of temporary fixation, injured athlete must be taken to nearest safety place. Sports like Motor racing can be presented as example of this situational shifting of patient. It becomes very urgent to shift the patient away from the racing track as other bikers can collide with the injured Biker. Injury to Joint. Joint is the union of any two or more bones of the skeleton. Joint in other words is articulation of bones. Displacement is rupture of joint capsule i. Dislocation Dislocation is displacement of the articular bones. Dislocation is abnormal positioning of bones of a joint, when bones are out of normal position at joint. Dislocation is pulling out of place of bones of a joint. Dislocation and joint usually indicates an unusual position of a joint or bone. In incomplete dislocation the bones of a joint are partially out of normal position. Slightly dislocation or incomplete dislocation is also known as sub-location. Complete Dislocation and sub-location are common supports injuries mainly occurred due to fall, jerk, collision or forceful pulling of extremities. Overstretching is also one of main cause of dislocation. Dislocation of shoulder joint, Elbow joint, Hip joint is common in sports. An athlete after receiving dislocation of some joint a few times, one may become habitual of it and this habitual dislocation in general known as recurrent dislocation. Shoulder dislocation is very common habitual injury for sports person. Double Blind Peer-Reviewed Refereed Indexed On-Line International Journal 105

9 FIRST AID OF DISLOCATION. 1. Immobilization of injured part- Immobilization is the first and most important step of first aid to avoid further injuries. Joint must be supported by effective utilization of bandages and slings. 2. No attempt at all to reduce a dislocation- Any kind of attempt to reduce a dislocation must not tried. If it is a recurrent dislocation even also expert hands are needed. Any attempt to refix the bone in joint may damage important blood vessels and other soft tissues. 3. Must be handled by specialist- Injured must be taken to hospital for X-ray, Doctor corrects it by some well skilled manipulation of bones to again fix the bones to their normal position. 4. Proper rest and rehabilitation: Proper rest and rehabilitative exercises are required. In case of severe dislocation surgery is required for recovery. ii. Arthritics- Arthritics is an inflammation of a joint or joints. Over use injuries, minor strains or workout in fatigue are common causes of Arthritics in sports filed. In general the Arthritics due to physical activity is said as secondary Arthritics. The treatment step of secondary Arthritics is complete rest for good duration. Effective skill displays, good quality shoes and low intensity exercises for strength and flexibility. Physiotherapist must be considered. iii. Bursitis : It is inflammation in one of the bursa of the joint. Hip Bursitis and knee Bursitis are commonly occurred injuries in sports field. In knee Bursitis the bursa between patella and the skin is affected. Conclusion: Immobilization of injured part can be done by using cardboard, sports equipments like shin guards, etc., if appropriate artificial rigid support like splints are not present on ground. Fixation of injured part appropriately with other body part with comfortable support is also the best way for immobilization. For example, fixing fractured finger with other nearest fingers. The main principle applied in immobilization is actually to stabilize the just above and just below joint of the injured bone. Double Blind Peer-Reviewed Refereed Indexed On-Line International Journal 106

10 References Ahmad, Azad. et. al. (2010). Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Lung Function in Overweight and Obese Students. Tanaffos journal, 10(3), Ali, A. and Farrally, M. (1991). Recording soccer players heart rate during matches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 9, Bogdanis GC, Nevill ME, Boobis LH, Lakomy HKA. (1996) Contribution of phosphocreatine and aerobic metabolism to energy supply during repeated sprint exercise. J Appl Physiol; 80: Chanavirut R, Khaidjapho K, Jaree P, and Pongnaratorn P. (2006). Sports injuries,19 (1), 1-7. M. Muralikrishna and P.V. Shelvam. (2012). Effect of different intensities of injuries review, 2(8), Mc Ardle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL, (2006) Essentials of Exercise Physiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Paffenbarger, R.S., Lee, I.M.(1996). Physical activity and fitness for health and longevity. Res Q Sharon A. Plowman, Denise L. Smith (June 2007). Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, and Performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 61. Wilmore JH, Costill DL. (2005) Physiology of Sport and Exercise. 3rd ed. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics. Double Blind Peer-Reviewed Refereed Indexed On-Line International Journal 107

PERIODIC EFFECT OF FIVE MINUTE DAILY PLANK TRAINING ON HEART FACTORS

PERIODIC EFFECT OF FIVE MINUTE DAILY PLANK TRAINING ON HEART FACTORS 1 Dr. Mandeep Singh 2 Mohd. Alyas 1 Department of Higher Education, Govt. of J&K, J&K, India 2 Lecturer, K C Public School, J&K, India