MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FEMALE FEET IN ONTOGENETIC PERIOD ADULTUS I.

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1 MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FEMALE FEET IN ONTOGENETIC PERIOD ADULTUS I. Kristína Tománková 1, Barbora Matejovičová 1, Mária Vondráková 1, Miroslav Kopecký 2, Enikő Emődiová 1,Natália Jankechová 1, Janka Schlarmannová 1 1 Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nábrežie Mládeže 91, Nitra, Slovakia 2 Department of Anthropology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pedagogy, Palacky University in Olomouc, Žižka square 5, Olomouc, Czech Republic Corresponding author: kristina.tomankova@ukf.sk Abstract The contribution is focused on the evaluation of morphological condition of the feet of women in ontogenetic period adultus I. The measurement was performed in sample which consists of 120 women (mean age 21,14 years). Foot morphology was evaluated on both feet by the methodology described by the Kabelka (2000). In assessing the great toe and fifth toe to inspect the highest percentage of valgus position and angle in the evaluation of foot is found mostly type II, suggesting that most subjects have normal arched feet. Key words: foot morphology, static foot deformity, foot angles, Kabelka s method, adultus I. 1 Introduction The human foot is unimaginable importance for human existence. Anatomical shape of the soles of the feet and the complex function confirm that the foot is an important part of the human body. It provides us sensitive, supporting and locomotor function. The foot is a reflection of human composition, function and mechanical performance of each of us. Even in historical times was used as a means to grip things, to jump, to climb trees. At present transmits load, shock absorption, report on the external environment and the body movement. The foot is an organ that continuously supports the body as the foundations of the house, which adjusts the pressure and directional changes in the type and intensity of exercise. During the life can be different causes deformed legs. As the cause of static deformities provides long-term anomalous position of his feet, took active tension or pressure on a leg or a mismatch between the load and resistance of the body (Matějovský, 2002). Hallux valgus is a common acquired deformity of the fingers, in which the great toe base joint subluxation in the varus position of the first metatarsal. It affects more women. Narrow fashion shoes leads to severe narrowing of the ventral part of the foot resulting in the distortion of the foot. More prone to the formation of the hallux valgus foot Egypt. Hallux valgus is usually accompanied by other health complications, such as reduction and enlargement of the front transverse arch of the foot (Wolansky, 2006). When collapsing the great toe (hallux varus) the finger deviated metatarsophalangeal joint in the media, one or both sides. It is a common deformity in men and obese pediatric population (Riegerová and Přidalová, 2006). The importance of orthopedic shoes and orthopedic inserts is mainly given by the functional morphology of the skeleton foot, which is formed postnatal development of both walking and also proper footwear (Neradová, 2010). The reduction of body weight through adequate exercise helps to reduce the risk of foot deformities. Another possible prevention may be the provision of special orthopedic shoes and orthopedic insert (Kostelníková and Hlaváček, 2005) confirmed that the average weight change was also reflected in changes in values of the angle between the longitudinal and symmetrical axis of the foot. After processing the results found that obese children show a 85

2 dependence between the values of the angle of heel and BMI values. The lowest values of the angle of heel is found in the youngest group of obese children with the highest BMI. The children were monitored for weight loss improve the operation of their feet. In obese children during the period infans II. plays an important stabilizing role in the morphology of the foot in relation to weight, length and width of the foot, heel width and angle of heel (Riegerová et al., 2005). 2 Material and Methods Foot morphology were evaluated according to podometrical metod by Kabelka (2000). The measuring were realised on the both feet in group of 120 young women - college students (UKF in Nitra, Slovakia, mean age of sample was 21,14 years) according to plantographical metod (contour and footprint of the foot) were determined the configuration of the foot, foot angles and potential foot deformities. We determined foot angle (by Ledvinková, 1999 and Přidalová, 2005 in Riegerová et al, 2006) and angle of the great toe, the fifth toe and all fingers by Kabelka metod (2000). Methods used for mathematical-statistical analysis were: arithmetic means, coeficient of variations, minimal and maximal values and standard deviation in programe MS Excel. Text of contribution was writed in MS Word Results and discussion Review of basic statistical characteristics of the angular rates of the right and left feet in women referred to in table 1. The mean angle of the right great toe is 5,7 and 5,6 left leg. The angle of the fifth toe, mean the same on both feet, with a minimum value on the right foot - and 5 to the left 4,9. The mean angle of all 5 fingers on the right and left foot is 56,4. The values of the mean angle between feet angles showed 15,9 and 16. Tab. 1 Basic statistical characteristics of the angular foot rates ( ) of the women in ontogenetic periode adultus I. Foot angle localization great toe s 2 SD V k min. max. R L R L R L R L R L R L 5,7 5,6 39,5 39,4 6,3 6,3 110,6 111,7-15,0-14,5 26,0 25, 5 fifth toe 11,1 11,1 43,7 43, 69 6,6 6,6 59,4 59,5-5,0-4,9 34,0 33,0 all fingers 56,4 56,4 76,0 76,2 8,7 8,7 15, 46 15,5 9,0 8,9 75,0 74,0 foot angle 15,9 16,0 260,9 261,7 16,2 16,2 101,3 101,2 5,0 6,1 22,0 23,2 Table 2 presents the observed angular extent feet. In assessing the great toe and fifth toe are considered a threshold value of 0. The value of 0, we found normal position of the fingers, the fingers have a negative value which means, have varus position and the positive values means valgos position. Figure 1 provides a representation of great toe angles in women adultus I. The highest percentage of it is valgus position of the great toe on the right foot and left (81,66 % and 79,16 %). The lower percentage of foot deformities in the form of varus great toes occurred on the right and left foot. A higher percentage of cases on the right than the left foot. The high frequency of valgus great toes found in women aged 18 to 25 years (Cvíčelová and Luptáková, 2006). A similar result will come to understandand (Riegerová et al. in Marik, 2005) examination of children in the age period infans II, although the research group 86

3 diagnosed prevalence of varus position of great toes, which justified the reflex tendency to safe position in subjects with severe obesity. Normal position of great toes to the right foot is only 5 % and 4,16 % left. Valgus fifth toes occurred quite often, 94,16 % in both feet, while the varus position of the fifth toe was found in only 4,16 % on the right foot and left at 3,33 %. The physiological position of the fifth toe was found in 1,66 % of the right foot and 2,50 for the left (Figure 2). Tab. 2 Angular foot rates ( ) of the women in ontogenetic periode adultus I. Great toe Normal values (Normal position) Positive values (valgus position) Negative values (varus position) R 6 5, , ,33 L 5 4, , ,66 Fifth toe Normal values (Normal position) Positive values (valgus position) Negative values (varus position) R 2 1, ,16 5 4,16 L 3 2, ,16 4 3,33 Foot angle Typ I (7-12 ) Typ II (13-17 ) Typ III (18-24 ) R 14 11, , ,66 L 15 12, , ,83 Fig. 1 Representation of great toe angles of the women in ontogenetic periode adultus I. 87

4 Fig. 2 Representation of the fifth toe angles in women in ontogenetic periode adultus I. 4 Conclusion In assessing the great toe and fifth toe to inspect the highest percentage of valgus position and angle in the evaluation of foot is found mostly type II, suggesting that most subjects have normal arched feet. Current lifestyle of the our society, characterized on the one hand, a minimal amount of physical activity and on the other hand, exaggerated demands for performance, negatively operates primarily on human health, but also the health and function of the foot Acknowledgement This work has been supported by KEGA projects 029UKF-4/2011, 007UKF-4/2012 and VEGA project 1/0757/12. 5 References Cvíčelová, M., Luptáková, I. Foot morphology of college students of Comenius University and Slovak Technical University in Bratislava. Slovak anthropology, vol. 9, no. 2, 2006, p. ISSN Kabelka, F. A method of measuring the Human Foot: Appliable to all Populations. In: Firbas, W., Kabelka, F., Heinrich, W., Krejs, M.: Growth Analysis of the Human Foot. Cambridge July: AACA and BACA Joint Meeting, s Hlaváček, P., Kostelníková, L. Obesity and its impact on functional changes in children's feet. In: MAŘÍK, I. Locomotor system. Advances in research, diagnosis and therapy. PeMa: Praha, vol 12/2005, no. 1-2, p. ISSN Matějovský, Z. Static deformities of forefoot. Reccomended practices for practical medics. Czech medical society of the John Evangelista Purkyně, 2002, 9 p. Neradová, J. Medical and rehabilitation plan and procedure for soft tissue disorders of the ankle joint, bachelor thesis in physiotherapy, Brno, Available at: is.muni.cz/th/213788/lf.../jne_bakalarska_prace_2010.txt. ( ) 88

5 Riegerová, J. et al. Foot morphology status of the obese children aged infans II. In: Mařík, I. Locomotor system. Advances in research, diagnosis and therapy. PeMa: Praha, 12/2005, no. 1 2, p. ISSN Riegerová, J., Přidalová, M., Assess the relationship between indicators of body composition, fat distribution and proportion. Bulletin of the Slovak anthropological society of the SAS, no. 4, 2001, p. ISSN Riegerová, J., Přidalová, M., Ulbrichová, M. The application of physical anthropology in physical education and sport (manual of the functional anthropology) 3. issue. Brno: Hanex, 2006, 262 p. ISBN Wolansky, R. Diseases in podiatry: anatomy, imaging diagnostics, therapy, 1. issue. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag, 2006, 157 p. ISBN

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