Running head: SOCIAL PHOBIA: A REVIEW 1
|
|
- Adele York
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Running head: SOCIAL PHOBIA: A REVIEW 1 Social Phobia: A Review of Childhood Risk Factors Amy Williams University of Calgary
2 SOCIAL PHOBIA: A REVIEW 2 Social Phobia: A Review of Childhood Risk Factors Anxiety disorders are currently among the most commonly diagnosed disorders in children and adolescents (Cartwright-Hatton, McNicol, & Doubleday, 2006). Of the 12 anxiety disorders included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), social phobia is one that deserves particular attention. According to Peleg-Popko and Dar (2001), developmental studies of children s fears and worries have consistently identified social concerns as an important area of anxiety (p. 469). The DSM-IV defines social phobia as a disorder characterized by clinically significant anxiety provoked by exposure to certain types of social or performance situations, often leading to avoidance behavior (American Psychiatric Association, p. 429). Social situations can include social gatherings, school, and the workplace, whereas performance situations can include public speaking, eating in public places, or using public restrooms. In both social and performance situations, people with social phobia experience fear or excessive worries with regard to experiencing embarrassment or rejection by peers, colleagues, or even strangers (Mash & Barkley, 2003). This fear translates into uncomfortable physiological symptoms such as blushing, sweating, palpitations, and gastrointestinal discomfort; people with social phobia sometimes fear these symptoms as much as they fear the social or performance situation itself (Mash & Barkley, 2003). Although the exact etiology of social phobia is unknown, many theories regarding the onset of this disorder exist. According to Merikangas, Lieb, Wittchen, and Avenevoli (2003), most theories of anxiety assume an underlying genetic predisposition (p. 34). Other theories hold that environmental factors play an important role in the development of social phobia. For example, conditioning theory and stress theories emphasize the effects traumatic events have on
3 SOCIAL PHOBIA: A REVIEW 3 the development of specific phobias (Magee, 1999). Chartier, Walker, and Stein (2001) posit that because early adolescence is the average age of onset of this disorder, it is especially appropriate to study childhood risk factors (p. 308). This paper examines research findings in the area of childhood risk factors associated with social phobia, and highlights the implications these risk factors hold for understanding the development of this disorder. Parental Psychopathology One childhood risk factor consistently associated with social phobia is a positive family history of this disorder (Merikangas et al., 2003). Several studies have investigated the role of parental psychopathology and children s subsequent development of social phobia. Merikangas et al. (2003) analyzed data obtained from the Yale Family Study, a high-risk study in which probands with social phobia and their adult relatives and children were interviewed and assessed. Child psychiatrists reviewed diagnostic interviews, questionnaires, family history reports, and both school and medical records before making diagnoses in probands children. Results of the present study indicated a moderate association between social anxiety disorder in parents and child and adolescent offspring (p. 33). According to Merikangas et al. (2003), these results provide compelling evidence for the familial aggregation of social anxiety disorder (p. 33). The Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology (EDSP) (Lieb et al., 2000) is another study that examined the link between social phobia and parental psychopathology. A prospective-longitudinal survey, the EDSP included a community sample of 3021 people between the ages of 14 to 24 in Munich, Germany whose parents most often mothers were interviewed in regard to family psychopathology and their children s early development. Results of the EDSP study indicated that children of parents diagnosed with social phobia had greater
4 SOCIAL PHOBIA: A REVIEW 4 rates of this disorder themselves than did children of parents without social phobia (Lieb et al., 2000). The present study also suggested that comorbidity plays an important role in the development of social phobia: rates of social phobia were also elevated in adolescents whose parents met criteria for other anxiety, depressive, or alcohol use disorders (p. 862). Thus social phobia was not the only parent psychopathological disorder identified as a precipitating factor in the development of social phobia. Bandelow et al. (2004) shed light on another study regarding social phobia and family history of mental disorders. In this study, both respondents with social anxiety and control subjects completed a retrospective interview in which they answered questions pertaining to parental psychopathology (for example, alcohol addiction, anxiety disorders, and other mental illnesses). Results of the interviews showed that respondents with social anxiety disorder reported more frequent instances of parental psychopathology, including social anxiety disorder and other anxiety disorders (Bandelow et al., 2004). In addition, higher rates of suicidality and alcohol abuse were reported by these respondents, the latter being reported more frequently in relation to fathers (Bandelow et al., 2004). Implications The findings of the aforementioned studies are significant because they suggest that parental psychopathology is a precipitating factor in the development of social phobia. Researchers have turned to environmental influences to explain this link. In particular, parent behavior has gained attention for its potential association with the onset of social phobia. According to Lieb et al. (2000),
5 SOCIAL PHOBIA: A REVIEW 5 The examination of the interactions between parenting behavior and parental psychopathology with regard to respondents social phobia status revealed that the association between parental rejection and adolescents social phobia is significantly greater when parents are affected by psychopathology, irrespective of the specific parental disorders. (p. 863) A parent with a disorder either social phobia itself or another disorder such as depression - may demonstrate a lack of emotional warmth or rejection toward their child as a result of his or her psychopathology; this in turn may lead to the child experiencing anxiety. Parent-Child Interaction and Rearing Styles Adverse parental behavior and rearing styles have been connected to both childhood and adult disorders (Bandelow et al., 2003). In fact, Merikangas et al. (2003) hold that parental behavior is the most widely studied environmental vulnerability factor for the development of either depression or anxiety (p. 34). Over the past two decades, several studies have been conducted in which the association between parental behaviors and social phobia has been investigated; however, much debate surrounds the issue of both parent-child interaction and rearing styles as risk factors in the development of this disorder (Elizabeth et al., 2006). Arrindell, Methorst, Van Der Ende, and Moritz (1989) investigated the perception of socially phobic in-patients regarding parental rearing styles. Rejection and emotional warmth were common maternal and paternal characteristics reported by patients, and these characteristics were rated more highly and frequently by patients than by subjects in the control group. In addition, social phobic patients reported both maternal and paternal rearing styles as more inconsistent in comparison to reports of the control group. While paternal overprotection was not identified as a significant factor, maternal overprotection was.
6 SOCIAL PHOBIA: A REVIEW 6 Lieb et al. (2000) published results with respect to the EDSP study in which diagnostic interviews were conducted and adolescents answered questions regarding their parents rearing styles. According to their findings, higher parental overprotection and higher parental rejection were significantly associated with increased rates of social phobia in offspring (p. 862). Merikangas et al. (2003) divided the category of parental overprotection into maternal and paternal for this study, indicating a stronger association of social phobia with maternal overprotection and rejection. In terms of rating parental emotional warmth, very little difference was reported between respondents with social phobia and respondents in the control group (Lieb et al., 2000). Peleg-Popko and Dar (2001) conducted a study in which Israeli mothers completed a questionnaire regarding their children. This questionnaire contained items related to both negative evaluation (for example, a child s perception of other children talking behind his or her back) and social avoidance (for example, shyness and worries related to meeting new children). According to the results of this study, [a child s] general social avoidance and inhibition score was positively related to family cohesion as was fear of negative evaluation (Peleg-Popko & Dar, 2001, p. 477). Finally, Bandelow et al. (2003) had subjects with social anxiety complete retrospective interviews regarding parental behavior. They found that paternal behavior involving dominance and short-temperedness was reported frequently among respondents. In addition, subjects with social anxiety perceived punishment as being more common and severe than the control subjects did, and they reported lack of emotion and restriction of autonomy (overprotection) demonstrated by both parents more frequently than did control subjects (Bandelow et al., 2003). Implications
7 SOCIAL PHOBIA: A REVIEW 7 According to these studies, a relationship between parent-child interaction and the development of social phobia exists; however, difficulty determining the direction of causality regarding this relationship also exists. According to Peleg-Popko and Dar (2001), Parent s behavior may clearly influence the development of social anxiety in children, but social anxiety in children may also bias the interpretation of and response to parental behavior (p. 483). Furthermore, that studies investigating parental rearing styles involve patient questionnaires and interviews - and patients responses are therefore subjective may have an impact on obtained results (Bandelow et al., 2003). Arrindell et al. (1989) argue that an indirect test may raise the possibility of one s memories producing a distorted view of one s parent s rearing behavior rather than reflecting actual rearing practices (p. 533). Consideration of healthy parenting styles, however, is helpful in understanding the onset or prevention - of social phobia: It is possible that flexible parents, who enable their child to encounter all sorts of experiences independently, strengthen his or her self-efficacy and ability to cope with a variety of situations (Peleg-Popko & Dar, 2001, p. 482). It can be argued then that parenting styles that encourage risk-taking and promote a child s self-esteem more often result in healthy child development. Further investigation is required to identify the complex causal network (Peleg-Popko & Dar, 2001, p. 483) connecting parent-child interaction and rearing styles and the development of social phobia. Marital Conflict Marital conflict is yet another risk factor often associated with childhood disorders; however, controversy exists regarding the connection this factor has with the development of social phobia. Peleg-Popko and Dar (2001) conducted a study in which mothers of five to six year olds in northern Israel anonymously completed questionnaires pertaining to marital quality, family
8 SOCIAL PHOBIA: A REVIEW 8 cohesion, and family adaptability. Although the present study detected a link between marital conflict and parent-child interaction, no such link was made between marital conflict and social phobia. According to Peleg-Popko and Dar (2001), marital and parent-child relationships are so tightly interwoven that one cannot draw valid inferences about the effects of marital disagreements without at the same time considering the nature of parent-child relations (p. 467). These researchers explain the effect marital conflict can have on parent-child interaction: frequent conflict may be emotionally draining to parents and thus diminish their ability to recognize and respond to their children s emotional needs. Children may perceive parental inattention or withdrawal as rejection, which in turn, may have a host of effects on their emotional and behavioral adjustment. They may also experience feelings of rejection if marital conflict leads to greater tension or conflict between parents and children. (p. 467) Thus the present study holds that marital conflict has a negative effect on parental behavior, which in turn can impact the development of social phobia. Other studies, however, have detected a direct relationship between parental marital conflict and social phobia. Magee (1999) analyzed data pertaining to American respondents childhood and negative life experiences and found that martial conflict particularly verbal aggression plays an important role in the development of social phobia. Chartier et al. (2001) reported data from a study in which Canadian respondents answered questions pertaining to a variety of risk factors associated with social phobia. In comparison to the control group, respondents with social phobia more frequently reported parental marital conflict during their upbringings. Those respondents with generalized social phobia reported higher rates of marital discord than respondents with specific social phobia (public speaking) did. Bandelow et al.
9 SOCIAL PHOBIA: A REVIEW 9 (2004) also discovered in their study involving subjects with social anxiety and perceived parenting styles that Patients reported more frequently that their parents had had marital discord (p. 400). In this study, separation and divorce were included within the category of marital problems. Implications Findings regarding the link between marital conflict and the development of social phobia are inconsistent. Children s perceptions of the conflict they experience are important factors to take into consideration when interpreting the results of psychological studies concerning this disorder; so too are children s relationships with their parents. According to Peleg-Popko and Dar (2001), children with stable parental relationships may be less distressed by the conflict because they believe that family cohesion is strong and that their parents will protect them from harm (p. 467). These researchers further hold that conflict between parents places stress on the relationship between the parents and child, which can lead to hostility (Peleg- Popko & Dar, 2001). A connection may therefore exist between marital quality and parent-child interaction. Due to inconsistent findings regarding the link between parental marital conflict and the development of social phobia, however, marital conflict as a childhood risk factor is an area that requires further research. Early Life Trauma Early life experiences particularly childhood trauma - have also been investigated for their link to the onset of various phobias. According to Magee (1999), if stress precipitates phobia onset, then all types of aversive experiences should significantly increase risk for onset (p. 343).
10 SOCIAL PHOBIA: A REVIEW 10 In a qualitative research investigation, Chartier, Hazen, and Stein (1998) interviewed respondents who met DSM-IV criteria for social phobia regarding perceptions of their disorder. When questioned about factors that they believed may have triggered the onset of their social phobia, several respondents reported instances of physical and sexual abuse. Death of a parent and suicide of a sibling were also reported as potential triggers. Finally, a negative school environment in which respondents feared criticism or disapproval was reported, and so was poverty. Chartier et al. conclude their research analysis by stating that childhood events can set the groundwork for social phobia by worsening low self-esteem (p. 120). Magee (1999) reported data obtained from a retrospective interview in which respondents with either agoraphobia, social phobia, or another specific phobia answered questions regarding 10 negative life events. These life events included experiencing natural disasters, war, physical and verbal violence, and rape and molestation. In this study, sexual abuse was shown to have a significant association with the development of social phobia in women, particularly when the perpetrator was a family member (Magee, 1999). Magee theorizes that the control and power associated with sexual abuse can lead to the onset of this disorder (Magee, 1999). Chartier et al. (2001) compared data collected from respondents with social phobia to data collect from control subjects without the disorder in an attempt to discover the relationship between certain childhood risk factors and the onset of social phobia. Among risk factors reported most frequently among respondents with social phobia were running away from home, physical abuse, and sexual abuse, the latter being more pronounced in reports by females. High frequency in reporting sexual abuse held true for both subjects with severe social phobia and social phobia involving only public speaking.
11 SOCIAL PHOBIA: A REVIEW 11 Finally, Bandelow et al. (2004) analyzed date from a study in which patients with social phobia and control subjects were asked questions regarding early traumatic life events during a telephone interview. Traumatic life events included but were not limited to separation from or death of a parent, family violence, illness, and sexual abuse. Significant differences existed between patient and control subjects responses in the following categories (with the former reporting higher frequencies): maternal hospitalization, frequent paternal absences, absence of both parents (being raised by another family member), maternal unemployment, and parental and sibling violence. Sexual abuse was reported by both patients and control subjects but was reported to have begun later in life and to have lasted longer by the former group of respondents (Bandelow et al., 2004). Implications These studies suggest that certain traumatic events precipitate the onset of social phobia. Sexual abuse, in particular, was reported by subjects with social phobia the most frequently (Chartier et al., 1998; Magee, 1999; Chartier et al., 2001; Bandelow et al., 2004), implicating the occurrence of this event as an important risk factor associated with this disorder. Researchers caution, however, that the validity of studies involving retrospective questionnaires pertaining to early traumatic events is not always strong (Bandelow et al., 2004) as results obtained from these studies are based on perceived factors (Chartier et al., 1998). Bandelow et al. (2004) shed light on another issue: Although social [phobia] is very common, a sample of pure social anxiety disorder patients has not yet been compared with a healthy control group with regard to developmental trauma. This is surprising, as many theories on the etiology of social anxiety or shyness have been based on the influence of environmental factors. (p. 403)
12 SOCIAL PHOBIA: A REVIEW 12 As with other risk factors, then, early childhood trauma and its association with social phobia is an area of research that requires further investigation Conclusion The aforementioned studies suggest that parental psychopathology, parent-child interaction and rearing styles, marital conflict, and early traumatic experiences influence the onset of social phobia. Data obtained from these studies, however, are inconclusive. Potential recall bias (Chartier et al., 1998) associated with some of these studies may affect the quality of information respondents provide. In addition, the interrelatedness of risk factors such as parental psychopathology and parent behavior makes identifying the exact etiology of social phobia difficult. Furthermore, Elizabeth et al. (2006) pose that a host of factors converge to occasion the onset and maintenance of [social phobia] in children and youth with genetic influences, behavioral inhibition, and parent-child interactions being crucial but by no means the only influences (Elizabeth et al., 2006, p. 159). Identifying a causal relationship in the onset of social phobia is therefore a complex process (Chartier et al., 1998). Nevertheless, understanding social phobia and its associated risk factors is essential for professionals who work with children, including school psychologists, guidance counselors, and teachers. Children with this disorder often go undetected because of their inhibited natures. Peleg-Popko and Dar (2001) caution that although children whose problems take the form of fears and social anxiety may be well-behaved and present few management problems, they are just as much at risk as children who are disruptive (p. 484). In particular, fear of social situations can lead to withdrawal and prevent children from developing relationships with peers, which in turn can affect their social development (Peleg-Popko, 2001).
13 SOCIAL PHOBIA: A REVIEW 13 Treatment of this disorder must therefore begin at an early age. Increasing awareness of social phobia among parents, teachers, and school counselors is an important step in early intervention (Chartier et al., 2001). In addition, professionals providing treatment must adopt a holistic perspective (Peleg-Popko, 2001, p. 484), one that takes into consideration all aspects of a child s development.
14 SOCIAL PHOBIA: A REVIEW 14 References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (4 th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, Arrindell, W. A., Methorst, M. T., Van Der Ende, J., Pol, E., & Moritz, B. M. (1989). Perceived parental rearing styles of agoraphobic and socially phobic in-patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, Bandelow, B., Torrente, A. C., Wedekind, D., Broocks, A., Hajak, G., & Ruther, E. (2004). Early traumatic life events, parental rearing styles, family history of mental disorders, and birth risk factors in patients with social anxiety disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 254, Cartwright-Hatton, S., McNicol, K., & Doubleday, E. (2006). Anxiety in a neglected population: Prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, Chartier, M. J., Hazen, A. L., & Stein, M. B. (1998). Lifetime patterns of social phobia: A retrospective study of the course of social phobia in a nonclinical population. Depression and Anxiety, 7, Chartier, M. J., Walker, J. R., & Stein, M. B. (2001). Social phobia and potential childhood risk factors in a community sample. Psychological Medicine, 31, Elizabeth, J., King, N., Ollendick, T. H., Gullone, E., Tonge, B., Watson, S., & MacDermott, S. (2006, June). Social anxiety disorder in children and youth: A research update on aetiological factors. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 19(2), Lieb, R., Wittchen, H., Hofler, M., Fuetsch, M., Stein, M. B., & Merikangas, K. R. (2000, September). Parental psychopathology, parenting styles, and the risk of social phobia in
15 SOCIAL PHOBIA: A REVIEW 15 offspring: A prospective-longitudinal community study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, Magee, W. J. (1999). Effects of negative life experiences on phobia onset. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 34, Mash, E. J., & Barkley, R. A. (2003). Child psychopathology (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Merikangas, K., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H., & Avenevoli, S. (2003). Family and high-risk studies of social anxiety disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108, Peleg-Popko, O., & Dar, R. (2001, December). Marital quality, family patterns, and children s fears and social anxiety. Contemporary Family Therapy, 23(4),
SAMPLE OF LITERATURE REVIEW FOR PSYCHOLOGY CAPSTONE PROJECT
Abstract In the past one decade, there has been an increased concern about children being exposed to various traumatic events and violence. Most of them end up developing the post-traumatic stress disorder
More informationBackground Paper: Shy Children. Briana Jackson. University of Pittsburgh. December 2011
1 Background Paper: Shy Children Briana Jackson University of Pittsburgh December 2011 2 Shy Children Being shy is a highly occurring trait. It is seen in our family members, friends, partners, peers,
More informationLearning and Anxiety 1
Learning and Anxiety 1 Childhood Learning Experiences in the Development and Maintenance of Anxiety Disorders Margo C. Watt a,b & Samantha DiFrancescantonio a Submitted to Strides October 2010 a Department
More informationSECTION 1. Children and Adolescents with Depressive Disorder: Summary of Findings. from the Literature and Clinical Consultation in Ontario
SECTION 1 Children and Adolescents with Depressive Disorder: Summary of Findings from the Literature and Clinical Consultation in Ontario Children's Mental Health Ontario Children and Adolescents with
More informationSUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
Risk factors for the development and outcome of childhood psychopathology SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION Chapter 147 In this chapter I present a summary of the results of the studies described in this thesis followed
More informationCommon Z-Codes for BHA Services
Specifier Z13.85 Encounter for screening for other diseases/disorders.850 Encounter for screening for traumatic brain injury.89 Encounter for screening for other disorder.9 Encounter for screening, unspecified
More informationDemographics HD 300 Child Abuse & Neglect
Demographics HD 300 Child & Neglect Unit 10 Sexual (Intra-Familial) Sexual abuse cuts across all socioeconomic levels. Offenders are usually male (97%). Victims are usually female (77%). 1 in 4 molested
More informationFamily-centered Stress Management for Childhood Cancer: A Multimodal Intervention for Children Newly Diagnosed with Cancer and their Families
Family-centered Stress Management for Childhood Cancer: A Multimodal Intervention for Children Newly Diagnosed with Cancer and their Families Linda Ewing, Ph.D., RN Department of Psychiatry University
More informationSUBSTANCE ABUSE A Quick Reference Handout by Lindsey Long
Substance Abuse 1 SUBSTANCE ABUSE A Quick Reference Handout by Lindsey Long Diagnostic Criteria (APA, 2004) Within a 12 month period, a pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment or distress
More informationAn adult version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED-A)
Netherlands Journal of Psychology / SCARED adult version 81 An adult version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED-A) Many questionnaires exist for measuring anxiety; however,
More informationTHE HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY PARENT INTERVIEW FOR CHILD SYMPTOMS (P. I. C. S.
A Child s Name or ID: Date: 2013 THE HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY PARENT INTERVIEW FOR CHILD SYMPTOMS (P. I. C. S. - 6) Revised for DSM-III - R (1989) and DSM-IV (1995, 2008) GENERAL
More informationEffects on psyche/emotions/relationships/distress. Part II
Effects on psyche/emotions/relationships/distress Part II May 5, 2003 Discussion Leaders: Carole Dorham, Jennifer Hogansen, & Allison Lau Psy 607: Trauma as etiology Trauma as etiology 1 Overview Six articles:
More informationSafety Individual Choice - Empowerment
Safety Individual Choice - Empowerment Diane M. Gruen-Kidd, LCSW Department for Behavioral Health, Developmental and Intellectual Disabilities Diane.Gruen-Kidd@ky.gov Please Be Aware There are parts of
More informationCauses of Social Anxiety among Elementary Grade Children
Bulletin of Education and Research August 2017, Vol. 39, No. 2 pp. 31-42 Causes of Social Anxiety among Elementary Grade Children Attiya Inam *, Adeela Mahjabeen * and Muhammad Abiodullah ** Abstract The
More informationSocial Anxiety Disorder. Operational Definition. Operational Definition 5/5/2012
Social Anxiety Disorder Operational Definition A. Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the person is exposed to possible scrutiny by others. B. The individual fears that
More informationAnxiety. DISORDERs? What ARE ANXIETY. What Are Anxiety Disorders? Physical Symptoms. Psychological Symptoms
PRESENTS What ARE Anxiety s? w orry stress payments headache ANXIETY work bills What Are Anxiety Disorders? Individuals with an anxiety disorder can experience psychological or physical symptoms, or both.
More informationBorwin Bandelow Aicha Charimo Torrente Dirk Wedekind Andreas Broocks Göran Hajak Eckart Rüther
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci (2004) 254 : 397 405 DOI 10.1007/s00406-004-0521-2 ORIGINAL PAPER Borwin Bandelow Aicha Charimo Torrente Dirk Wedekind Andreas Broocks Göran Hajak Eckart Rüther Early
More informationAnxiety disorders in mothers and their children: prospective longitudinal community study
Anxiety disorders in mothers and their children: prospective longitudinal community study Andrea Schreier, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Michael Höfler and Roselind Lieb Summary The relationship between DSM IV
More informationSpecific Phobias. Symptoms
ffl Specific Phobias Panic Disorder in Children and Adolescents Panic disorder is a common and treatable disorder. Children and adolescents with panic disorder Specific phobias are an overwhelming and
More informationAgoraphobia Prepared by Stephanie Gilbert Summary
Agoraphobia Prepared by Stephanie Gilbert Summary The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, IV, cites the criteria for Agoraphobia as with, or without, the occurrence of Panic Disorder.
More informationHEADS UP ON MENTAL HEALTH CONCERNS IN CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES. CORNELIO G. BANAAG, JR. M.D. Psychiatrist
HEADS UP ON MENTAL HEALTH CONCERNS IN CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES CORNELIO G. BANAAG, JR. M.D. Psychiatrist MENTAL HEALTH WHO: Health is more than the absence of illness Emotional well being
More informationChild Planning: A Treatment Approach for Children with Oppositional Disorder
COURSES ARTICLE - THERAPYTOOLS.US Child Planning: A Treatment Approach for Children with Oppositional Disorder A Treatment Approach for Children with Oppositional Disorder. Duration: 3 hours Learning Objectives:
More informationMental Health Awareness
Mental Health Awareness Understanding Mental Health Challenges A medical condition that disrupts a person's thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others and daily functioning Affect every aspect
More informationPatient Questionnaire. Name: Date: A. What are the main concerns or problems that brought you here today?
Patient Questionnaire Name: Date: D.O.B.: Age: Referred By: Presenting Problem A. What are the main concerns or problems that brought you here today? B. Problem Checklist: please circle all that apply:
More informationABSTRACT EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF PARENTAL OVERPROTECTION ON ADULT SOCIAL ANXIETY VIA PERFECTIONISM: A MEDIATION MODEL. by Prashant Banerjee
ABSTRACT EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF PARENTAL OVERPROTECTION ON ADULT SOCIAL ANXIETY VIA PERFECTIONISM: A MEDIATION MODEL by Prashant Banerjee This study investigated the mediating role of three dimensions
More informationEAST END PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES, P.C. 565 ROUTE 25A, SUITE 201 MILLER PLACE, NY TEL. (631) FAX. (631)
EAST END PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES, P.C. 565 ROUTE 25A, SUITE 201 MILLER PLACE, NY 11764 TEL. (631) 821-7214 FAX. (631) 821-7263 Effects of Domestic Violence on Children and Adolescents: An Overview JOSEPH
More informationPost Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (PTSD)
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (PTSD) Reference: http://www.psychiatry.org/military Prevalence of PTSD One in five veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars is diagnosed with PTSD. (http://www.psychiatry.org/military
More informationGENERAL CRISIS SITUATIONS. Acknowledgements: Most of the information included in this chapter was obtained from the Handbook of
GENERAL CRISIS SITUATIONS Acknowledgements: Most of the information included in this chapter was obtained from the Handbook of Psychiatry, 2005, Mental Health Information Centre of SA, Department of Psychiatry,
More informationDepression, Anxiety, and the Adolescent Athlete: Introduction to Identification and Treatment
Depression, Anxiety, and the Adolescent Athlete: Introduction to Identification and Treatment Jamie E. Pardini, PhD Sports Medicine and Concussion Specialists Banner University Medical Center-Phoenix University
More informationSchool attendance The obligatory attendance at school is a recnet phenomenon in most countries School refusal, however, is as old as schools Children
School Refusal in children and adolescents (School phobia) M Maldonado School attendance The obligatory attendance at school is a recnet phenomenon in most countries School refusal, however, is as old
More informationGenetics of psychiatric disorders Dr Radwan Banimustafa
Genetics of psychiatric disorders Dr Radwan Banimustafa Schizophrenia Is a chronic relapsing psychotic disorder which affects young population and interfere with: - Thoughts - Perception - Volition - Behavior
More informationIntroduction. SPPAHI or also known as Skala Penilaian Perilaku. Anak Hiperaktif is an instrument to evaluate if there is
Introduction SPPAHI or also known as Skala Penilaian Perilaku Anak Hiperaktif is an instrument to evaluate if there is a possibility of ADHD occurring among children in Indonesia. This instrument is sensitive
More informationThe Link between Marijuana &
The Link between Marijuana & mental illness A Survey of Recent Research OFFICE OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT July 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Overview of Marijuana and Mental
More informationDikran J. Martin Introduction to Psychology. Lecture Series: Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders Pages: 26
Dikran J. Martin Introduction to Psychology Name: Date: Lecture Series: Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders Pages: 26 TEXT: Lefton, Lester A. and Brannon, Linda (2003). PSYCHOLOGY. (Eighth Edition.) Needham
More informationPSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF WOLF REINTRODUCTION: A Preliminary Study
JAMES S. THAL, Ph.D. Licensed Psychologist 7315 N. 16 th Street, Suite 202 Phoenix, AZ 85020 Tel (602) 263-8756 Fax (602) 263-8772 PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF WOLF REINTRODUCTION: A Population Studied: Individuals
More informationTITLE: Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder.
Brief Summary TITLE: Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. SOURCE(S): Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment
More informationWorking with trauma in forensic therapeutic communities: Implications for clinical practice.
Working with trauma in forensic therapeutic communities: Implications for clinical practice. SHUKER, Richard and NEWBERRY, Michelle Available from Sheffield Hallam
More informationSUICIDE PREVENTION FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL PUPILS AND TEACHING STAFF MEMBERS
SUICIDE PREVENTION FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL PUPILS AND TEACHING STAFF MEMBERS Q. What does the law (N.J.S.A. 18A:6-111) require? A. The law requires all teaching staff members to attend two hours of instruction
More informationSuicide Risk Factors: Abused Child and Adult Bipolar Disorder
Transcript Details This is a transcript of an educational program accessible on the ReachMD network. Details about the program and additional media formats for the program are accessible by visiting: https://reachmd.com/programs/clinicians-roundtable/suicide-risk-factors-abused-child-and-adultbipolar-disorder/3639/
More informationAbnormal Child Psychology, 3rd Edition, Eric J. Mash, David A. Wolfe Chapter 7: Anxiety Disorders. Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders Experiencing Anxiety Anxiety: characterized by strong negative emotion and tension in anticipation of future danger or threat Moderate amounts of anxiety is adaptive; helps us cope with
More informationTrauma Informed Parents
Trauma Informed Parents Cheri J. Kahn Consultant Behavior/Discipline 210-370-5702 cheri.kahn@esc20.net 1 Why Is This Important? Trauma Facts for Educators 1 out of 4 individuals attending school has been
More informationSilent ACEs: The Epidemic of Attachment and Developmental Trauma
Silent ACEs: The Epidemic of Attachment and Developmental Trauma Niki Gratrix, The Abundant Energy Expert http://www.nikigratrix.com/silent-aces-epidemic-attachment-developmental-trauma/ A 2004 landmark
More informationDissociative Disorders. Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Identity Disorder Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder
Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Identity Disorder Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder What is a dissociative disorder? Someone with a dissociative disorder escapes reality
More informationTypical or Troubled? Teen Mental Health
Typical or Troubled? Teen Mental Health Adolescence is a difficult time for many teens, but how does one know the difference between typical teen issues and behavior that might signal a more serious problem?
More informationCopyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of CHAPTER PREVIEW Defining/Explaining Abnormal Behavior Anxiety-Related Disorders Mood-Related Disorders
More informationMODULE IX. The Emotional Impact of Disasters on Children and their Families
MODULE IX The Emotional Impact of Disasters on Children and their Families Financial Disclosures none Outline Disaster types Disaster Stages Risk factors for emotional vulnerability Emotional response
More informationCHILDHOOD TRAUMA: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT. Gabrielle A. Roberts, Ph.D. Licensed Clinical Psychologist Advocate Children s Hospital
CHILDHOOD TRAUMA: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT Gabrielle A. Roberts, Ph.D. Licensed Clinical Psychologist Advocate Children s Hospital What is a Trauma? Traumatic event: Witnessing or experiencing a frightening,
More informationPREVALENCE OF POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AMONG BASRAH MEDICAL STUDENTS
THE MEDICAL JOURNAL OF BASRAH UNIVERSITY PREVALENCE OF POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AMONG BASRAH MEDICAL STUDENTS Asaad Q. Al-Yassen, Aqeel Ibrahim Salih ABSTRACT Background Post traumatic stress disorder
More informationComprehensive Quick Reference Handout on Pediatric Bipolar Disorder By Jessica Tomasula
Comprehensive Quick Reference Handout on Pediatric Bipolar Disorder By Jessica Tomasula Official Name Bipolar Disorder; also referred to as Manic Depression Definitions (DSM-IV-TR, 2000) Bipolar I Disorder
More informationThe Impact of the Opioid Crisis on Children
The Impact of the Opioid Crisis on Children Guided Notes for Online Learning Name: Date: 1 Table of Contents Section 1: The Opioid Crisis Page 3 Section 2: Addiction Page 4 Section 3: Trauma Informed Care
More informationEmotional or Behavioral Disorders
Ekornås Self-Perception of Social Acceptance Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 30, No. 6, 2011, pp. 570-582 Primary School Children s Peer Relationships: Discrepancies in Self-Perceived Social
More informationCHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND VULNERABILITY TO MOOD AND ANXIETY DISORDERS
66 Young et al. DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY 5:66 72 (1997) Research Articles CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND VULNERABILITY TO MOOD AND ANXIETY DISORDERS Elizabeth A. Young, M.D.,* James L. Abelson, M.D., George C.
More informationThe Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Psychopathology and Suicidal Behaviour in the Northern Ireland Population
The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Psychopathology and Suicidal Behaviour in the Northern Ireland Population Margaret McLafferty Professor Siobhan O Neill Dr Cherie Armour Professor Brendan
More informationAbnormal Psychology PSYCH 40111
Abnormal Psychology PSYCH 40111 Introduction to Abnormal Psychology The global burden of disease, 1990 2020 Alan D. Lopez & Christopher C.J.L. Murray Nature Medicine 4, 1241-1243 (1998) 1 DSM-IV-TR Categories
More informationRates of Co-Occurring Disorders Among Youth. Working with Adolescents with Substance Use Disorders
1 Working with Adolescents with Substance Use Disorders Michael S. Levy, Ph.D. CAB Health & Recovery Services, Inc. Health and Education Services 8% of 12-17 year old youth have substance abuse or dependence
More informationHELLO CAN YOU HEAR ME?
HELLO CAN YOU HEAR ME? IMPORTANT ISSUES FOR TEACHERS WORKING WITH ADOLESCENTS Kristin Walker, M.A. East Tennessee State University Department of Psychology November 6, 2012 Objectives 1. Participants will
More informationSEPARATION ANXIETY. Ana Figueroa, Cesar Soutullo, Yoshiro Ono & Kazuhiko Saito. ANXIETY DISORDERS Chapter F.2. Adapted by Julie Chilton
ANXIETY DISORDERS Chapter F.2 SEPARATION ANXIETY Ana Figueroa, Cesar Soutullo, DEPRESSION IN CHILDREN AND Yoshiro Ono & ADOLESCENTS Kazuhiko Saito Adapted by Julie Chilton The IACAPAP Textbook of Child
More informationBoth Sides of the Desk: Trauma-Informed Services in the Child Support Program
Both Sides of the Desk: Trauma-Informed Services in the Child Support Program Rebecca Sharp, MPA, LMSW Katie Morgan, SC IV-D Director Both Sides of the Desk: Trauma-Informed Services in the Child Support
More informationLEARNED HELPLESSNESS IN TODDLERS OF DEPRESSED AND NONDEPRESSED MOTHERS. Sue A. Kelley, Kay D. Jennings, & Amy J. Dran. April, 1999
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS IN TODDLERS OF DEPRESSED AND NONDEPRESSED MOTHERS Sue A. Kelley, Kay D. Jennings, & Amy J. Dran April, 1999 405 Langley Hall Department of Psychology Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Poster presented
More informationHull and East Riding CAMHS Professional Referral Form
Hull and East Riding CAMHS Professional Referral Form 1. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service professional referral form (CAMHS) Please be aware that this referral form uses Third Party Service Providers,
More informationFuture Trend of Crisis Intervention in the Human Services Delivery System
Future Trend of Crisis Intervention in the Human Services Delivery System Introduction Strategies of crisis intervention are the methods through which short term and prompt support are offered to people
More informationThe role of family conflict as a moderator of alcoholism outcomes among offspring of alcoholics
Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Posters 2004: Alcoholism and the Latest Genetics and Neuroscience Findings 2004 The role of family conflict as a moderator of alcoholism
More informationYour Anxious Child: What Parents Need to Know. Caryl Oris, MD
Your Anxious Child: What Parents Need to Know Caryl Oris, MD What s Normal? n Normal developmental fears: n Separation Anxiety n Fear of the dark n Separation Anxiety n Fear is a physiological reaction
More informationTreating Separation Anxiety Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Shawn Powell & Brett Nelson
Treating Separation Anxiety Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 153 27 Treating Separation Anxiety Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Shawn Powell & Brett Nelson Separation anxiety presents significant
More informationCOUNSELING FOUNDATIONS INSTRUCTOR DR. JOAN VERMILLION
COUNSELING FOUNDATIONS INSTRUCTOR DR. JOAN VERMILLION LEARNING OBJECTIVE #1 Apply principles of sensation and perception, motivation theory, & learning theory to the development of emotions, thoughts,
More informationPERINATAL MENTAL HEALTH: CHILDREN S LONG-TERM OUTCOMES
PERINATAL MENTAL HEALTH: CHILDREN S LONG-TERM OUTCOMES How the South London Child Development Study & work at the Channi Kumar Mother & Baby Unit has informed the need for perinatal mental health services
More informationDr. Delphine Collin-Vézina, Ph.D.
Interview Presentation Tier 2 Canada Research Chair Position School of Social Work McGill University Dr. Delphine Collin-Vézina, Ph.D. Career Path Academic Studies and Research Realizations Applied research
More informationCHILDHOOD TRAUMA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PTSD.!! Andrea DuBose, LMSW
CHILDHOOD TRAUMA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PTSD!! Andrea DuBose, LMSW "There are words that Never Show on the body that are deeper and more harmful than anything that bleeds" Laurel K. Hamilton, Mistral's
More informationTraumatic Events and Suicide Attempts
Traumatic Events and Suicide Attempts Findings from a large representative sample of Canadian military personnel Presenter: Shay-Lee Belik Co-Authors: Brian J Cox Gordon JG Asmundson Murray B Stein Jitender
More informationMolly Faulkner, PhD, CNP, LISW UNM, Dept of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Div of Community Behavioral Health
Molly Faulkner, PhD, CNP, LISW UNM, Dept of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Div of Community Behavioral Health What is anxiety? What causes anxiety? When is anxiety a problem? What is the size of the
More informationAustralian children of alcoholic female twins
Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Posters 2005: Alcoholism and Comorbidity 2005 Australian children of alcoholic female twins Wendy S. Slutske Follow this and additional works
More informationENTITLEMENT ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINE DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS
ENTITLEMENT ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINE DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS MPC 03000 ICD-9 296.2, 296.3, 300.4, 311 ICD-10 F32, F33, F34.1 DEFINITION DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS Depressive Disorders include: Major Depressive Disorder
More informationWhat do you see? Write down 3 things that you think about when you look at this picture.
What do you see? Write down 3 things that you think about when you look at this picture. studied in society. psychology is and identify what types of studied in 2 What is Psychology? psychology is and
More informationPromoting and protecting mental Health. Supporting policy trough integration of research, current approaches and practice
Promoting and protecting mental Health. Supporting policy trough integration of research, current approaches and practice Core Principles of Mental Health Promotion Karl Kuhn 1 Policy framework proposes
More informationTeens who consistently learn about the risks of drugs from their parents are up to 50% less likely to use drugs than those who don t.
Substance Abuse Teens who consistently learn about the risks of drugs from their parents are up to 50% less likely to use drugs than those who don t. More teens die from prescription drugs than heroin
More informationENTITLEMENT ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINE POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
ENTITLEMENT ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINE POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER MPC 00620 ICD-9 309.81 ICD-10 43.1 DEFINITION Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
More informationEFFECTS OF ADHD ON EARLY LEARNING AND ACDEMIC PERFORMANCE 1
EFFECTS OF ADHD ON EARLY LEARNING AND ACDEMIC PERFORMANCE 1 The Effects of ADHD on Learning and Academic Performance in the Pre- and Elementary School Years. Christopher Kalogeropoulos November 19, 2012
More informationPathways to Inflated Responsibility Beliefs in Adolescent Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Preliminary Investigation
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2011, 39, 229 234 First published online 23 November 2010 doi:10.1017/s1352465810000810 Pathways to Inflated Responsibility Beliefs in Adolescent Obsessive-Compulsive
More informationAbout ADHD. National Resource Center on ADHD A Program of CHADD
About ADHD Everybody can have difficulty sitting still, paying attention or controlling impulsive behavior once in a while. For some people, however, the problems are so pervasive and persistent that they
More informationAggregation of psychopathology in a clinical sample of children and their parents
Aggregation of psychopathology in a clinical sample of children and their parents PA R E N T S O F C H I LD R E N W I T H PSYC H O PAT H O LO G Y : PSYC H I AT R I C P R O B LEMS A N D T H E A S SO C I
More informationThe influence of terrorist threats on Israeli children and adolescents
The influence of terrorist threats on Israeli children and adolescents Elin Martine Doeland Abstract This article offers a review of some studies on the influence of the constant threat of terrorism on
More informationBrief Psychiatric History and Mental Status Examination
2 Brief Psychiatric History and Mental Status Examination John R. Vanin A comprehensive medical evaluation includes a thorough history, physical examination, and appropriate laboratory, imaging and other
More informationPhobias what, who, why and how to help
Phobias what, who, why and how to help St. Andrews House, 48 Princess Road East, Leicester LE1 7DR, UK Telephone 0116 254 9568 Facsimile 0116 247 0787 E-mail mail@bps.org.uk Website www.bps.org.uk What
More informationPsychotropic Treatment of Social Anxiety
Walden University From the SelectedWorks of Jacqueline M. Koiner II Winter October 5, 2011 Psychotropic Treatment of Social Anxiety Jacqueline M. Koiner, II, Walden University Available at: https://works.bepress.com/jacqueline_koiner/1/
More informationHighs and Lows. Anxiety and Depression
Highs and Lows Anxiety and Depression ANXIETY Anxiety is a normal reaction to stress and can actually be beneficial in some situations. For some people, however, anxiety can become excessive. However a
More informationTrauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Eating Disorders
Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Eating Disorders Written by Timothy D. Brewerton, MD, DFAPA, FAED, DFAACPA, HEDS Traumatic events are events that cause psychological, physical and/or emotional
More informationMental/Emotional Health Problems. Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders
Mental/Emotional Health Problems Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders: When a person experiences extreme or prolonged moods. Mental Health Problems Anxiety Disorders: extreme worries about
More informationAttention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Introduction Attention deficit and disruptive behavior disorders are commonly known as child behavior disorders. A child behavior disorder is when a
More informationIntro to Concurrent Disorders
CSAM-SCAM Fundamentals Intro to Concurrent Disorders Presentation provided by Jennifer Brasch, MD, FRCPC Psychiatrist, Concurrent Disorders Program, St. Joseph s Healthcare There are all kinds of addicts,
More informationENTITLEMENT ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINE DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS
ENTITLEMENT ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINE DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS MPC 03000 ICD-9 296.2, 296.3, 300.4, 311 ICD-10 F32, F33, F34.1 DEFINITION Depressive Disorders is a category of conditions in the Diagnostic and
More informationChildren, Young People & Trauma
Children, Young People & Trauma 28 th May 2010 Belinda Cooley Lily Lee Workshop Outline Expectations of Workshop Definition of Trauma Attachment and Neurobiology Impact of Trauma Framework for Intervention
More informationAnxiety vs. Fear. Anxiety. Fear. Both involve physiological arousal. Both can be adaptive. Apprehension about a future threat
Anxiety Disorders Anxiety vs. Fear Anxiety Apprehension about a future threat Fear Response to an immediate threat Both involve physiological arousal Sympathetic nervous system Both can be adaptive Fear
More informationFactors related to neuropsychological deficits in ADHD children
Factors related to neuropsychological deficits in ADHD children MD S. DRUGĂ Mindcare Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Bucharest, Romania Clinical Psychologist
More informationNorthwest Territories and Nunavut 03.09
POLICY STATEMENT The Workers Safety and Compensation Commission (WSCC) may provide compensation benefits to workers who develop a psychiatric or psychological disability arising out of and during the course
More informationSocial Anxiety Disorder
Social Anxiety Disorder More than Just Shyness Teena Social Anxiety Disorder: More than Just Shyness Introduction Are you extremely afraid of being judged by others? Are you very self-conscious in everyday
More informationAlberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission. POSITION ON ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH February 2007
Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission POSITION ON ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH POSITION The Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission (AADAC) recognizes that among clients with addiction problems, there
More informationBeyond the Techniques
Beyond the Techniques Strategies and Techniques to Help Women Successfully Heal from Trauma Presented By Arnise Parker Walker, MA, LPC Tracy Purnell, MA, LPC, NCC Meditate and Relax https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
More informationCONSEQUENCES OF MARIJUANA USE FOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS. Master s Thesis. Submitted to: Department of Sociology
CONSEQUENCES OF MARIJUANA USE FOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS Master s Thesis Submitted to: Department of Sociology Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University In partial fulfillment of the requirement
More informationSUICIDE PREVENTION. Cassandra Ward, LCPC. Erikson Institute Center for Children and Families
SUICIDE PREVENTION Cassandra Ward, LCPC Erikson Institute Center for Children and Families Overview of Today s Presentation Introduction CCF s School Mental Health Project What is Suicide What is Mental
More information(Seng, et al., 2013). Studies have reported prevalence rates ranging from 1 to 30 percent of
POSTPARTUM POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Introduction Recent research suggests that childbirth may be a significant cause of PTSD in women (Seng, et al., 2013). Studies have reported prevalence rates ranging
More information