Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis

Transcription

1 National Collaborating Centre for Women s and Children s Health Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis diagnosis, assessment and management in children younger than 5 years Clinical Guideline April 2009 Funded to produce guidelines for the NHS by NICE

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3 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis diagnosis, assessment and management in children younger than 5 years National Collaborating Centre for Women s and Children s Health Commissioned by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Search strategies April 2009 RCOG Press

4 Published by the RCOG Press at the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 27 Sussex Place, Regent s Park, London NW1 4RG Registered charity no First published National Collaborating Centre for Women s and Children s Health No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher or, in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK [ Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publisher at the UK address printed on this page. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore for general use. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained within this publication, the publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check current indications and accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature and following the guidelines laid down by the manufacturers of specific products and the relevant authorities in the country in which they are practising. ISBN NCC-WCH editor: Andrew Welsh Original design: FiSH Books, London Typesetting of main guideline by Andrew Welsh

5 Contents 3 Diagnosis 4 4 Assessing dehydration and shock 28 5 Fluid management 49 6 Nutritional management Antibiotic therapy Other therapies Escalation of care 162

6 3 Diagnosis Clinical question What investigations, if any, are useful to the diagnosis of gastroenteritis in children under 5? DNV_diagnostic_tests_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to September Week ) # Search History Results 1 infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ or/ (stool adj3 cultur$).ti,ab (stool adj3 microscop$).ti,ab (stool adj3 microbiol$).ti,ab (stool adj3 virolog$).ti,ab (stool adj5 (sampl$ or test$)).ti,ab ((fecal or feces) adj5 (sampl$ or test$)).ti,ab FECES/ OCCULT BLOOD/ fecal occult blood.ti,ab (PCR or polymerase chain reaction?).ti,ab POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION/ (blood adj3 (sampl$ or test$)).ti,ab BLOOD UREA NITROGEN/ UREA/ CREATININE/ POTASSIUM/ ELECTROLYTES/ SODIUM/ CHLORIDES/ BICARBONATES/ ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM/ ACIDOSIS/ acid?emi?.ti,ab

7 Search strategies 39 HEMOGLOBINS/ BLOOD CELL COUNT/ LEUKOCYTE COUNT/ PLATELET COUNT/ NEUTROPHILS/ (blood adj3 count).ti,ab (blood adj3 cultur$).ti,ab BLOOD GLUCOSE/ BLOOD SEDIMENTATION/ (ESR or erythrocyte sedimentation rate).ti,ab C-REACTIVE PROTEIN/ ALBUMINS/ ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS/ orosomucoid.ti,ab procalcitonin.ti,ab acute phase reactant?.ti,ab ((hiv or aids) adj3 (test$ or assay?)).ti,ab (blood adj3 (glucose or sugar?)).ti,ab or/ diarrh?ea?.ti,ab gastroenteritis?.ti,ab GASTROENTERITIS/ or/ and and limit 63 to "diagnosis (optimized)" diagnos$.ti and/15,61, or/64, limit 67 to humans limit 68 to english language 676 DNV_diagnostic_tests_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2007 Week 38) # Search History Results 1 NEWBORN/ neonat$.tw newborn$.tw exp INFANT/ infan$.tw SMALL FOR DATE INFANT/ (small adj2 gestational age).tw LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw

8 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 14 (baby or babies).tw PRESCHOOL CHILD/ (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw toddler$.tw GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis?.ti,ab diarrh?ea?.ti,ab or/ (stool adj3 cultur$).ti,ab (stool adj3 microscop$).ti,ab (stool adj3 microbiol$).ti,ab (stool adj3 virolog$).ti,ab (stool adj5 (sampl$ or test$)).ti,ab ((fecal or feces) adj5 (sampl$ or test$)).ti,ab FECES ANALYSIS/ FECES CULTURE/ FECES COMPOSITION/ ABNORMAL FECES COMPOSITION/ OCCULT BLOOD/ fecal occult blood.ti,ab (PCR or polymerase chain reaction?).ti,ab POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION/ (blood adj3 (sampl$ or test$)).ti,ab UREA NITROGEN BLOOD LEVEL/ UREA BLOOD LEVEL/ CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL/ POTASSIUM BLOOD LEVEL/ ELECTROLYTE/ SODIUM BLOOD LEVEL/ CHLORIDE BLOOD LEVEL/ BICARBONATE/ ACID BASE BALANCE/ ACIDOSIS/ acid?emi?.ti,ab HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL/ BLOOD CELL COUNT/ LEUKOCYTE COUNT/ PLATELET COUNT/ NEUTROPHIL/ (blood adj3 count).ti,ab (blood adj3 cultur$).ti,ab GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL/ ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE/ ESR.ti,ab C-REACTIVE PROTEIN/ ALBUMINOID/ ACUTE PHASE PROTEIN/ orosomucoid.ti,ab

9 Search strategies 62 procalcitonin.ti,ab acute phase reactant?.ti,ab ((hiv or aids) adj3 (test$ or assay?)).ti,ab (blood adj3 (glucose or sugar?)).ti,ab or/ or/ and and limit 69 to "diagnosis (optimized)" diagnos$.ti and/21,67, or/70, limit 73 to human limit 74 to english language from 75 keep 10 1 DNV_diagnostic_tests_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to September Week ) # Search History Results 1 infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ or/ (stool adj3 cultur$).ti,ab (stool adj3 microscop$).ti,ab (stool adj3 microbiol$).ti,ab (stool adj3 virolog$).ti,ab (stool adj5 (sampl$ or test$)).ti,ab ((fecal or feces) adj5 (sampl$ or test$)).ti,ab FECES/ OCCULT BLOOD/ fecal occult blood.ti,ab (PCR or polymerase chain reaction?).ti,ab POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION/ (blood adj3 (sampl$ or test$)).ti,ab BLOOD UREA NITROGEN/ UREA/ 337 7

10 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 30 CREATININE/ POTASSIUM/ ELECTROLYTES/ SODIUM/ CHLORIDES/ BICARBONATES/ ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM/ ACIDOSIS/ acid?emi?.ti,ab HEMOGLOBINS/ BLOOD CELL COUNT/ LEUKOCYTE COUNT/ PLATELET COUNT/ NEUTROPHILS/ (blood adj3 count).ti,ab (blood adj3 cultur$).ti,ab BLOOD GLUCOSE/ BLOOD SEDIMENTATION/ (ESR or erythrocyte sedimentation rate).ti,ab C-REACTIVE PROTEIN/ ALBUMINS/ ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS/ orosomucoid.ti,ab procalcitonin.ti,ab acute phase reactant?.ti,ab ((hiv or aids) adj3 (test$ or assay?)).ti,ab (blood adj3 (glucose or sugar?)).ti,ab or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis?.ti,ab diarrh?ea?.ti,ab or/ diagnos$.ti and/15,61, and/15,57, (diagnos$ or assess$ or observ$ or follow?up).ti,ab and or/63, limit 67 to english 60 8

11 Search strategies Clinical question What microbiological investigations, if any, are useful to the diagnosis of gastroenteritis in children under 5 years? DNV_microbi_investigations_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to February Week ) # Searches Results 1 randomized controlled trial.pt controlled clinical trial.pt DOUBLE BLIND METHOD/ SINGLE BLIND METHOD/ RANDOM ALLOCATION/ RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ or/ ((single or double or triple or treble) adj5 (blind$ or mask$)).tw,sh clinical trial.pt exp CLINICAL TRIALS/ 0 11 (clinic$ adj5 trial$).tw,sh PLACEBOS/ placebo$.tw,sh random$.tw,sh or/ or/7, META ANALYSIS/ meta analysis.pt (metaanaly$ or meta-analy$ or (meta adj analy$)).tw,sh (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh (methodologic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh or/ review$.pt (medline or medlars or embase or cinahl or cochrane or psycinfo or psychinfo or psychlit or psyclit or "web of science" or "science citation" or scisearch).tw. 25 ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw,sh (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw,sh (peto or dersimonian or der simonian or fixed effect).tw,sh or/ and CASE-CONTROL STUDIES/ RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES/ PROSPECTIVE STUDIES/ COHORT STUDIES/ EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS/ CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES/ (case$ adj2 control$).tw (compar$ adj3 stud$).tw ((epidemiologic$ or seroepidemiologic$) adj3 stud$).tw (cross sectional adj3 stud$).tw

12 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 41 or/ or/16,22,30, letter.pt comment.pt editorial.pt historical article.pt or/ not EPIDEMIOLOGY/ epidemiolog$.tw PREVALENCE/ prevalence.tw INCIDENCE/ incidence.tw etiolog$.tw (cause? or causation or causative).tw (microbiolog$ or micro biolog$ or pathogen$).tw mi.xs et.fs or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.tw or/ and/60, limit 64 to ("all infant (birth to 23 months)" or "preschool child (2 to 5 years)") limit 65 to yr=" " and/48, limit 67 to english language DIARRHEA/ DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ travel$.tw,hw and/ ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS/ ESCHERICHIA COLI O157/ ESCHERICHIA COLI/ ((enterotoxi$ or enteropathogen$ or enteroinvasive$ or enteroadheren$ or O157:H7 or STEC or shigalike or shiga like) adj3 (Escherichia coli or e coli)).tw. 79 ((entero toxi$ or entero pathogen$ or entero invasive$ or entero adheren$) adj3 (Escherichia coli or e coli)).tw exp CRYPTOSPORIDIUM/ cryptosporidi$.tw exp GIARDIA/ GIARDIASIS/ giardia$.tw exp SHIGELLA/ DYSENTERY, BACILLARY/

13 Search strategies 87 shigella.tw (dysentry or dysentery).tw exp YERSINIA/ (yersinia entercoliti$ or y entercoliti$).tw YERSINIA INFECTIONS/ exp CAMPYLOBACTER/ CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS/ (c jejuni or c coli or campylobacter).tw exp SALMONELLA/ SALMONELLA INFECTIONS/ salmonella.tw CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE/ (c difficile or clostridium difficile).tw (entamoeba histolytica or e histolytica).tw ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA/ AMEBIASIS/ or/ and/60, and/ limit 105 to ("all infant (birth to 23 months)" or "preschool child (2 to 5 years)") and/48, limit 107 to english language or/68, DNV_microbi_investigations_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2008 Week 07) # Searches Results 1 CLINICAL TRIALS/ (clinic$ adj5 trial$).tw,sh SINGLE BLIND PROCEDURE/ DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE/ RANDOM ALLOCATION/ CROSSOVER PROCEDURE/ PLACEBO/ placebo$.tw,sh random$.tw,sh RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ ((single or double or triple or treble) adj (blind$ or mask$)).tw,sh randomi?ed control$ trial$.tw or/ META ANALYSIS/ ((meta adj analy$) or metaanalys$ or meta-analy$).tw,sh (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh (methodologic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh or/ review.pt (medline or medlars or embase).ab (scisearch or science citation index).ab

14 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 22 (psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or cochrane).ab ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw (peto or dersimonian or "der simonian" or fixed effect).tw or/ and COMPARATIVE STUDY/ (compar$ adj5 stud$).tw CASE-CONTROL STUDY/ RETROSPECTIVE STUDY/ PROSPECTIVE STUDY/ COHORT STUDY/ CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY/ OBSERVATIONAL STUDY/ EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA/ (case$ adj2 control$).tw ((epidemiologic$ or seroepidemiologic$) adj3 stud$).tw (cross sectional adj3 stud$).tw (observational adj3 stud$).tw or/ or/13,18,28, abstract report.tw,sh note.tw,sh short survey.tw,sh letter.tw,sh editorial.tw,sh or/ not EPIDEMIOLOGY/ epidemiolog$.tw PREVALENCE/ prevalence.tw INCIDENCE/ incidence.tw etiolog$.tw (cause? or causation or causative).tw (microbiolog$ or micro biolog$ or pathogen$).tw et.fs or/ gastroenteritis.tw,hw and/ limit 63 to yr=" " INFANTILE DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw DIARRHEA/ INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA/

15 Search strategies 69 ACUTE DIARRHEA/ BLOODY DIARRHEA/ or/ travel$.tw and/ TRAVELLER DIARRHEA/ or/ ESCHERICHIA COLI/ ESCHERICHIA COLI ENTEROTOXIN/ ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI/ ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI/ ENTEROINVASIVE ESCHERICHIA COLI/ DIARRHEAGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI/ ((enterotoxi$ or enteropathogen$ or enteroinvasive$ or enteroadheren$ or O157:H7 or STEC or shigalike or shiga like) adj3 (Escherichia coli or e coli)).tw. 83 ((entero toxi$ or entero pathogen$ or entero invasive$ or entero adheren$) adj3 (Escherichia coli or e coli)).tw CRYPTOSPORIDIUM/ cryptosporidi$.tw GIARDIA/ GIARDIASIS/ giardia$.tw SHIGELLA/ SHIGELLOSIS/ (shigella or shigellosis).tw (bacillary dysentery or bacterial dysentery).tw YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA/ (yersinia enterocoliti$ or y enterocoliti$).tw CAMPYLOBACTER/ CAMPYLOBACTER COLI/ CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI/ (c jejuni or c coli or campylobacter).tw SALMONELLA/ salmonella.tw CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE/ (c difficile or clostridium difficile).tw ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA/ (entamoeba histolytica or e histolytica).tw AMEBIASIS/ or/ and/61, and/ or/64, limit 109 to (infant or preschool child <1 to 6 years>) and/50, limit 111 to english language

16 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years DNV_microbi_investigations_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to February Week ) # Searches Results 1 exp CLINICAL TRIALS/ clinical trial.pt (clinic$ adj5 trial$).tw,sh SINGLE-BLIND STUDIES/ DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES/ TRIPLE-BLIND STUDIES/ 37 7 ((single or double or triple or treble) adj5 (blind$ or mask$)).tw,sh RANDOM ASSIGNMENT/ random$.tw RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ CLINICAL TRIALS/ randomi?ed control$ trial$.tw PLACEBOS/ placebo$.tw or/ META ANALYSIS/ ((meta adj analy$) or metaanalys$ or meta-analy$).tw SYSTEMATIC REVIEW/ systematic review.pt (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw LITERATURE REVIEW/ or/ ("review" or "review studies" or "review academic" or "review tutorial").ti,ab,sh,pt (medline or medlars or embase or cochrane or scisearch or psycinfo or psychinfo or psychlit or psyclit or "web of science" or "science citation").tw. 25 ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw (peto or dersimonian or "der simonian" or fixed effect).tw or/ and/23, COMPARATIVE STUDIES/ (compar$ adj5 stud$).tw CASE-CONTROL STUDIES/ (case$ adj2 control$).ti,ab RETROSPECTIVE DESIGN/ exp PROSPECTIVE STUDIES/ RETROSPECTIVE PANEL STUDIES/ PRETEST-POSTTEST DESIGN/ CROSS SECTIONAL STUDIES/ NONEXPERIMENTAL STUDIES/ EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH/ ((epidemiologic$ or seroepidemiologic$) adj3 stud$).tw (cross sectional adj3 stud$).tw or/ or/15,22,30,

17 Search strategies 46 letter.pt commentary.pt editorial.pt or/ not EPIDEMIOLOGY/ epidemiolog$.tw PREVALENCE/ prevalence.tw INCIDENCE/ incidence.tw etiolog$.tw (cause? or causation or causative).tw (microbiolog$ or micro biolog$ or pathogen$).tw et.fs or/ gastroenteritis.tw,hw and/ limit 63 to yr=" " diarrh?ea?.tw DIARRHEA/ or/ travel$.tw and/ ESCHERICHIA COLI/ ((enterotoxi$ or enteropathogen$ or enteroinvasive$ or enteroadheren$ or O157:H7 or STEC or shigalike or shiga like) adj3 (Escherichia coli or e coli)).tw. 72 CRYPTOSPORIDIUM/ cryptosporidi$.tw GIARDIASIS/ giardia$.tw SHIGELLA/ SHIGELLOSIS/ (shigella or shigellosis).tw (bacillary dysentery or bacterial dysentery).tw (yersinia enterocoliti$ or y enterocoliti$).tw CAMPYLOBACTER/ (c jejuni or c coli or campylobacter).tw SALMONELLA/ salmonella.tw CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE/ (c difficile or clostridium difficile).tw (entamoeba histolytica or e histolytica).tw AMEBIASIS/ or/ and/61, and/ or/64,

18 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 93 limit 92 to (infant <1 to 23 months> or preschool child <2 to 5 years>) and/50, limit 94 to english 60 16

19 Search strategies Clinical question Which microbiological investigation strategy is effective in identifying a causative pathogen in children under 5 years with gastroenteritis? Do specific organisms require additional / alternative testing? DNV_pathogens_test_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to February Week ) # Searches Results 1 GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.tw DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ DIARRHEA/ diarrh$.tw or/ ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS/ ESCHERICHIA COLI O157/ ESCHERICHIA COLI/ ((enterotoxi$ or enteropathogen$ or enteroinvasive$ or enteroadheren$ or O157:H7 or STEC or shigalike or shiga like) adj3 (Escherichia coli or e coli)).tw. ((entero toxi$ or entero pathogen$ or entero invasive$ or entero adheren$) adj3 (Escherichia coli or e coli)).tw. 12 exp CRYPTOSPORIDIUM/ cryptosporidi$.tw exp GIARDIA/ GIARDIASIS/ giardia$.tw exp SHIGELLA/ DYSENTERY, BACILLARY/ shigella.tw (dysentry or dysentery).tw exp YERSINIA/ (yersinia enterocoliti$ or y enterocoliti$).tw YERSINIA INFECTIONS/ exp CAMPYLOBACTER/ CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS/ (c jejuni or c coli or campylobacter).tw exp SALMONELLA/ SALMONELLA INFECTIONS/ salmonella.tw CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE/ (c difficile or clostridium difficile).tw (entamoeba histolytica or e histolytica).tw ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA/ AMEBIASIS/ ROTAVIRUS/ exp NOROVIRUS/ (virus$ or viral).tw (rotavirus or norovirus).tw or/ (stool adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$ or specimen?)).tw

20 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 41 (fecal$ adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$ or specimen?)).tw FECES/mi, ps, vi, ch, cy [Microbiology, Parasitology, Virology, Chemistry, Cytology] GASTROENTERITIS/ps, mi, vi [Parasitology, Microbiology, Virology] (feces adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$)).tw (selective$ adj3 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$)).tw SPECIMEN HANDLING/ (handl$ adj3 (specimen? or lab test$ or sample?)).tw (3 day rule? or three day rule?).tw TOXICOLOGY/ toxicolog$.tw (toxi$ adj3 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$)).tw exp MICROSCOPY/ microscopy.tw VIROLOGY/ virolog$.tw CULTURE TECHNIQUES/ CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES/ (cultur$ adj2 (test$ or cell?)).tw PARASITOLOGY/ parasitology.tw (storage media or storage medium).tw CELLS, CULTURED/ exp CULTURE MEDIA/ (culture media or culturing media or culture medium or culturing medium).tw LACTOFERRIN/ (lactoferrin or lacto ferrin).tw or/ sensitiv$.tw diagnos$.tw accuracy.tw "SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY"/ or/ and/6, and/67, and/72, limit 75 to ("all infant (birth to 23 months)" or "preschool child (2 to 5 years)") limit 76 to english language 624 DNV_pathogens_test_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2008 Week 08) # Searches Results 1 gastroenteritis.tw,hw INFANTILE DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw DIARRHEA/ INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA/ ACUTE DIARRHEA/ BLOODY DIARRHEA/

21 Search strategies 8 or/ ESCHERICHIA COLI/ ESCHERICHIA COLI ENTEROTOXIN/ ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI/ ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI/ ENTEROINVASIVE ESCHERICHIA COLI/ DIARRHEAGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI/ 31 ((enterotoxi$ or enteropathogen$ or enteroinvasive$ or enteroadheren$ or O157:H7 or STEC or 15 shigalike or shiga like) adj3 (Escherichia coli or e coli)).tw ((entero toxi$ or entero pathogen$ or entero invasive$ or entero adheren$) adj3 (Escherichia coli or e coli)).tw. 17 CRYPTOSPORIDIUM/ cryptosporidi$.tw GIARDIA/ GIARDIASIS/ giardia$.tw SHIGELLA/ SHIGELLOSIS/ (shigella or shigellosis).tw (bacillary dysentery or bacterial dysentery).tw YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA/ (yersinia enterocoliti$ or y enterocoliti$).tw CAMPYLOBACTER/ CAMPYLOBACTER COLI/ CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI/ (c jejuni or c coli or campylobacter).tw SALMONELLA/ salmonella.tw CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE/ (c difficile or clostridium difficile).tw ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA/ (entamoeba histolytica or e histolytica).tw AMEBIASIS/ ROTAVIRUS/ NOROVIRUS/ NORWALK GASTROENTERITIS VIRUS/ (virus$ or viral).tw (rotavirus or norovirus).tw or/ FECES ANALYSIS/ FECES CULTURE/ (stool adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$ or specimen?)).tw (fecal$ adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$ or specimen?)).tw (faecal$ adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$ or specimen?)).tw (feces adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$)).tw (faeces adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$)).tw (selective$ adj3 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$)).tw LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS/

22 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 54 (handl$ adj3 (specimen? or lab test$ or sample?)).tw TOXICOLOGY/ toxicolog$.tw (toxi$ adj3 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$)).tw MICROSCOPY/ microscopy.tw VIROLOGY/ virolog$.tw CULTURE TECHNIQUES/ CELL CULTURE/ (cultur$ adj2 (test$ or cell?)).tw PARASITOLOGY/ parasitology.tw (storage media or storage medium).tw (culture media or culturing media or culture medium or culturing medium).tw CULTURE MEDIUM/ LACTOFERRIN/ (lactoferrin or lacto ferrin).tw or/ sensitiv$.tw diagnos$.tw accuracy.tw "SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY"/ DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY/ or/ and/8, and/72, and/ limit 81 to (infant or preschool child <1 to 6 years>) limit 82 to english language 194 DNV_pathogens_test_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to February Week ) # Searches Results 1 gastroenteritis.tw,hw diarrh?ea?.tw DIARRHEA/ or/ ESCHERICHIA COLI/ ((enterotoxi$ or enteropathogen$ or enteroinvasive$ or enteroadheren$ or O157:H7 or STEC or shigalike or shiga like) adj3 (Escherichia coli or e coli)).tw CRYPTOSPORIDIUM/ 61 8 cryptosporidi$.tw GIARDIASIS/ giardia$.tw SHIGELLA/ SHIGELLOSIS/ (shigella or shigellosis).tw

23 Search strategies 14 (bacillary dysentery or bacterial dysentery).tw (yersinia enterocoliti$ or y enterocoliti$).tw CAMPYLOBACTER/ (c jejuni or c coli or campylobacter).tw SALMONELLA/ salmonella.tw CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE/ (c difficile or clostridium difficile).tw (entamoeba histolytica or e histolytica).tw AMEBIASIS/ ROTAVIRUS/ (virus$ or viral).tw (rotavirus or norovirus).tw or/ (stool adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$ or specimen?)).tw (fecal$ adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$ or specimen?)).tw (faecal$ adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$ or specimen?)).tw (feces adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$)).tw (faeces adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$)).tw (selective$ adj3 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$)).tw LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS/ (handl$ adj3 (specimen? or lab test$ or sample?)).tw TOXICOLOGY/ toxicolog$.tw (toxi$ adj3 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$)).tw MICROSCOPY/ microscopy.tw virolog$.tw CELL CULTURE/ (cultur$ adj2 (test$ or cell?)).tw parasitology.tw (storage media or storage medium).tw (culture media or culturing media or culture medium or culturing medium).tw CULTURE MEDIUM/ (lactoferrin or lacto ferrin).tw or/ sensitiv$.tw diagnos$.tw accuracy.tw "SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY"/ or/ and/4, and/49, and/ limit 57 to (infant <1 to 23 months> or preschool child <2 to 5 years>) 9 59 limit 58 to english 9 21

24 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years Clinical question What microbiological investigations, if any, are useful to the diagnosis of gastroenteritis in children under 5 years? DNV_pathogens_test_economics_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to February Week ) # Searches Results 1 GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.tw DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ DIARRHEA/ diarrh$.tw or/ ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS/ ESCHERICHIA COLI O157/ ESCHERICHIA COLI/ ((enterotoxi$ or enteropathogen$ or enteroinvasive$ or enteroadheren$ or O157:H7 or STEC or shigalike or shiga like) adj3 (Escherichia coli or e coli)).tw. ((entero toxi$ or entero pathogen$ or entero invasive$ or entero adheren$) adj3 (Escherichia coli or e coli)).tw. 12 exp CRYPTOSPORIDIUM/ cryptosporidi$.tw exp GIARDIA/ GIARDIASIS/ giardia$.tw exp SHIGELLA/ DYSENTERY, BACILLARY/ shigella.tw (dysentry or dysentery).tw exp YERSINIA/ (yersinia enterocoliti$ or y enterocoliti$).tw YERSINIA INFECTIONS/ exp CAMPYLOBACTER/ CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS/ (c jejuni or c coli or campylobacter).tw exp SALMONELLA/ SALMONELLA INFECTIONS/ salmonella.tw CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE/ (c difficile or clostridium difficile).tw (entamoeba histolytica or e histolytica).tw ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA/ AMEBIASIS/ ROTAVIRUS/ exp NOROVIRUS/ (virus$ or viral).tw (rotavirus or norovirus).tw or/ (stool adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$ or specimen?)).tw

25 Search strategies 41 (fecal$ adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$ or specimen?)).tw FECES/mi, ps, vi, ch, cy [Microbiology, Parasitology, Virology, Chemistry, Cytology] GASTROENTERITIS/ps, mi, vi [Parasitology, Microbiology, Virology] (feces adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$)).tw (selective$ adj3 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$)).tw SPECIMEN HANDLING/ (handl$ adj3 (specimen? or lab test$ or sample?)).tw (3 day rule? or three day rule?).tw TOXICOLOGY/ toxicolog$.tw (toxi$ adj3 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$)).tw exp MICROSCOPY/ microscopy.tw VIROLOGY/ virolog$.tw CULTURE TECHNIQUES/ CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES/ (cultur$ adj2 (test$ or cell?)).tw PARASITOLOGY/ parasitology.tw (storage media or storage medium).tw CELLS, CULTURED/ exp CULTURE MEDIA/ (culture media or culturing media or culture medium or culturing medium).tw LACTOFERRIN/ (lactoferrin or lacto ferrin).tw or/ sensitiv$.tw diagnos$.tw accuracy.tw "SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY"/ or/ and/6, and/67, and/72, limit 75 to ("all infant (birth to 23 months)" or "preschool child (2 to 5 years)") limit 76 to english language limit 77 to "costs (optimized)" 19 DNV_pathogens_test_economics_eedhta_ (CLHTA, CLEED) # Searches Results 1 GASTROENTERITIS/ 12 2 gastroenteritis.tw DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ 6 4 DIARRHEA/ 27 5 diarrh$.tw or/

26 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 7 ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS/ 5 8 ESCHERICHIA COLI O157/ 3 9 ESCHERICHIA COLI/ 3 ((enterotoxi$ or enteropathogen$ or enteroinvasive$ or enteroadheren$ or O157:H7 or STEC or 10 shigalike or shiga like) adj3 (Escherichia coli or e coli)).tw. 3 ((entero toxi$ or entero pathogen$ or entero invasive$ or entero adheren$) adj3 (Escherichia coli or e 11 0 coli)).tw. 12 exp CRYPTOSPORIDIUM/ 0 13 cryptosporidi$.tw exp GIARDIA/ 1 15 GIARDIASIS/ 1 16 giardia$.tw exp SHIGELLA/ 1 18 DYSENTERY, BACILLARY/ 1 19 shigella.tw (dysentry or dysentery).tw exp YERSINIA/ 0 22 (yersinia enterocoliti$ or y enterocoliti$).tw YERSINIA INFECTIONS/ 0 24 exp CAMPYLOBACTER/ 3 25 CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS/ 2 26 (c jejuni or c coli or campylobacter).tw exp SALMONELLA/ 3 28 SALMONELLA INFECTIONS/ 2 29 salmonella.tw CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE/ 7 31 (c difficile or clostridium difficile).tw (entamoeba histolytica or e histolytica).tw ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA/ 0 34 AMEBIASIS/ 0 35 ROTAVIRUS/ 4 36 exp NOROVIRUS/ 1 37 (virus$ or viral).tw (rotavirus or norovirus).tw or/ (stool adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$ or specimen?)).tw (fecal$ adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$ or specimen?)).tw FECES/mi, ps, vi, ch, cy [Microbiology, Parasitology, Virology, Chemistry, Cytology] GASTROENTERITIS/ps, mi, vi [Parasitology, Microbiology, Virology] 4 44 (feces adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$)).tw (selective$ adj3 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$)).tw SPECIMEN HANDLING/ (handl$ adj3 (specimen? or lab test$ or sample?)).tw (3 day rule? or three day rule?).tw TOXICOLOGY/ 2 50 toxicolog$.tw (toxi$ adj3 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$)).tw exp MICROSCOPY/ 7 24

27 Search strategies 53 microscopy.tw VIROLOGY/ 1 55 virolog$.tw CULTURE TECHNIQUES/ 0 57 CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES/ 2 58 (cultur$ adj2 (test$ or cell?)).tw PARASITOLOGY/ 2 60 parasitology.tw (storage media or storage medium).tw CELLS, CULTURED/ 2 63 exp CULTURE MEDIA/ 8 64 (culture media or culturing media or culture medium or culturing medium).tw LACTOFERRIN/ 0 66 (lactoferrin or lacto ferrin).tw or/ sensitiv$.tw diagnos$.tw accuracy.tw "SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY"/ or/ and/6, and/67, and/72, limit 75 to ("all infant (birth to 23 months)" or "preschool child (2 to 5 years)") 1 77 limit 76 to english language 1 DNV_pathogens_test_economics_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2008 Week 08) # Searches Results 1 gastroenteritis.tw,hw INFANTILE DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw DIARRHEA/ INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA/ ACUTE DIARRHEA/ BLOODY DIARRHEA/ or/ ESCHERICHIA COLI/ ESCHERICHIA COLI ENTEROTOXIN/ ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI/ ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI/ ENTEROINVASIVE ESCHERICHIA COLI/ DIARRHEAGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI/ ((enterotoxi$ or enteropathogen$ or enteroinvasive$ or enteroadheren$ or O157:H7 or STEC or shigalike or shiga like) adj3 (Escherichia coli or e coli)).tw. ((entero toxi$ or entero pathogen$ or entero invasive$ or entero adheren$) adj3 (Escherichia coli or e coli)).tw. 17 CRYPTOSPORIDIUM/ cryptosporidi$.tw

28 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 19 GIARDIA/ GIARDIASIS/ giardia$.tw SHIGELLA/ SHIGELLOSIS/ (shigella or shigellosis).tw (bacillary dysentery or bacterial dysentery).tw YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA/ (yersinia enterocoliti$ or y enterocoliti$).tw CAMPYLOBACTER/ CAMPYLOBACTER COLI/ CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI/ (c jejuni or c coli or campylobacter).tw SALMONELLA/ salmonella.tw CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE/ (c difficile or clostridium difficile).tw ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA/ (entamoeba histolytica or e histolytica).tw AMEBIASIS/ ROTAVIRUS/ NOROVIRUS/ NORWALK GASTROENTERITIS VIRUS/ (virus$ or viral).tw (rotavirus or norovirus).tw or/ FECES ANALYSIS/ FECES CULTURE/ (stool adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$ or specimen?)).tw (fecal$ adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$ or specimen?)).tw (faecal$ adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$ or specimen?)).tw (feces adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$)).tw (faeces adj2 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$)).tw (selective$ adj3 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$ or exam$)).tw LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS/ (handl$ adj3 (specimen? or lab test$ or sample?)).tw TOXICOLOGY/ toxicolog$.tw (toxi$ adj3 (test$ or cultur$ or microscop$)).tw MICROSCOPY/ microscopy.tw VIROLOGY/ virolog$.tw CULTURE TECHNIQUES/ CELL CULTURE/ (cultur$ adj2 (test$ or cell?)).tw PARASITOLOGY/ parasitology.tw

29 Search strategies 67 (storage media or storage medium).tw (culture media or culturing media or culture medium or culturing medium).tw CULTURE MEDIUM/ LACTOFERRIN/ (lactoferrin or lacto ferrin).tw or/ sensitiv$.tw diagnos$.tw accuracy.tw "SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY"/ DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY/ or/ and/8, and/72, and/ limit 81 to (infant or preschool child <1 to 6 years>) limit 82 to english language limit 83 to "economics (2 or more terms min difference)" 8 27

30 4 Assessing dehydration and shock Clinical question How do we clinically assess dehydration in a child with gastroenteritis? What are the best signs/symptoms for predicting the degree of dehydration in children with gastroenteritis? What signs/symptoms are associated with hypernatremic dehydration? DNV_predicting_dehydration_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to March Week ) # Searches Results 1 GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.ti,ab DIARRHEA/ DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ diarrh?ea?.ti,ab or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.ti,ab or/ HYPERNATREMIA/ hypernatr$.ti,ab dysnatr$.ti,ab or/ exp "SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS"/ (signs or symptom? or symptomology).ti,ab (diagnostic feature? or clinical feature? or characteristic?).ti,ab (physical finding? or physical feature?).ti,ab (dough$ adj3 skin).ti,ab (weight loss or loss of weight).ti,ab oliguria.ti,ab (sunken adj3 (eyes or fontanel$)).ti,ab (letharg$ or listless$).ti,ab or/ or/ SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX/ (severity or worsening).ti,ab serious$.ti,ab (magnitude or intensity).ti,ab (degree adj3 dehydrat$).ti,ab (concern? or danger? or gravity).ti,ab or/ and/6, and/24, and/ limit 34 to "all child (0 to 18 years)" (letter or comment or editorial).pt

31 Search strategies not limit 37 to english language and/6, and/23, limit 40 to "all child (0 to 18 years)" (letter or comment or editorial).pt not limit 43 to english language or/38, DNV_predicting_dehydration_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2008 Week 10) # Searches Results 1 GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw INFANTILE DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw or/ hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ or/ (signs or symptom? or symptomology).ti,ab (diagnostic feature? or clinical feature? or characteristic?).ti,ab (physical finding? or physical feature?).ti,ab CLINICAL FEATURES/ VITAL SIGN/ SYMPTOM/ (dough$ adj3 skin).ti,ab (weight loss or loss of weight).ti,ab oliguria.ti,ab (sunken adj3 (eyes or fontanel$)).ti,ab (letharg$ or listless$).ti,ab or/ or/ DISEASE SEVERITY/ (severity or worsening).ti,ab seriousness.ti,ab (magnitude or intensity).ti,ab (degree adj3 dehydrat$).ti,ab (concern? or danger? or gravity).ti,ab CLINICAL GLOBAL IMPRESSION SCALE/

32 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 36 or/ and/8, and/27, and/ and/8, and/28, or/39, limit 42 to child limit 43 to english language 46 DNV_predicting_dehydration_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to February Week ) # Searches Results 1 GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw or/ HYPERNATREMIA/ hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw or/ exp "SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS"/ (signs or symptom? or symptomology).ti,ab (diagnostic feature? or clinical feature? or characteristic?).ti,ab (physical finding? or physical feature?).ti,ab (dough$ adj3 skin).ti,ab (weight loss or loss of weight).ti,ab oliguria.ti,ab (sunken adj3 (eyes or fontanel$)).ti,ab (letharg$ or listless$).ti,ab or/ or/ SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX/ (severity or worsening).ti,ab serious$.ti,ab (magnitude or intensity).ti,ab (degree adj3 dehydrat$).ti,ab (concern? or danger? or gravity).ti,ab or/ and/5, and/22, and/ and/5, and/23,

33 Search strategies 36 or/33,35 28 limit 36 to (newborn infant or infant <1 to 23 months> or preschool child <2 to 5 years> or child <6 to 12 years> or adolescence <13 to 18 years>) 38 limit 37 to english 19 31

34 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years Clinical question How can dehydration best be clinically assessed in children less than five years of age with gastroenteritis? What factors are associated with an increased risk of dehydration? DNV_risk_factors_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to February Week ) # Searches Results 1 GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.tw DIARRHEA/ DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw or/ RISK FACTORS/ (risk adj3 factor?).tw COMORBIDITY/ (comorbid$ or co morbid$).tw (refus$ or noncomplian$ or non complian$).tw TREATMENT REFUSAL/ (poverty or impoverished or low income or deprived or deprivation).tw POVERTY/ POVERTY AREA/ SOCIAL ISOLATION/ IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST/ (immunocompromised or immunosuppress$).tw "SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX"/ ((previous$ or prior) adj3 admission?).tw or/ and/6, and/ limit 29 to "all child (0 to 18 years)" (letter or comment or editorial).pt not limit 32 to (english language and humans) 193 DNV_risk_factors_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2008 Week 09) # Searches Results 1 GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw

35 Search strategies 6 INFANTILE DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ or/ RISK FACTOR/ (risk adj3 factor?).tw HIGH RISK INFANT/ HIGH RISK PATIENT/ HIGH RISK POPULATION/ COMORBIDITY/ (comorbid$ or co morbid$).tw (refus$ or noncomplian$ or non complian$).tw TREATMENT REFUSAL/ (poverty or impoverished or low income or deprived or deprivation).tw exp SOCIAL STATUS/ SOCIAL ISOLATION/ exp IMMUNE DEFICIENCY/ IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT/ (immunocompromised or immunosuppress$).tw ((previous$ or prior) adj3 (admission? or attendance?)).tw or/ and/8, and/ limit 33 to (infant or preschool child <1 to 6 years> or school child <7 to 12 years> or adolescent <13 to 17 years>) 35 limit 34 to english language from 35 keep 1-10 DNV_risk_factors_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to February Week ) # Searches Results 1 infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/

36 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 13 INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw or/ RISK FACTORS/ (risk adj3 factor?).tw COMORBIDITY/ (comorbid$ or co morbid$).tw (refus$ or noncomplian$ or non complian$).tw TREATMENT REFUSAL/ (poverty or impoverished or low income or deprived or deprivation).tw POVERTY/ POVERTY AREA/ SOCIAL ISOLATION/ IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST/ (immunocompromised or immunosuppress$).tw "SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX"/ ((previous$ or prior) adj3 (admission? or attendance?)).tw or/ and/16, and/27, and/ limit 45 to english 6 34

37 Search strategies Clinical question What investigations should be performed as part of the assessment of a child with gastroenteritis? Specifically as a result of dehydration (of any degree) and/or of shock? When should specialised tests be carried out? DNV_assessment_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to April Week ) # Searches Results 1 GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.ti,ab DIARRHEA/ DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ (diarrh?ea? adj3 (acute or infect$)).ti,ab or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.ti,ab exp SHOCK/ shock.ti,ab or/ HYPERNATREMIA/bl, di HYPONATREMIA/bl, di HYPERKALEMIA/bl, di HYPOKALEMIA/bl, di ((hypernatr$ or hyperkal$) adj3 (test$ or diagnos$ or investigat$)).ti,ab BLOOD GLUCOSE/ ELECTROLYTES/ SODIUM/bl, cf, df, ur POTASSIUM/bl, cf, ur POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY/ CHLORIDES/bl, cf, df, ur UREA/bl, cf, df, ur BLOOD UREA NITROGEN/ CREATININE/bl, cf, df, ur exp BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS/ blood gas??.ti,ab (total CO2 or TCO2).ti,ab BICARBONATES/bl, df CARBON DIOXIDE/bl ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM/ ACID BASE IMBALANCE/ ACIDOSIS/bl, cf, ur ((electrolyte? or creatinine or urea or blood glucose or sodium or potassium or chloride) adj3 (test$ or analys$ or level?)).ti,ab. 35 (acid base adj3 (balance or imbalance or equilibrium)).ti,ab blood urea nitrogen.ti,ab ((electrolyte? or creatinine or urea or sodium or potassium or chloride) adj3 (deficit? or deficien$ or disturbance?)).ti,ab or/ and/6, and/

38 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 41 SERUM ALBUMIN/ HYPOALBUMINEMIA/ hypoalbumin?emi?.ti,ab PREALBUMIN/ LEUKOCYTOSIS/ LEUKOCYTE COUNT/ (leu?ocytos?s or leu?ocyte count or pleocytos?s).ti,ab LYMPHOCYTE COUNT/ ((lymphocyte or white blood cell) adj2 (count or morpholog? or differential?)).ti,ab PLATELET COUNT/ (platelet adj2 (count or morpholog$ or differential?)).ti,ab HEMOGLOBINS/ HEMOGLOBINS, ABNORMAL/ HEMOGLOBINURIA/ ((hemoglobin$ or haemoglobin$) adj2 (test$ or analys$ or abnormal$ or level?)).ti,ab BLOOD SEDIMENTATION/ (erythrocyte sedimentation rate or blood sedimentation).ti,ab C-REACTIVE PROTEIN/ c-reactive protein.ti,ab CALCITONIN/ (procalcitonin or calcitonin).ti,ab ACUTE PHASE REACTION/ acute phase react$.ti,ab BIOLOGICAL MARKERS/ exp RADIOGRAPHY, ABDOMINAL/ ((x ray? or radiograph$) adj3 (abdomen$ or pelvi?)).ti,ab exp ENDOSCOPY, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM/ (endoscop$ or colonoscop$ or sigmoidoscop$).ti,ab base deficit?.ti,ab ACIDOSIS/ exp ALKALOSIS/ (alkalos?s or acidos?s).ti,ab ZINC/bl, cf, df, ur (zinc adj3 (deficien$ or test$ or level?)).ti,ab URINALYSIS/ (urinalys?s or urin$ specific gravity).ti,ab (urin$ adj2 osmolarity).ti,ab or/ and/6, or/40, CASE REPORTS/ (letter or editorial or comment).pt or/ not limit 84 to ("newborn infant (birth to 1 month)" or "infant (1 to 23 months)" or "preschool child (2 85 to 5 years)") limit 85 to humans

39 Search strategies DNV_assessment_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2008 Week 17) # Searches Results 1 GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw INFANTILE DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw SHOCK/ (shock or collapse?).ti,ab or/ HYPERNATREMIA/di HYPONATREMIA/di HYPERKALEMIA/di HYPOKALEMIA/di ((hypernatr$ or hyperkal$ or hyponatr$ or hypokal$) adj3 (test$ or diagnos$ or investigat$)).ti,ab GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL/ ELECTROLYTE/ SODIUM BLOOD LEVEL/ SODIUM DEFICIENCY/ POTASSIUM BLOOD LEVEL/ POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY/ CHLORIDE BLOOD LEVEL/ CHLORIDE DEFICIENCY/ UREA BLOOD LEVEL/ UREA BREATH TEST/ UREA NITROGEN BLOOD LEVEL/ CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL/ CREATININE URINE LEVEL/ BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS/ blood gas??.ti,ab (total CO2 or TCO2).ti,ab BICARBONATES/ CARBON DIOXIDE/ ACID BASE BALANCE/ exp "DISORDERS OF ACID BASE BALANCE"/ (acid base adj3 (balance or imbalance or equilibrium or disorder$)).ti,ab ((electrolyte? or creatinine or urea or blood glucose or sodium or potassium or chloride) adj3 (test$ 40 or analys$ or level?)).ti,ab blood urea nitrogen.ti,ab ((electrolyte? or creatinine or urea or sodium or potassium or chloride) adj3 (deficit? or deficien$ or disturbance?)).ti,ab. 43 or/ and/8,

40 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 45 and/ SERUM ALBUMIN/ HYPOALBUMINEMIA/ hypoalbumin?emi?.ti,ab PREALBUMIN/ LEUKOCYTOSIS/ LEUKOCYTE COUNT/ (leu?ocytos?s or leu?ocyte count or pleocytos?s).ti,ab LYMPHOCYTE COUNT/ ((lymphocyte or white blood cell) adj2 (count? or morpholog? or differential?)).ti,ab THROMBOCYTE COUNT/ (platelet adj2 (count or morpholog$ or differential?)).ti,ab exp HEMOGLOBIN/ HEMOGLOBINURIA/ ((hemoglobin$ or haemoglobin$) adj2 (test$ or analys$ or abnormal$ or level?)).ti,ab ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE/ (erythrocyte sedimentation rate or blood sedimentation).ti,ab C-REACTIVE PROTEIN/ c-reactive protein.ti,ab CALCITONIN/ PROCALCITONIN/ (procalcitonin or calcitonin).ti,ab ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE/ acute phase react$.ti,ab BIOLOGICAL MARKER/ ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPHY/ ((x ray? or radiograph$) adj3 (abdomen$ or pelvi?)).ti,ab exp DIGESTIVE TRACT ENDOSCOPY/ (endoscop$ or colonoscop$ or sigmoidoscop$).ti,ab base deficit?.ti,ab exp "DISORDERS OF ACID BASE BALANCE"/ (alkalos?s or acidos?s).ti,ab ZINC BLOOD LEVEL/ (zinc adj3 (deficien$ or test$ or level?)).ti,ab URINE OSMOLARITY/ urin$ specific gravity.ti,ab (urin$ adj2 osmolarity).ti,ab ZINC DEFICIENCY/ or/ and/8, or/45, limit 85 to (infant or preschool child <1 to 6 years>) CASE REPORT/ (letter or editorial or comment).pt or/ not limit 90 to human

41 Search strategies DNV_assessment_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to April Week ) # Searches Results 1 GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw exp SHOCK/ shock.ti,ab or/ HYPERNATREMIA/bl, di HYPONATREMIA/bl, di HYPERKALEMIA/bl, di HYPOKALEMIA/bl, di ((hypernatr$ or hyperkal$) adj3 (test$ or diagnos$ or investigat$)).ti,ab BLOOD GLUCOSE/ ELECTROLYTES/ SODIUM/bl, cf, df, ur POTASSIUM/bl, cf, df, ur CHLORIDES/bl, cf, df, ur UREA/bl, cf, df, ur BLOOD UREA NITROGEN/ CREATININE/bl, cf, df, ur exp BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS/ blood gas??.ti,ab (total CO2 or TCO2).ti,ab BICARBONATES/bl, df CARBON DIOXIDE/bl ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM/ ACID BASE IMBALANCE/ ACIDOSIS/bl, cf, ur ((electrolyte? or creatinine or urea or blood glucose or sodium or potassium or chloride) adj3 (test$ or analys$ or level?)).ti,ab. 33 (acid base adj3 (balance or imbalance or equilibrium)).ti,ab blood urea nitrogen.ti,ab. 201 ((electrolyte? or creatinine or urea or sodium or potassium or chloride) adj3 (deficit? or deficien$ or 35 disturbance?)).ti,ab or/ and/5, and/ SERUM ALBUMIN/ hypoalbumin?emi?.ti,ab LEUKOCYTE COUNT/ (leu?ocytos?s or leu?ocyte count or pleocytos?s).ti,ab LYMPHOCYTE COUNT/ ((lymphocyte or white blood cell) adj2 (count or morpholog? or differential? or analys$)).ti,ab

42 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 45 PLATELET COUNT/ (platelet adj2 (count or morpholog$ or differential?)).ti,ab HEMOGLOBINS/ ((hemoglobin$ or haemoglobin$) adj2 (test$ or analys$ or abnormal$ or level?)).ti,ab BLOOD SEDIMENTATION/ (erythrocyte sedimentation rate or blood sedimentation).ti,ab C-REACTIVE PROTEIN/ c-reactive protein.ti,ab CALCITONIN/ (procalcitonin or calcitonin).ti,ab acute phase react$.ti,ab BIOLOGICAL MARKERS/ exp RADIOGRAPHY, ABDOMINAL/ ((x ray? or radiograph$) adj3 (abdomen$ or pelvi?)).ti,ab exp ENDOSCOPY, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM/ (endoscop$ or colonoscop$ or sigmoidoscop$).ti,ab base deficit?.ti,ab ACIDOSIS/ exp ALKALOSIS/ (alkalos?s or acidos?s).ti,ab ZINC/bl, cf, df, ur (zinc adj3 (deficien$ or test$ or level?)).ti,ab URINALYSIS/ (urinalys?s or urin$ specific gravity).ti,ab (urin$ adj2 osmolarity).ti,ab or/ and/5, or/38, limit 72 to (newborn infant or infant <1 to 23 months> or preschool child <2 to 5 years>) CASE REPORTS/ (letter or editorial or comment).pt or/ not

43 Search strategies Clinical question What investigations should be performed as part of the assessment of a child with gastroenteritis? (a) Specifically as a result of dehydration (of any degree) and/or of shock (b) When should specialised tests be carried out? DNV_assessment_economics_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to May Week ) # Searches Results 1 ECONOMICS/ "COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS"/ COST ALLOCATION/ COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS/ COST CONTROL/ COST SAVINGS/ COST OF ILLNESS/ COST SHARING/ HEALTH CARE COSTS/ DIRECT SERVICE COSTS/ DRUG COSTS/ EMPLOYER HEALTH COSTS/ HOSPITAL COSTS/ HEALTH RESOURCES/ "HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND"/ HEALTH PRIORITIES/ HEALTH EXPENDITURES/ CAPITAL EXPENDITURES/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, HOSPITAL/ QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS/ "DEDUCTIBLES AND COINSURANCE"/ MEDICAL SAVINGS ACCOUNTS/ ECONOMICS, HOSPITAL/ ECONOMICS, MEDICAL/ ECONOMICS, NURSING/ ECONOMICS, PHARMACEUTICAL/ MODELS, ECONOMIC/ MODELS, ECONOMETRIC/ RESOURCE ALLOCATION/ HEALTH CARE RATIONING/ "FEES AND CHARGES"/ BUDGETS/ VALUE OF LIFE/ (financ$ or fiscal$ or funding).tw (QALY$ or life?year$).tw (econom$ or cost$).tw pharmacoeconomic$.tw ec.fs or/

44 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 41 GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.ti,ab DIARRHEA/ DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ (diarrh?ea? adj3 (acute or infect$)).ti,ab or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.ti,ab exp SHOCK/ shock.ti,ab or/ HYPERNATREMIA/bl, di HYPONATREMIA/bl, di HYPERKALEMIA/bl, di HYPOKALEMIA/bl, di ((hypernatr$ or hyperkal$) adj3 (test$ or diagnos$ or investigat$)).ti,ab BLOOD GLUCOSE/ ELECTROLYTES/ SODIUM/bl, cf, df, ur POTASSIUM/bl, cf, ur POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY/ CHLORIDES/bl, cf, df, ur UREA/bl, cf, df, ur BLOOD UREA NITROGEN/ CREATININE/bl, cf, df, ur exp BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS/ blood gas??.ti,ab (total CO2 or TCO2).ti,ab BICARBONATES/bl, df CARBON DIOXIDE/bl ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM/ ACID BASE IMBALANCE/ ACIDOSIS/bl, cf, ur ((electrolyte? or creatinine or urea or blood glucose or sodium or potassium or chloride) adj3 (test$ or analys$ or level?)).ti,ab (acid base adj3 (balance or imbalance or equilibrium)).ti,ab blood urea nitrogen.ti,ab ((electrolyte? or creatinine or urea or sodium or potassium or chloride) adj3 (deficit? or deficien$ or 3323 disturbance?)).ti,ab. 78 or/ and/46, and/ SERUM ALBUMIN/ HYPOALBUMINEMIA/ hypoalbumin?emi?.ti,ab PREALBUMIN/ LEUKOCYTOSIS/ LEUKOCYTE COUNT/

45 Search strategies 87 (leu?ocytos?s or leu?ocyte count or pleocytos?s).ti,ab LYMPHOCYTE COUNT/ ((lymphocyte or white blood cell) adj2 (count or morpholog? or differential?)).ti,ab PLATELET COUNT/ (platelet adj2 (count or morpholog$ or differential?)).ti,ab HEMOGLOBINS/ HEMOGLOBINS, ABNORMAL/ HEMOGLOBINURIA/ ((hemoglobin$ or haemoglobin$) adj2 (test$ or analys$ or abnormal$ or level?)).ti,ab BLOOD SEDIMENTATION/ (erythrocyte sedimentation rate or blood sedimentation).ti,ab C-REACTIVE PROTEIN/ c-reactive protein.ti,ab CALCITONIN/ (procalcitonin or calcitonin).ti,ab ACUTE PHASE REACTION/ acute phase react$.ti,ab BIOLOGICAL MARKERS/ exp RADIOGRAPHY, ABDOMINAL/ ((x ray? or radiograph$) adj3 (abdomen$ or pelvi?)).ti,ab exp ENDOSCOPY, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM/ (endoscop$ or colonoscop$ or sigmoidoscop$).ti,ab base deficit?.ti,ab ACIDOSIS/ exp ALKALOSIS/ (alkalos?s or acidos?s).ti,ab ZINC/bl, cf, df, ur (zinc adj3 (deficien$ or test$ or level?)).ti,ab URINALYSIS/ (urinalys?s or urin$ specific gravity).ti,ab (urin$ adj2 osmolarity).ti,ab or/ and/46, or/80, limit 120 to ("all infant (birth to 23 months)" or "preschool child (2 to 5 years)" or "child (6 to years)") and/40, limit 121 to ("costs (optimized)" or "economics (optimized)") or/ DNV_assessment_economics_eedhta_ (CLHTA, CLEED) # Searches Results 1 GASTROENTERITIS/ 29 2 gastroenteritis.ti,ab DIARRHEA/ 56 4 DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ 10 5 (diarrh?ea? adj3 (acute or infect$)).ti,ab. 4 43

46 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 6 or/ DEHYDRATION/ 5 8 dehydrat$.ti,ab. 3 9 exp SHOCK/ shock.ti,ab or/ HYPERNATREMIA/bl, di 1 13 HYPONATREMIA/bl, di 0 14 HYPERKALEMIA/bl, di 0 15 HYPOKALEMIA/bl, di 0 16 ((hypernatr$ or hyperkal$) adj3 (test$ or diagnos$ or investigat$)).ti,ab BLOOD GLUCOSE/ ELECTROLYTES/ 7 19 SODIUM/bl, cf, df, ur 1 20 POTASSIUM/bl, cf, ur 2 21 POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY/ 0 22 CHLORIDES/bl, cf, df, ur 0 23 UREA/bl, cf, df, ur 3 24 BLOOD UREA NITROGEN/ 6 25 CREATININE/bl, cf, df, ur exp BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS/ blood gas??.ti,ab (total CO2 or TCO2).ti,ab BICARBONATES/bl, df 1 30 CARBON DIOXIDE/bl 1 31 ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM/ 1 32 ACID BASE IMBALANCE/ 0 33 ACIDOSIS/bl, cf, ur 0 ((electrolyte? or creatinine or urea or blood glucose or sodium or potassium or chloride) adj3 (test$ or analys$ or level?)).ti,ab. 35 (acid base adj3 (balance or imbalance or equilibrium)).ti,ab blood urea nitrogen.ti,ab. 0 ((electrolyte? or creatinine or urea or sodium or potassium or chloride) adj3 (deficit? or deficien$ or 37 disturbance?)).ti,ab or/ and/6, and/ SERUM ALBUMIN/ HYPOALBUMINEMIA/ 0 43 hypoalbumin?emi?.ti,ab PREALBUMIN/ 2 45 LEUKOCYTOSIS/ 0 46 LEUKOCYTE COUNT/ (leu?ocytos?s or leu?ocyte count or pleocytos?s).ti,ab LYMPHOCYTE COUNT/ 7 49 ((lymphocyte or white blood cell) adj2 (count or morpholog? or differential?)).ti,ab PLATELET COUNT/ (platelet adj2 (count or morpholog$ or differential?)).ti,ab. 2 44

47 Search strategies 52 HEMOGLOBINS/ HEMOGLOBINS, ABNORMAL/ 1 54 HEMOGLOBINURIA/ 1 55 ((hemoglobin$ or haemoglobin$) adj2 (test$ or analys$ or abnormal$ or level?)).ti,ab BLOOD SEDIMENTATION/ 2 57 (erythrocyte sedimentation rate or blood sedimentation).ti,ab C-REACTIVE PROTEIN/ c-reactive protein.ti,ab CALCITONIN/ (procalcitonin or calcitonin).ti,ab ACUTE PHASE REACTION/ 0 63 acute phase react$.ti,ab BIOLOGICAL MARKERS/ exp RADIOGRAPHY, ABDOMINAL/ ((x ray? or radiograph$) adj3 (abdomen$ or pelvi?)).ti,ab exp ENDOSCOPY, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM/ (endoscop$ or colonoscop$ or sigmoidoscop$).ti,ab base deficit?.ti,ab ACIDOSIS/ 2 71 exp ALKALOSIS/ 0 72 (alkalos?s or acidos?s).ti,ab ZINC/bl, cf, df, ur 2 74 (zinc adj3 (deficien$ or test$ or level?)).ti,ab URINALYSIS/ (urinalys?s or urin$ specific gravity).ti,ab (urin$ adj2 osmolarity).ti,ab or/ and/6, or/40,79 1 DNV_assessment_economics_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2008 Week 21) # Searches Results 1 ECONOMICS/ HEALTH ECONOMICS/ ECONOMIC EVALUATION/ COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS/ COST CONTROL/ COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS/ COST MINIMIZATION ANALYSIS/ COST OF ILLNESS/ COST UTILITY ANALYSIS/ COST/ HEALTH CARE COST/ DRUG COST/ HEALTH CARE FINANCING/ HOSPITAL COST/ SOCIOECONOMICS/

48 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 16 ECONOMIC ASPECT/ QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT/ PHARMACOECONOMICS/ RESOURCE ALLOCATION/ (financ$ or fiscal$ or funding).ti (QALY$ or life?year$).ti (econom$ or cost$).ti pharmacoeconomic$.ti or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw INFANTILE DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw SHOCK/ (shock or collapse?).ti,ab or/ HYPERNATREMIA/di HYPONATREMIA/di HYPERKALEMIA/di HYPOKALEMIA/di ((hypernatr$ or hyperkal$ or hyponatr$ or hypokal$) adj3 (test$ or diagnos$ or investigat$)).ti,ab GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL/ ELECTROLYTE/ SODIUM BLOOD LEVEL/ SODIUM DEFICIENCY/ POTASSIUM BLOOD LEVEL/ POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY/ CHLORIDE BLOOD LEVEL/ CHLORIDE DEFICIENCY/ UREA BLOOD LEVEL/ UREA BREATH TEST/ UREA NITROGEN BLOOD LEVEL/ CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL/ CREATININE URINE LEVEL/ BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS/ blood gas??.ti,ab (total CO2 or TCO2).ti,ab BICARBONATES/ CARBON DIOXIDE/ ACID BASE BALANCE/ exp "DISORDERS OF ACID BASE BALANCE"/

49 Search strategies 64 (acid base adj3 (balance or imbalance or equilibrium or disorder$)).ti,ab ((electrolyte? or creatinine or urea or blood glucose or sodium or potassium or chloride) adj3 (test$ or analys$ or level?)).ti,ab blood urea nitrogen.ti,ab ((electrolyte? or creatinine or urea or sodium or potassium or chloride) adj3 (deficit? or deficien$ or 2196 disturbance?)).ti,ab. 68 or/ and/33, and/ SERUM ALBUMIN/ HYPOALBUMINEMIA/ hypoalbumin?emi?.ti,ab PREALBUMIN/ LEUKOCYTOSIS/ LEUKOCYTE COUNT/ (leu?ocytos?s or leu?ocyte count or pleocytos?s).ti,ab LYMPHOCYTE COUNT/ ((lymphocyte or white blood cell) adj2 (count? or morpholog? or differential?)).ti,ab THROMBOCYTE COUNT/ (platelet adj2 (count or morpholog$ or differential?)).ti,ab exp HEMOGLOBIN/ HEMOGLOBINURIA/ ((hemoglobin$ or haemoglobin$) adj2 (test$ or analys$ or abnormal$ or level?)).ti,ab ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE/ (erythrocyte sedimentation rate or blood sedimentation).ti,ab C-REACTIVE PROTEIN/ c-reactive protein.ti,ab CALCITONIN/ PROCALCITONIN/ (procalcitonin or calcitonin).ti,ab ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE/ acute phase react$.ti,ab BIOLOGICAL MARKER/ ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPHY/ ((x ray? or radiograph$) adj3 (abdomen$ or pelvi?)).ti,ab exp DIGESTIVE TRACT ENDOSCOPY/ (endoscop$ or colonoscop$ or sigmoidoscop$).ti,ab base deficit?.ti,ab exp "DISORDERS OF ACID BASE BALANCE"/ (alkalos?s or acidos?s).ti,ab ZINC BLOOD LEVEL/ (zinc adj3 (deficien$ or test$ or level?)).ti,ab URINE OSMOLARITY/ urin$ specific gravity.ti,ab (urin$ adj2 osmolarity).ti,ab ZINC DEFICIENCY/ or/ and/33,

50 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 110 or/70, limit 110 to (infant or preschool child <1 to 6 years>) and/25, limit 111 to "economics (2 or more terms min difference)" or

51 5 Fluid management Clinical question Which is more cost effective, ORT or IV, in children under 5? DNV_oral_vs_iv_economic_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to September Week ) # Search History Results 1 ECONOMICS/ "COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS"/ COST ALLOCATION/ COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS/ COST CONTROL/ COST SAVINGS/ COST OF ILLNESS/ COST SHARING/ HEALTH CARE COSTS/ DIRECT SERVICE COSTS/ DRUG COSTS/ EMPLOYER HEALTH COSTS/ HOSPITAL COSTS/ HEALTH RESOURCES/ "HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND"/ HEALTH PRIORITIES/ HEALTH EXPENDITURES/ CAPITAL EXPENDITURES/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, HOSPITAL/ QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS/ "DEDUCTIBLES AND COINSURANCE"/ MEDICAL SAVINGS ACCOUNTS/ ECONOMICS, HOSPITAL/ ECONOMICS, MEDICAL/ ECONOMICS, NURSING/ ECONOMICS, PHARMACEUTICAL/ MODELS, ECONOMIC/ MODELS, ECONOMETRIC/ RESOURCE ALLOCATION/ HEALTH CARE RATIONING/ "FEES AND CHARGES"/ BUDGETS/ VALUE OF LIFE/ (financ$ or fiscal$ or funding).tw (QALY$ or life?year$).tw (econom$ or cost$).tw

52 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 38 pharmacoeconomic$.tw ec.fs or/ exp INFANT/ infan$.tw ((premature$ or preterm$ or pre?term$) adj (baby or babies or child$ or infan$)).tw ((postmature$ or postterm$ or post?term$) adj (baby or babies or child$ or infan$)).tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw infan$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ (hypernatremi$ or hypernatriaemi$ or hypernatriemi$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.tw or/ and/57,62, FLUID THERAPY/ (fluid adj5 therap$).tw rehydrati$.tw ort$.tw or/ INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS/ HOME INFUSION THERAPY/ (intravenous or IV or parenteral or infusion$).tw or/ and/71, and/66, animal/ not (human/ or (human/ and animal/)) not and from 80 keep DNV_oral_vs_iv_economic_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2007 Week 38) # Search History Results 50

53 1 ECONOMICS/ HEALTH ECONOMICS/ ECONOMIC EVALUATION/ COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS/ COST CONTROL/ COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS/ COST MINIMIZATION ANALYSIS/ COST OF ILLNESS/ COST UTILITY ANALYSIS/ COST/ HEALTH CARE COST/ DRUG COST/ HEALTH CARE FINANCING/ HOSPITAL COST/ SOCIOECONOMICS/ ECONOMIC ASPECT/ QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT/ PHARMACOECONOMICS/ RESOURCE ALLOCATION/ (financ$ or fiscal$ or funding).tw (QALY$ or life?year$).tw (econom$ or cost$).tw pharmacoeconomic$.tw or/ PREMATURITY/ ((premature$ or preterm$ or pre?term$) adj (baby or babies or child$ or infan$)).tw POSTMATURITY/ ((postmature$ or postterm$ or post?term$) adj (baby or babies or child$ or infan$)).tw NEWBORN/ neonat$.tw newborn$.tw exp INFANT/ infan$.tw SMALL FOR DATE INFANT/ (small adj2 gestational age).tw LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw PRESCHOOL CHILD/ (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw toddler$.tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ 6255 Search strategies 51

54 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 49 gastroenteritis.tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrati$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ (hypernatremi$ or hypernatriaemi$ or hypernatriemi$).tw or/ ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY/ rehydrati$.tw (fluid adj5 therap$).tw ort.tw or/ INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION/ INFUSION/ (intravenous or IV or parenteral or infusion$).tw or/ and/60, and/50, and/ (animal/ or nonhuman/) not (human/ or ((animal/ or nonhuman/) and human/)) not and from 70 keep DNV_oral_vs_iv_economic_cdsrdare_ (CDSR (coch), DARE) # Search History Results 1 ECONOMICS.kw "COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS".kw COST ALLOCATION.kw. 0 4 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS.kw COST CONTROL.kw. 4 6 COST SAVINGS.kw. 5 7 COST OF ILLNESS.kw COST SHARING.kw. 1 9 HEALTH CARE COSTS.kw DIRECT SERVICE COSTS.kw DRUG COSTS.kw EMPLOYER HEALTH COSTS.kw HOSPITAL COSTS.kw HEALTH RESOURCES.kw "HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND".kw HEALTH PRIORITIES.kw HEALTH EXPENDITURES.kw CAPITAL EXPENDITURES.kw FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT.kw FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, HOSPITAL.kw QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS.kw

55 22 "DEDUCTIBLES AND COINSURANCE".kw MEDICAL SAVINGS ACCOUNTS.kw ECONOMICS, HOSPITAL.kw ECONOMICS, MEDICAL.kw ECONOMICS, NURSING.kw ECONOMICS, PHARMACEUTICAL.kw MODELS, ECONOMIC.kw MODELS, ECONOMETRIC.kw RESOURCE ALLOCATION.kw HEALTH CARE RATIONING.kw "FEES AND CHARGES".kw BUDGETS.kw VALUE OF LIFE.kw (financ$ or fiscal$ or funding).ti (QALY$ or life?year$).ti (econom$ or cost$).ti pharmacoeconomic$.ti or/ Child.kw Preschool Child.kw child$.tw Infant.kw Newborn Infant.kw infan$.tw newborn$.tw neonat$.tw Very Low Birth Weight Infant.kw Low Birth Weight Infant.kw (low adj birth adj weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw Small for Gestational Age Infant.kw (small adj5 gestational age).tw (large adj5 gestational age).tw Premature Infant.kw ((premature$ or preterm$ or pre?term$) adj (baby or babies or child$ or infan$)).tw Postmature Infant.kw ((postmatur$ or postterm$ or post?term$) adj (baby or babies or child$ or infan$)).tw (baby or babies).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS.kw gastroenteritis.tw HYPERNATREMIA.kw (hypernatremi$ or hypernatriaemi$ or hypernatriemi$).tw or/ and/61, FLUID THERAPY.kw (fluid adj5 therap$).tw. 108 Search strategies 53

56 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 70 rehydrati$.tw ort.tw or/ INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS.kw HOME INFUSION THERAPY.kw (intravenous or IV or parenteral or infusion$).tw or/ and/72, and/67, remove duplicates from and

57 Search strategies Clinical question Is oral rehydration therapy in children under five with dehydration due to gastroenteritis more effective and safer than IV in children with severe or hypernatremic dehydration? DNV_oral_vs_iv_severe_hypernat_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to October Week ) # Search History Results 1 infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).ti,ab or/ (dehydrat$ adj3 (severe$ or serious$ or pronounced or critical$ or grave$)).ti,ab WATER-ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE/ HYPERNATREMIA/ hypernatr$.ti,ab dysnatr$.ti,ab or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.ti,ab diarrh?ea?.ti,ab or/ FLUID THERAPY/ INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS/ INFUSIONS, PARENTERAL/ HOME INFUSION THERAPY/ REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS/ (fluid? adj5 therap$).ti,ab rehydrat$.ti,ab ORT.ti,ab (IV or intravenous$).ti,ab (parenteral$ or infusion?).ti,ab or/ letter.pt editorial.pt comment.pt historical article.pt

58 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 42 or/ and/16,22,26, not limit 44 to humans limit 45 to english language 190 DNV_oral_vs_iv_severe_hypernat_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2007 Week 42) # Search History Results 1 NEWBORN/ neonat$.tw newborn$.tw exp INFANT/ infan$.tw SMALL FOR DATE INFANT/ (small adj2 gestational age).tw LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw PRESCHOOL CHILD/ (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw toddler$.tw (pediatri$ or paediatri$).ti,ab or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.ti,ab diarrh?ea?.ti,ab or/ (dehydrat$ adj3 (severe$ or serious$ or pronounced or critical$ or grave$)).ti,ab hypernatr$.ti,ab dysnatr$.ti,ab HYPERNATREMIA/ ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE/ or/ FLUID THERAPY/ INFUSION/ INFUSION FLUID/ ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION/ ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY/ REHYDRATION/ (fluid? adj5 therap$).ti,ab

59 Search strategies 40 ORT.ti,ab (IV or intravenous$).ti,ab (parenteral$ or infusion?).ti,ab INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION/ or/ letter.sh,tw note.tw,sh editorial.tw,sh abstract report.tw,sh or/ and/19,26,32, not limit 51 to human limit 52 to english language 118 DNV_oral_vs_iv_severe_hypernat_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to October Week ) # Search History Results 1 infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).ti,ab or/ (dehydrat$ adj3 (severe$ or serious$ or pronounced or critical$ or grave$)).ti,ab FLUID-ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE/ HYPERNATREMIA/ hypernatr$.ti,ab dysnatr$.ti,ab or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.ti,ab diarrh?ea?.ti,ab or/ FLUID THERAPY/ INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS/ INFUSIONS, PARENTERAL/ HOME INTRAVENOUS THERAPY/

60 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 31 REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS/ (fluid? adj5 therap$).ti,ab rehydrat$.ti,ab ORT.ti,ab (IV or intravenous$).ti,ab (parenteral$ or infusion?).ti,ab or/ and/16,22,26, limit 38 to english 15 58

61 Search strategies Clinical question What strategies are effective in preventing dehydration in children with gastroenteritis? (a) Does oral fluid supplementation prevent dehydration? (b) Which oral fluid is most effectie in preventing dehydration? (c) What oral fluid supplementation regime should be used? (d) What factors should be taken into consideration when giving oral fluid supplementation? DNV_oral_fluid_prevent_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to October Week ) # Search History Results 1 infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw diarrh?ea?.tw DIARRHEA/ or/ FLUID THERAPY/ INFUSIONS, PARENTERAL/ HOME INFUSION THERAPY/ REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS/ exp BEVERAGES/ exp FEEDING METHODS/ ((bottle? or tube? or cup? or spoon? or beaker? or syringe?) adj3 (fe?d$ or nourish$)).tw DRINKING BEHAVIOR/ (fluid? adj5 (supplement$ or therap$)).tw rehydrat$.tw ORT.tw dioralyte.tw (beverage? or drink$ or soda? or tea?).ti,ab PARENTERAL NUTRITION, HOME/ (parenteral$ or infusion?).tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw

62 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 40 HYPERNATREMIA/ hypernatr??emi$.tw or/ and/16,21,37, prevent$.ab prevent$.hw prevent$.ti pc.fs or/ and/43, limit 49 to humans limit 50 to english language 134 DNV_oral_fluid_prevent_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2007 Week 42) # Search History Results 1 NEWBORN/ neonat$.tw newborn$.tw exp INFANT/ infan$.tw SMALL FOR DATE INFANT/ (small adj2 gestational age).tw LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw PRESCHOOL CHILD/ (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw toddler$.tw (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw diarrh?ea?.tw or/ dehydrat$.tw DEHYDRATION/ hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE/

63 33 or/ FLUID THERAPY/ INFUSION/ INFUSION FLUID/ ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION/ ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY/ REHYDRATION/ (fluid? adj5 therap$).tw ORT.tw rehydrat$.tw (beverage? or drink$ or soda? or tea?).tw dioralyte.tw (parenteral$ or infusion?).tw ((bottle? or tube? or cup? or spoon? or beaker? or syringe?) adj3 (fe?d$ or nourish$)).tw exp BEVERAGE/ exp FOOD INTAKE/ exp FEEDING BEHAVIOR/ or/ and/19,26,33, prevent$.ab prevent$.hw prevent$.ti pc.fs or/ and/51, limit 57 to human limit 58 to english language 76 Search strategies DNV_oral_fluid_prevent_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to October Week ) # Search History Results 1 infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ dehydrat$.tw

64 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 18 FLUID-ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE/ HYPERNATREMIA/ hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw DEHYDRATION/ or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw diarrh?ea?.tw DIARRHEA/ or/ FLUID THERAPY/ INFUSIONS, PARENTERAL/ HOME INTRAVENOUS THERAPY/ REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS/ (fluid? adj5 therap$).tw rehydrat$.tw ORT.tw (parenteral$ or infusion?).tw ((bottle? or tube? or cup? or spoon? or beaker? or syringe?) adj3 (fe?d$ or nourish$)).tw exp FEEDING METHODS/ exp BEVERAGES/ DRINKING BEHAVIOR/ dioralyte.tw (beverage? or drink$ or soda? or tea?).ti,ab exp PARENTERAL NUTRITION/ or/ and/16,23,28, pc.fs prevent$.tw prevent$.hw or/ and/45, limit 50 to english 19 62

65 Search strategies Clinical question Is oral rehydration therapy in children under five with dehydration due to gastroenteritis more cost effective than IV in children with hypernatremic dehydration? DNV_oral_vs_iv_hypernat_economics_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to October Week ) # Search History Results 1 ECONOMICS/ "COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS"/ COST ALLOCATION/ COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS/ COST CONTROL/ COST SAVINGS/ COST OF ILLNESS/ COST SHARING/ HEALTH CARE COSTS/ DIRECT SERVICE COSTS/ DRUG COSTS/ EMPLOYER HEALTH COSTS/ HOSPITAL COSTS/ HEALTH RESOURCES/ "HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND"/ HEALTH PRIORITIES/ HEALTH EXPENDITURES/ CAPITAL EXPENDITURES/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, HOSPITAL/ QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS/ "DEDUCTIBLES AND COINSURANCE"/ MEDICAL SAVINGS ACCOUNTS/ ECONOMICS, HOSPITAL/ ECONOMICS, MEDICAL/ ECONOMICS, NURSING/ ECONOMICS, PHARMACEUTICAL/ MODELS, ECONOMIC/ MODELS, ECONOMETRIC/ RESOURCE ALLOCATION/ HEALTH CARE RATIONING/ "FEES AND CHARGES"/ BUDGETS/ VALUE OF LIFE/ (financ$ or fiscal$ or funding).tw (QALY$ or life?year$).tw (econom$ or cost$).tw pharmacoeconomic$.tw ec.fs or/ infan$.tw

66 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 42 neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ WATER-ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE/ HYPERNATREMIA/ hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw diarrh?ea?.tw or/ FLUID THERAPY/ INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS/ INFUSIONS, PARENTERAL/ HOME INFUSION THERAPY/ REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS/ (fluid? adj5 therap$).tw rehydrat$.tw ORT.tw (IV or intravenous$).tw (parenteral$ or infusion?).tw or/ and/56,61,65, and/40, limit 78 to english language 3 DNV_oral_vs_iv_hypernat_economics_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2007 Week 43) # Search History Results 1 ECONOMICS/ HEALTH ECONOMICS/ ECONOMIC EVALUATION/ COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS/ COST CONTROL/ COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS/

67 Search strategies 7 COST MINIMIZATION ANALYSIS/ COST OF ILLNESS/ COST UTILITY ANALYSIS/ COST/ HEALTH CARE COST/ DRUG COST/ HEALTH CARE FINANCING/ HOSPITAL COST/ SOCIOECONOMICS/ ECONOMIC ASPECT/ QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT/ PHARMACOECONOMICS/ RESOURCE ALLOCATION/ (financ$ or fiscal$ or funding).tw (QALY$ or life?year$).tw (econom$ or cost$).tw pharmacoeconomic$.tw or/ NEWBORN/ neonat$.tw newborn$.tw exp INFANT/ infan$.tw SMALL FOR DATE INFANT/ (small adj2 gestational age).tw LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw PRESCHOOL CHILD/ (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw toddler$.tw (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw diarrh?ea?.tw or/ hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/

68 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 55 ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE/ or/ FLUID THERAPY/ INFUSION/ INFUSION FLUID/ ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION/ ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY/ REHYDRATION/ (fluid? adj5 therap$).tw ORT.tw (IV or intravenous$).tw (parenteral$ or infusion?).tw INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION/ or/ and/44,51,56, and/25, limit 70 to english language 7 DNV_oral_vs_iv_hypernat_economics_eed_ Search Matching records # 1 MESH Hypernatremia 1 # 2 Hypernatr* 4 # 3 dysnatr* 0 # 4 MESH Gastroenteritis 31 # 5 Gastroenteritis 45 # 6 MESH Diarrhea 92 # 7 Diarrhea* OR diarrhoea* 349 # 8 #1 or #2 4 # 9 #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 379 # 10 #8 and #9 2 66

69 Search strategies Clinical question What is the effectiveness and safety of oral rehydration therapy compared with IV therapy for the treatment of dehydration in the following: (a) children with mild dehydration? (b) children with moderate dehydration? (c) children with severe dehydration? (d) children with hypernatremic dehydration? DNV_oral_vs_IV_medline _ (Ovid MEDLINE(R) 1950 to September Week ) # Search History Results 1 exp INFANT/ infan$.tw ((premature$ or preterm$ or pre?term$) adj (baby or babies or child$ or infan$)).tw ((postmature$ or postterm$ or post?term$) adj (baby or babies or child$ or infan$)).tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw infan$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ (hypernatremi$ or hypernatriaemi$ or hypernatriemi$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.tw or/ and/17,22, FLUID THERAPY/ (fluid adj5 therap$).tw rehydrati$.tw ort$.tw or/ INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS/ HOME INFUSION THERAPY/ (intravenous or IV or parenteral or infusion$).tw or/ and/31, and/26, animal/ not (human/ or (human/ and animal/))

70 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years not DNV_oral_vs_IV_embase _ (EMBASE 1980 to 2008 Week 39) # Searches Results 1 PREMATURITY/ ((premature$ or preterm$ or pre?term$) adj (baby or babies or child$ or infan$)).tw POSTMATURITY/ ((postmature$ or postterm$ or post?term$) adj (baby or babies or child$ or infan$)).tw NEWBORN/ neonat$.tw newborn$.tw exp INFANT/ infan$.tw SMALL FOR DATE INFANT/ (small adj2 gestational age).tw LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw PRESCHOOL CHILD/ (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw toddler$.tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrati$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ (hypernatremi$ or hypernatriaemi$ or hypernatriemi$).tw or/ ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY/ rehydrati$.tw (fluid adj5 therap$).tw ort.tw or/ INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION/ INFUSION/ (intravenous or IV or parenteral or infusion$).tw or/ and/35, and/25, and/ (animal/ or nonhuman/) not (human/ or ((animal/ or nonhuman/) and human/))

71 Search strategies not DNV_oral_vs_IV_cinahl _ (CINAHL 1982 to September Week ) # Searches Results 1 exp INFANT/ infan$.tw ((premature$ or preterm$ or pre?term$) adj (baby or babies or child$ or infan$)).tw ((postmature$ or postterm$ or post?term$) adj (baby or babies or child$ or infan$)).tw. 5 5 neonat$.tw newborn$.tw infan$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw PRESCHOOL CHILD/ (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw toddler$.tw or/ exp GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw HYPONATREMIA/ (hypernatremi$ or hypernatriaemi$ or hypernatriemi$).tw or/ and/17,20, ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY/ rehydrati$.tw (fluid adj5 therap$).tw ort.tw or/ ADMINISTRATION, INTRAVENOUS/ INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS/ HOME INTRAVENOUS THERAPY/ (intravenous or IV or parenteral or infusion$).tw or/32, and/31, and/26, animal/ not (human/ or (human/ and animal/)) not

72 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years Clinical question What strategies are cost effective in preventing dehydration in children with gastroenteritis? (a) Which oral fluid is most cost effective in preventing dehydration? (b) What oral fluid supplementation regime should be used? (c) What factors should be taken into consideration when giving oral fluid supplementation? DNV_oral_fluid_prevent_economics_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to October Week ) # Search History Results 1 ECONOMICS/ "COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS"/ COST ALLOCATION/ COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS/ COST CONTROL/ COST SAVINGS/ COST OF ILLNESS/ COST SHARING/ HEALTH CARE COSTS/ DIRECT SERVICE COSTS/ DRUG COSTS/ EMPLOYER HEALTH COSTS/ HOSPITAL COSTS/ HEALTH RESOURCES/ "HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND"/ HEALTH PRIORITIES/ HEALTH EXPENDITURES/ CAPITAL EXPENDITURES/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, HOSPITAL/ QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS/ "DEDUCTIBLES AND COINSURANCE"/ MEDICAL SAVINGS ACCOUNTS/ ECONOMICS, HOSPITAL/ ECONOMICS, MEDICAL/ ECONOMICS, NURSING/ ECONOMICS, PHARMACEUTICAL/ MODELS, ECONOMIC/ MODELS, ECONOMETRIC/ RESOURCE ALLOCATION/ HEALTH CARE RATIONING/ "FEES AND CHARGES"/ BUDGETS/ VALUE OF LIFE/ (financ$ or fiscal$ or funding).tw (QALY$ or life?year$).tw (econom$ or cost$).tw pharmacoeconomic$.tw ec.fs or/

73 41 infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw diarrh?ea?.tw DIARRHEA/ or/ FLUID THERAPY/ INFUSIONS, PARENTERAL/ HOME INFUSION THERAPY/ REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS/ exp BEVERAGES/ exp FEEDING METHODS/ ((bottle? or tube? or cup? or spoon? or beaker? or syringe?) adj3 (fe?d$ or nourish$)).tw DRINKING BEHAVIOR/ (fluid? adj5 (supplement$ or therap$)).tw rehydrat$.tw ORT.tw dioralyte.tw (beverage? or drink$ or soda? or tea?).tw PARENTERAL NUTRITION, HOME/ (parenteral$ or infusion?).tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ hypernatr$.tw or/ and/56,61,77, prevent$.ab prevent$.hw prevent$.ti pc.fs or/ Search strategies 71

74 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 89 and/83, and/40, limit 90 to english language 14 DNV_oral_fluid_prevent_economics_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2007 Week 43) # Search History Results 1 ECONOMICS/ HEALTH ECONOMICS/ ECONOMIC EVALUATION/ COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS/ COST CONTROL/ COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS/ COST MINIMIZATION ANALYSIS/ COST OF ILLNESS/ COST UTILITY ANALYSIS/ COST/ HEALTH CARE COST/ DRUG COST/ HEALTH CARE FINANCING/ HOSPITAL COST/ SOCIOECONOMICS/ ECONOMIC ASPECT/ QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT/ PHARMACOECONOMICS/ RESOURCE ALLOCATION/ (financ$ or fiscal$ or funding).tw (QALY$ or life?year$).tw (econom$ or cost$).tw pharmacoeconomic$.tw or/ NEWBORN/ neonat$.tw newborn$.tw exp INFANT/ infan$.tw SMALL FOR DATE INFANT/ (small adj2 gestational age).tw LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw PRESCHOOL CHILD/ (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw

75 42 toddler$.tw (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw diarrh?ea?.tw or/ dehydrat$.tw DEHYDRATION/ hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE/ or/ FLUID THERAPY/ INFUSION/ INFUSION FLUID/ ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION/ ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY/ REHYDRATION/ (fluid? adj5 therap$).tw ORT.tw rehydrat$.tw (beverage? or drink$ or soda? or tea?).tw dioralyte.tw (parenteral$ or infusion?).tw ((bottle? or tube? or cup? or spoon? or beaker? or syringe?) adj3 (fe?d$ or nourish$)).tw exp BEVERAGE/ exp FOOD INTAKE/ exp FEEDING BEHAVIOR/ or/ and/44,51,58, prevent$.ab prevent$.hw prevent$.ti pc.fs or/ and/76, and/25, limit 83 to english language 16 Search strategies DNV_oral_fluid_prevent_economics_crd_ (CRD (HTA, DARE, EED)) Search Matching records # 1 MESH GASTROENTERITIS 31 73

76 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years # 2 MESH DIARRHEA 92 # 3 Gastroenteritis 45 # 4 #1 or #2 or #3 130 # 5 MESH FLUID THERAPY 43 # 6 MESH INFUSIONS, PARENTERAL 36 # 7 MESH HOME INFUSION THERAPY 24 # 8 MESH REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS 7 # 9 MESH BEVERAGES 4 # 10 MESH FEEDING METHODS 9 # 11 MESH DRINKING BEHAVIOR 1 # 12 MESH PARENTERAL NUTRITION, HOME 12 # 13 rehydrat* 43 # 14 dioralyte 0 # 15 beverage* OR drink* OR soda OR tea 224 # 16 pedialyte 2 # 17 #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15 or # # 18 MESH DEHYDRATION 13 # 19 MESH HYPERNATREMIA 1 # 20 dehydrat* 48 # 21 hypernatr* 4 # 22 #18 or #19 or #20 or #21 50 # 23 #4 and #17 17 Note: #18 to #22 not used as too narrow. 74

77 Search strategies Clinical question In children treated with oral fluid what strategy should be used? (a) Which oral fluid is most effective in treating dehydration (b) When ORS is being used which composition of ORS is the most effective? (c) What oral fluid regime should be used? (d) What factors should be taken into consideration when giving oral fluid supplementation? DNV_oral_fluid_therapy_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to October Week ) # Search History Results 1 randomized controlled trial.pt controlled clinical trial.pt DOUBLE BLIND METHOD/ SINGLE BLIND METHOD/ RANDOM ALLOCATION/ RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ or/ ((single or double or triple or treble) adj5 (blind$ or mask$)).tw,sh clinical trial.pt exp CLINICAL TRIALS/ (clinic$ adj5 trial$).tw,sh PLACEBOS/ placebo$.tw,sh random$.tw,sh or/ or/7, META ANALYSIS/ meta analysis.pt (metaanaly$ or meta-analy$ or (meta adj analy$)).tw,sh (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh (methodologic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh or/ review$.pt (medline or medlars or embase or cinahl or cochrane or psycinfo or psychinfo or psychlit or psyclit or "web of science" or "science citation" or scisearch).tw. 25 ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw,sh (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw,sh (peto or dersimonian or der simonian or fixed effect).tw,sh or/ and or/22, CASE-CONTROL STUDIES/ RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES/ PROSPECTIVE STUDIES/ COHORT STUDIES/ (case$ adj2 series).ti,ab (case$ adj2 control$).ti,ab

78 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 38 (compar$ adj3 stud$).tw or/ or/16,31, letter.pt comment.pt editorial.pt historical article.pt or/ not infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw diarrh?ea?.tw DIARRHEA/ or/ FLUID THERAPY/ INFUSIONS, PARENTERAL/ HOME INFUSION THERAPY/ REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS/ exp BEVERAGES/ exp FEEDING METHODS/ ((bottle? or tube? or cup? or spoon? or beaker? or syringe?) adj3 (fe?d$ or nourish$)).tw DRINKING BEHAVIOR/ (fluid? adj5 (supplement$ or therap$)).tw rehydrat$.tw ORT.tw dioralyte.tw pedialyte.tw (beverage? or drink$ or soda? or tea?).ti,ab PARENTERAL NUTRITION, HOME/ parenteral$.tw or/ DEHYDRATION/

79 Search strategies 86 dehydrat$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw or/ and/62,67,84, and/46, limit 92 to humans limit 93 to english language 285 DNV_oral_fluid_therapy_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2007 Week 45) # Search History Results 1 CLINICAL TRIALS/ (clinic$ adj5 trial$).ti,ab,sh SINGLE BLIND PROCEDURE/ DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE/ RANDOM ALLOCATION/ CROSSOVER PROCEDURE/ PLACEBO/ placebo$.ti,ab,sh random$.ti,ab,sh RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ ((single or double or triple or treble) adj (blind$ or mask$)).ti,ab,sh randomi?ed control$ trial$.tw or/ META ANALYSIS/ ((meta adj analy$) or metaanalys$ or meta-analy$).ti,ab,sh (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).ti,sh,ab (methodologic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).ti,ab,sh or/ review.pt (medline or medlars or embase).ab (scisearch or science citation index).ab (psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or cochrane).ab ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw (peto or dersimonian or "der simonian" or fixed effect).tw or/ and or/18, COMPARATIVE STUDY/ (compar$ adj5 stud$).tw CASE-CONTROL STUDY/ RETROSPECTIVE STUDY/ PROSPECTIVE STUDY/

80 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 35 COHORT STUDY/ (case$ adj2 series).ti,ab (case$ adj2 control$).ti,ab or/ abstract report.tw,sh note.tw,sh short survey.tw,sh letter.tw,sh editorial.tw,sh or/ or/13,29, not NEWBORN/ neonat$.tw newborn$.tw exp INFANT/ infan$.tw SMALL FOR DATE INFANT/ (small adj2 gestational age).tw LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw PRESCHOOL CHILD/ (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw toddler$.tw (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw diarrh?ea?.tw or/ dehydrat$.tw DEHYDRATION/ hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ or/ FLUID THERAPY/ INFUSION/ INFUSION FLUID/ ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION/

81 Search strategies 83 ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY/ REHYDRATION/ (fluid? adj5 therap$).tw ORT.tw rehydrat$.tw (beverage? or drink$ or soda? or tea?).tw dioralyte.tw pedialyte.tw parenteral$.tw ((bottle? or tube? or cup? or spoon? or beaker? or syringe?) adj3 (fe?d$ or nourish$)).tw exp BEVERAGE/ exp FOOD INTAKE/ exp FEEDING BEHAVIOR/ or/ and/65,72,78, and/46, limit 98 to human limit 99 to english language 191 DNV_oral_fluid_therapy_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to November Week ) # Search History Results 1 exp CLINICAL TRIALS/ clinical trial.pt (clinic$ adj5 trial$).tw,sh SINGLE-BLIND STUDIES/ DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES/ TRIPLE-BLIND STUDIES/ 37 7 ((single or double or triple or treble) adj5 (blind$ or mask$)).tw,sh RANDOM ASSIGNMENT/ random$.tw RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ CLINICAL TRIALS/ randomi?ed control$ trial$.tw PLACEBOS/ placebo$.tw or/ META ANALYSIS/ ((meta adj analy$) or metaanalys$ or meta-analy$).tw SYSTEMATIC REVIEW/ systematic review.pt (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw LITERATURE REVIEW/ or/ ("review" or "review studies" or "review academic" or "review tutorial").ti,ab,sh,pt (medline or medlars or embase or cochrane or scisearch or psycinfo or psychinfo or psychlit or psyclit or "web of science" or "science citation").tw. 25 ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw

82 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 26 (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw (peto or dersimonian or "der simonian" or fixed effect).tw or/ and/23, or/22, or/15, COMPARATIVE STUDIES/ (compar$ adj5 stud$).tw CASE-CONTROL STUDIES/ (case$ adj2 series).ti,ab (case$ adj2 control$).ti,ab RETROSPECTIVE DESIGN/ exp PROSPECTIVE STUDIES/ RETROSPECTIVE PANEL STUDIES/ PRETEST-POSTTEST DESIGN/ CROSS SECTIONAL STUDIES/ or/ letter.pt commentary.pt editorial.pt or/ or/32, not infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ dehydrat$.tw FLUID-ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE/ HYPERNATREMIA/ hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw DEHYDRATION/ or/ GASTROENTERITIS/

83 Search strategies 74 gastroenterit$.tw diarrh?ea?.tw DIARRHEA/ or/ FLUID THERAPY/ INFUSIONS, PARENTERAL/ REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS/ (fluid? adj5 therap$).tw rehydrat$.tw ORT.tw parenteral$.tw ((bottle? or tube? or cup? or spoon? or beaker? or syringe?) adj3 (fe?d$ or nourish$)).tw exp FEEDING METHODS/ exp BEVERAGES/ DRINKING BEHAVIOR/ dioralyte.tw (beverage? or drink$ or soda? or tea?).ti,ab exp PARENTERAL NUTRITION/ or/ and/65,72,77, and/49, limit 94 to english 29 81

84 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years Clinical question In children being given IV therapy, what fluid regime should be used? DNV_iv_fluid_regime_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to November Week ) # Search History Results 1 infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ exp INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.tw DIARRHEA/ DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw or/ INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS/ (IV or intravenous$).tw (drip$ adj2 infusion?).tw INJECTIONS, INTRAVENOUS/ SALINE SOLUTION, HYPERTONIC/ HYPOTONIC SOLUTION/ ((solution? or fluid? or rehydrat$) adj3 (sodium or salt or NaCl)).tw ((isotonic$ or hypertonic$ or hypotonic$) adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw (crystalloid? adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS/ ((hartmann's or hartmanns) adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw (sodium adj lactate?).tw (colloid? adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw ((glucose or dextrose) adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw

85 Search strategies 43 ((dextran? or gelatin?) adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw Gelofusine.tw Haemaccel.tw saline?.tw (ringer$ adj2 lactate?).tw (rapid rehydration adj3 (therap$ or treatment?)).tw or/ and/16, and/28, and/ editorial.pt letter.pt comment.pt or/ not limit 57 to (humans and english language) 276 DNV_iv_fluid_regime_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2007 Week 50) # Search History Results 1 NEWBORN/ neonat$.tw newborn$.tw exp INFANT/ infan$.tw SMALL FOR DATE INFANT/ (small adj2 gestational age).tw LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw PRESCHOOL CHILD/ (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw toddler$.tw (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw INFANTILE DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ DEHYDRATION/

86 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 29 dehydrat$.tw hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ SHOCK/ or/ INFUSION/ INFUSION FLUID/ (IV or intravenous$).tw (drip? adj2 infusion?).tw infusion?.tw INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION/ HYPERTONIC SOLUTION/ HYPOTONIC SOLUTION/ ISOTONIC SOLUTION/ COLLOID/ CRYSTALLOID/ HARTMANN SOLUTION/ RINGER LACTATE SOLUTION/ RINGER SOLUTION/ ((solution? or fluid?) adj3 (sodium or salt or NaCl)).tw ((isotonic$ or hypertonic$ or hypotonic$) adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw (crystalloid? adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw ((hartmann's or hartmanns) adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw (sodium lactate? adj2 (solution? or fluid?)).tw (colloid? adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw ((glucose or dextrose) adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw ((dextran? or gelatin?) adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw Gelofusine.tw Haemaccel.tw saline?.tw (ringer$ adj2 lactate?).tw (rapid rehydration adj3 (therap$ or treatment?)).tw or/ and/19, and/34, and/ letter.sh,tw note.tw,sh editorial.tw,sh abstract report.tw,sh or/ not limit 71 to (human and english language) 189 DNV_iv_fluid_regime_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to December Week ) # Search History Results 84

87 Search strategies 1 infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw SHOCK/ or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS/ HOME INTRAVENOUS THERAPY/ (IV or intravenous$).tw (parenteral$ or infusion?).tw INJECTIONS, INTRAVENOUS/ SALINE SOLUTION, HYPERTONIC/ HYPOTONIC SOLUTION/ ((solution? or fluid?) adj3 (sodium or salt or NaCl)).tw ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS/ ((isotonic$ or hypertonic$ or hypotonic$) adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw (crystalloid? adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw (hartmann$ adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw (sodium adj lactate?).tw (colloid? adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw ((glucose or dextrose) adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw ((dextran? or gelatin?) adj3 (solution? or fluid?)).tw Gelofusine.tw Haemaccel.tw saline?.tw (ringer$ adj2 lactate?).tw

88 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 49 (rapid rehydration adj3 (therap$ or treatment?)).tw or/ and/16, and/28, and/ limit 53 to english 28 86

89 Search strategies Clinical question What is the risk of recurrence of dehydration in children with gastroenteritis? DNV_risk_dehydration_recurrence_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to January Week ) # Searches Results 1 infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ exp INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.tw DIARRHEA/ DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw ((after or following or post) adj3 (rehydrat$ or fluid? therap$)).tw or/ and/16, (recurren$ or recur? or reoccur$).tw (reattendance? or re attendance?).tw (readmit$ or readmission? or re admit$ or re admission?).tw ((repeat$ or repetition?) adj3 (episode? or symptom? or dehydrat$)).tw PATIENT READMISSION/ RECURRENCE/ LENGTH OF STAY/ ((length or duration) adj3 (admission? or stay?)).tw or/ and/ and limit 41 to (english language and humans) 80 87

90 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years DNV_risk_dehydration_recurrence_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2008 Week 02) # Search History Results 1 NEWBORN/ neonat$.tw newborn$.tw exp INFANT/ infan$.tw SMALL FOR DATE INFANT/ (small adj2 gestational age).tw LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw PRESCHOOL CHILD/ (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw toddler$.tw (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw INFANTILE DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ ((after or following or post) adj3 (rehydrat$ or fluid? therap$)).tw or/ HOSPITAL READMISSION/ DISEASE RECURRENCE/ LENGTH OF STAY/ (recurren$ or recur? or reoccur$).tw (reattendance? or re attendance?).tw (readmit$ or readmission? or re admit$ or re admission?).tw ((repeat$ or repetition?) adj3 (episode? or symptom? or dehydrat$)).tw ((length or duration) adj3 (admission? or stay?)).tw or/ and/19,

91 Search strategies 45 and/ and/34, limit 46 to (human and english language) 58 DNV_risk_dehydration_recurrence_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to December Week ) # Search History Results 1 infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ DEHYDRATION/ dehydrat$.tw HYPERNATREMIA/ hypernatr$.tw dysnatr$.tw ((after or following or post) adj3 (rehydrat$ or fluid? therap$)).tw or/ PATIENT READMISSION/ RECURRENCE/ LENGTH OF STAY/ ((length or duration) adj3 (admission? or stay?)).tw (recurren$ or recur? or reoccur$).tw (reattendance? or re attendance?).tw (readmit$ or readmission? or re admit$ or re admission?).tw ((repeat$ or repetition?) adj3 (episode? or symptom? or dehydrat$)).tw or/ and/16, and/ and/28, limit 40 to english 11 89

92 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 90

93 Search strategies Clinical question What [oral fluid] interventions are safe and effective in preventing the recurrence of dehydration? DNV_prevent_dehydration_recurrence_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to January Week ) # Search History Results 1 infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ exp INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.tw DIARRHEA/ DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ FLUID THERAPY/ REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS/ exp BEVERAGES/ DRINKING BEHAVIOR/ ((fluid? or liquid?) adj3 (supplement$ or therap$)).tw ((fluid? or liquid?) adj3 (volume? or amount? or quantit$)).tw rehydrat$.tw ORT.tw dioralyte.tw pedialyte.tw (beverage? or drink$ or soda? or tea?).tw ENTERAL NUTRITION/ INTUBATION, GASTROINTESTINAL/ (enteral$ or gastric tube? or nasogastric tube? or ng tube?).tw BOTTLE FEEDING/ BREAST FEEDING/ MILK, HUMAN/ (breastfe?d$ or breast fe?d$ or milk).tw INFANT FORMULA/ (bottlefe?d$ or bottle fe?d$).tw

94 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 43 or/ (recurren$ or recur? or reoccur$).tw (reattendance? or re attendance?).tw (readmit$ or readmission? or re admit$ or re admission?).tw ((repeat$ or repetition?) adj3 (episode? or symptom? or dehydrat$)).tw PATIENT READMISSION/ RECURRENCE/ LENGTH OF STAY/ ((length or duration) adj3 (admission? or stay?)).tw or/ and/16, and/43, and/ letter.pt editorial.pt comment.pt or/ not limit 60 to (english language and humans) 142 DNV_prevent_dehydration_recurrence_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2008 Week 02) # Searches Results 1 NEWBORN/ neonat$.tw newborn$.tw exp INFANT/ infan$.tw SMALL FOR DATE INFANT/ (small adj2 gestational age).tw LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw PRESCHOOL CHILD/ (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw toddler$.tw (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw INFANTILE DIARRHEA/

95 Search strategies 26 diarrh?ea?.tw or/ FLUID THERAPY/ ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION/ ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY/ REHYDRATION/ ((fluid? or liquid?) adj3 (supplement$ or therap$)).tw ((fluid? or liquid?) adj3 (volume? or amount? or quantit$)).tw ORT.tw rehydrat$.tw (beverage? or drink$ or soda? or tea?).tw dioralyte.tw pedialyte.tw exp BEVERAGE/ BREAST FEEDING/ BREAST MILK/ (breastfe?d$ or breast fe?d$ or milk).tw BOTTLE FEEDING/ ARTIFICIAL MILK/ (bottlefe?d$ or bottle fe?d$).tw ENTERIC FEEDING/ (enteral$ or gastric tube? or nasogastric tube? or ng tube?).tw or/ HOSPITAL READMISSION/ DISEASE RECURRENCE/ LENGTH OF STAY/ (recurren$ or recur? or reoccur$).tw (reattendance? or re attendance?).tw (readmit$ or readmission? or re admit$ or re admission?).tw ((repeat$ or repetition?) adj3 (episode? or symptom? or dehydrat$)).tw ((length or duration) adj3 (admission? or stay?)).tw or/ and/19, and/48, and/ letter.pt editorial.pt note.pt or/ not limit 65 to (human and english language) 97 DNV_prevent_dehydration_recurrence_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to December Week ) # Searches Results 1 infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw

96 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 4 (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ FLUID THERAPY/ REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS/ exp BEVERAGES/ DRINKING BEHAVIOR/ ((fluid? or liquid?) adj3 (supplement$ or therap$)).tw ((fluid? or liquid?) adj3 (volume? or amount? or quantit$)).tw rehydrat$.tw ORT.tw dioralyte.tw pedialyte.tw INTUBATION, GASTROINTESTINAL/ ENTERAL NUTRITION/ BOTTLE FEEDING/ (enteral$ or gastric tube? or nasogastric tube? or ng tube?).tw (beverage? or drink$ or soda? or tea?).tw BREAST FEEDING/ (breastfe?d$ or breast fe?d$ or milk).tw (bottlefe?d$ or bottle fe?d$).tw or/ MILK, HUMAN/ INFANT FORMULA/ PATIENT READMISSION/ RECURRENCE/ LENGTH OF STAY/ ((length or duration) adj3 (admission? or stay?)).tw (recurren$ or recur? or reoccur$).tw (reattendance? or re attendance?).tw (readmit$ or readmission? or re admit$ or re admission?).tw ((repeat$ or repetition?) adj3 (episode? or symptom? or dehydrat$)).tw or/

97 Search strategies 52 and/16, and/40, and/ limit 54 to english 17 95

98 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years Clinical question What [oral fluid] interventions are cost effective in preventing the recurrence of dehydration? DNV_prevent_dehydration_recurrence_economics_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to January Week ) # Search History Results 1 ECONOMICS/ "COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS"/ COST ALLOCATION/ COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS/ COST CONTROL/ COST SAVINGS/ COST OF ILLNESS/ COST SHARING/ HEALTH CARE COSTS/ DIRECT SERVICE COSTS/ DRUG COSTS/ EMPLOYER HEALTH COSTS/ HOSPITAL COSTS/ HEALTH RESOURCES/ "HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND"/ HEALTH PRIORITIES/ HEALTH EXPENDITURES/ CAPITAL EXPENDITURES/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, HOSPITAL/ QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS/ "DEDUCTIBLES AND COINSURANCE"/ MEDICAL SAVINGS ACCOUNTS/ ECONOMICS, HOSPITAL/ ECONOMICS, MEDICAL/ ECONOMICS, NURSING/ ECONOMICS, PHARMACEUTICAL/ MODELS, ECONOMIC/ MODELS, ECONOMETRIC/ RESOURCE ALLOCATION/ HEALTH CARE RATIONING/ "FEES AND CHARGES"/ BUDGETS/ VALUE OF LIFE/ (financ$ or fiscal$ or funding).tw (QALY$ or life?year$).tw (econom$ or cost$).tw pharmacoeconomic$.tw ec.fs or/ infan$.tw

99 Search strategies 42 neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ exp INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.tw DIARRHEA/ DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ FLUID THERAPY/ REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS/ exp BEVERAGES/ DRINKING BEHAVIOR/ ((fluid? or liquid?) adj3 (supplement$ or therap$)).tw ((fluid? or liquid?) adj3 (volume? or amount? or quantit$)).tw rehydrat$.tw ORT.tw dioralyte.tw pedialyte.tw (beverage? or drink$ or soda? or tea?).tw ENTERAL NUTRITION/ INTUBATION, GASTROINTESTINAL/ (enteral$ or gastric tube? or nasogastric tube? or ng tube?).tw BOTTLE FEEDING/ BREAST FEEDING/ MILK, HUMAN/ (breastfe?d$ or breast fe?d$ or milk).tw INFANT FORMULA/ (bottlefe?d$ or bottle fe?d$).tw or/ (recurren$ or recur? or reoccur$).tw (reattendance? or re attendance?).tw (readmit$ or readmission? or re admit$ or re admission?).tw ((repeat$ or repetition?) adj3 (episode? or symptom? or dehydrat$)).tw PATIENT READMISSION/ RECURRENCE/

100 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 90 LENGTH OF STAY/ ((length or duration) adj3 (admission? or stay?)).tw or/ and/56, and/83, and/ letter.pt editorial.pt comment.pt or/ not and/40, DNV_prevent_dehydration_recurrence_economics_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2008 Week 02) # Searches Results 1 ECONOMICS/ HEALTH ECONOMICS/ ECONOMIC EVALUATION/ COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS/ COST CONTROL/ COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS/ COST MINIMIZATION ANALYSIS/ COST OF ILLNESS/ COST UTILITY ANALYSIS/ COST/ HEALTH CARE COST/ DRUG COST/ HEALTH CARE FINANCING/ HOSPITAL COST/ SOCIOECONOMICS/ ECONOMIC ASPECT/ QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT/ PHARMACOECONOMICS/ RESOURCE ALLOCATION/ (financ$ or fiscal$ or funding).tw (QALY$ or life?year$).tw (econom$ or cost$).tw pharmacoeconomic$.tw or/ NEWBORN/ neonat$.tw newborn$.tw exp INFANT/ infan$.tw SMALL FOR DATE INFANT/ (small adj2 gestational age).tw

101 Search strategies 33 LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw PRESCHOOL CHILD/ (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw toddler$.tw (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw INFANTILE DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ FLUID THERAPY/ ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION/ ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY/ REHYDRATION/ ((fluid? or liquid?) adj3 (supplement$ or therap$)).tw ((fluid? or liquid?) adj3 (volume? or amount? or quantit$)).tw ORT.tw rehydrat$.tw (beverage? or drink$ or soda? or tea?).tw dioralyte.tw pedialyte.tw exp BEVERAGE/ BREAST FEEDING/ BREAST MILK/ (breastfe?d$ or breast fe?d$ or milk).tw BOTTLE FEEDING/ ARTIFICIAL MILK/ (bottlefe?d$ or bottle fe?d$).tw ENTERIC FEEDING/ (enteral$ or gastric tube? or nasogastric tube? or ng tube?).tw or/ HOSPITAL READMISSION/ DISEASE RECURRENCE/ LENGTH OF STAY/ (recurren$ or recur? or reoccur$).tw (reattendance? or re attendance?).tw (readmit$ or readmission? or re admit$ or re admission?).tw ((repeat$ or repetition?) adj3 (episode? or symptom? or dehydrat$)).tw

102 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 81 ((length or duration) adj3 (admission? or stay?)).tw or/ and/44, and/73, and/ and/25, limit 86 to english language 7 DNV_prevent_dehydration_recurrence_economics_crd_ Search # 1 MESH GASTROENTERITIS 33 # 2 MESH DIARRHEA 94 # 3 MESH DIARRHEA, INFANTILE 15 # 4 diarrhoea OR diarrhea OR gastroenteritis 390 # 5 #1 or #2 or #3 or #4 390 # 6 MESH FLUID THERAPY 43 # 7 MESH REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS 7 # 8 MESH BEVERAGES 4 # 9 MESH DRINKING BEHAVIOR 1 # 10 MESH ENTERAL NUTRITION 113 # 11 MESH INTUBATION, GASTROINTESTINAL 22 # 12 MESH BOTTLE FEEDING 10 # 13 MESH BREAST FEEDING 55 # 14 MESH MILK, HUMAN 11 # 15 MESH INFANT FORMULA 9 # 16 rehydrat* OR ORT OR dioralyte 49 # 17 beverage* OR drink* OR soda* OR tea* 1880 # 18 enteral OR enteric 250 # 19 breastfe* OR bottlefe* 103 Matching records # 20 #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18 or # # 21 MESH PATIENT READMISSION 209 # 22 MESH RECURRENCE 635 # 23 MESH LENGTH OF STAY 2293 # 24 recurren* OR recur* OR reoccur* 2077 # 25 reattendance 2 # 26 readmit* OR readmission* 551 # 28 LOS 247 # 29 #21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or # # 30 #5 and #20 and #

103 Search strategies Clinical question Following rehydration, what feeding regimes are appropriate for children under 5 years? DNV_post_rehydration_feeding_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to January Week ) # Searches Results 1 randomized controlled trial.pt controlled clinical trial.pt DOUBLE BLIND METHOD/ SINGLE BLIND METHOD/ RANDOM ALLOCATION/ RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ or/ ((single or double or triple or treble) adj5 (blind$ or mask$)).tw,sh clinical trial.pt exp CLINICAL TRIALS/ 0 11 (clinic$ adj5 trial$).tw,sh PLACEBOS/ placebo$.tw,sh random$.tw,sh or/ or/7, META ANALYSIS/ meta analysis.pt (metaanaly$ or meta-analy$ or (meta adj analy$)).tw,sh (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh (methodologic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh or/ review$.pt (medline or medlars or embase or cinahl or cochrane or psycinfo or psychinfo or psychlit or psyclit or "web of science" or "science citation" or scisearch).tw. 25 ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw,sh (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw,sh (peto or dersimonian or der simonian or fixed effect).tw,sh or/ and CASE-CONTROL STUDIES/ RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES/ PROSPECTIVE STUDIES/ COHORT STUDIES/ (case$ adj2 control$).tw (compar$ adj3 stud$).tw or/ or/16,22,30, letter.pt comment.pt

104 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 41 editorial.pt historical article.pt or/ not infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ exp INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.tw DIARRHEA/ DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ FLUID THERAPY/ HOME INFUSION THERAPY/ REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS/ (fluid? adj3 (supplement$ or therap$)).tw (rehydrat$ or hydrat$).tw ORT.tw dioralyte.tw pedialyte.tw INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS/ INFUSIONS, PARENTERAL/ or/ BREAST FEEDING/ MILK, HUMAN/ (breastfe?d$ or breast fe?d$ or milk).tw BOTTLE FEEDING/ INFANT FORMULA/ (bottlefe?d$ or bottle fe?d$).tw WEANING/ wean$.tw INFANT FOOD/ FOOD/ (food$ or feed? or fed or feeding? or eat$).tw

105 Search strategies 89 DIET THERAPY/ diet$.tw SOY MILK/ BEVERAGES/ CARBONATED BEVERAGES/ (carbonated beverage? or soda? or fizzy drink? or fizzy beverage?).tw MILK/ MILK SUBSTITUTES/ TEA/ (tea? or tisane?).tw MINERAL WATERS/ (drink adj3 water).tw FOOD FORMULATED/ FOOD, FORTIFIED/ 5855 ((milk? or formula) adj3 (soy? or rice or protein$ or hypoallergenic$ or lactose or amino acid? or 103 non dairy or nondairy)).tw ((earl$ or late or delay$) adj3 (re introduc$ or reintroduc$ or re feed$ or refeed$)).tw ((restrict$ or unlimited or limited or dilute? or full strength or undilute?) adj3 (fluid? or liquid?)).tw (rice or yog?urt or banana? or pasta? or low sugar or low fat or complex carb$ or bread? or toast or cookie? or biscuit?).tw. 107 or/ and/60, and/77, and/ and/44, limit 111 to (english language and humans) 209 DNV_post_rehydration_feeding_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2008 Week 04) # Searches Results 1 CLINICAL TRIALS/ (clinic$ adj5 trial$).tw,sh SINGLE BLIND PROCEDURE/ DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE/ RANDOM ALLOCATION/ CROSSOVER PROCEDURE/ PLACEBO/ placebo$.tw,sh random$.tw,sh RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ ((single or double or triple or treble) adj (blind$ or mask$)).tw,sh randomi?ed control$ trial$.tw or/ META ANALYSIS/ ((meta adj analy$) or metaanalys$ or meta-analy$).tw,sh (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh (methodologic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh or/ review.pt

106 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 20 (medline or medlars or embase).ab (scisearch or science citation index).ab (psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or cochrane).ab ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw (peto or dersimonian or "der simonian" or fixed effect).tw or/ and COMPARATIVE STUDY/ (compar$ adj5 stud$).tw CASE-CONTROL STUDY/ RETROSPECTIVE STUDY/ PROSPECTIVE STUDY/ COHORT STUDY/ (case$ adj2 control$).tw or/ or/13,18,28, abstract report.tw,sh note.tw,sh short survey.tw,sh letter.tw,sh editorial.tw,sh or/ not NEWBORN/ neonat$.tw newborn$.tw exp CHILD/ infan$.tw SMALL FOR DATE INFANT/ (small adj2 gestational age).tw LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw PRESCHOOL CHILD/ child$.tw toddler$.tw (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/

107 Search strategies 67 VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw INFANTILE DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ INFUSION/ INFUSION FLUID/ (IV or intravenous$).tw infusion?.tw INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION/ FLUID THERAPY/ ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION/ ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY/ REHYDRATION/ (fluid? adj3 (therap$ or supplement$)).tw ORT.tw (rehydrat$ or hydrat$).tw dioralyte.tw pedialyte.tw or/ BREAST FEEDING/ BREAST MILK/ (breastfe?d$ or breast fe?d$ or milk).tw BOTTLE FEEDING/ INFANT FEEDING/ ARTIFICIAL MILK/ SIMILAC/ (bottlefe?d$ or bottle fe?d$).tw BABY FOOD/ FOOD/ WEANING/ (food$ or feed? or fed or feeding? or eat$).tw CEREAL/ DIET THERAPY/ FOOD RESTRICTION/ diet$.tw MILK/ SOYBEAN MILK/ BEVERAGE/ CARBONATED BEVERAGES/ (carbonated beverage? or soda? or fizzy drink? or fizzy beverage?).tw TEA/ (tea? or tisane?).tw MINERAL WATER/ (drink$ adj3 water).tw ELEMENTAL DIET/ DIET SUPPLEMENTATION/ ((milk? or formula) adj3 (soy? or rice or protein$ or hypoallergenic$ or lactose or amino acid? or

108 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years non dairy or nondairy)).tw. 115 ((earl$ or late or delay$) adj3 (re introduc$ or reintroduc$ or re feed$ or refeed$)).tw ((restrict$ or unlimited or limited or dilute? or full strength or undilute?) adj3 (fluid? or liquid?)).tw (rice or yog?urt or banana? or pasta? or low sugar or low fat or complex carb$ or bread? or toast or cookie? or biscuit?).tw. 118 wean$.tw or/ and/63, and/86, and/ and/44, limit 123 to (human and english language) 198 DNV_post_rehydration_feeding_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to December Week ) # Searches Results 1 exp CLINICAL TRIALS/ clinical trial.pt (clinic$ adj5 trial$).tw,sh SINGLE-BLIND STUDIES/ DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES/ TRIPLE-BLIND STUDIES/ 37 7 ((single or double or triple or treble) adj5 (blind$ or mask$)).tw,sh RANDOM ASSIGNMENT/ random$.tw RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ CLINICAL TRIALS/ randomi?ed control$ trial$.tw PLACEBOS/ placebo$.tw or/ META ANALYSIS/ ((meta adj analy$) or metaanalys$ or meta-analy$).tw SYSTEMATIC REVIEW/ systematic review.pt (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw LITERATURE REVIEW/ or/ ("review" or "review studies" or "review academic" or "review tutorial").ti,ab,sh,pt (medline or medlars or embase or cochrane or scisearch or psycinfo or psychinfo or psychlit or psyclit or "web of science" or "science citation").tw ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw (peto or dersimonian or "der simonian" or fixed effect).tw or/ and/23, COMPARATIVE STUDIES/

109 Search strategies 32 (compar$ adj5 stud$).tw CASE-CONTROL STUDIES/ (case$ adj2 control$).ti,ab RETROSPECTIVE DESIGN/ exp PROSPECTIVE STUDIES/ RETROSPECTIVE PANEL STUDIES/ PRETEST-POSTTEST DESIGN/ CROSS SECTIONAL STUDIES/ or/ or/15,22,30, letter.pt commentary.pt editorial.pt or/ not infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw child.tw,hw INFANT/ INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS/ HOME INTRAVENOUS THERAPY/ (IV or intravenous$).tw (parenteral$ or infusion?).tw INJECTIONS, INTRAVENOUS/ FLUID THERAPY/ REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS/ (fluid? adj3 (supplement$ or therap$)).tw rehydrat$.tw ORT.tw dioralyte.tw pedialyte.tw

110 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 80 or/ BREAST FEEDING/ MILK, HUMAN/ (breastfe?d$ or breast fe?d$ or milk).tw BOTTLE FEEDING/ INFANT FORMULA/ (bottlefe?d$ or bottle fe?d$).tw WEANING/ wean$.tw INFANT FOOD/ FOOD/ (food$ or feed? or feeding? or fed or eat$).tw DIET THERAPY/ diet$.tw FASTING/ fasting.tw (banana? or cereal? or yog?urt? or pasta? or rice?).tw RESTRICTED DIET/ SOY MILK/ BEVERAGES/ CARBONATED BEVERAGES/ (carbonated beverage? or soda? or fizzy drink? or fizzy beverage?).tw MILK/ TEA/ (tea? or tisane?).tw MINERAL WATERS/ (drink$ adj3 water).tw FOOD FORMULATED/ FOOD, FORTIFIED/ 775 ((milk? or formula) adj3 (soy? or rice or protein$ or hypoallergenic$ or lactose or amino acid? or 109 non dairy or nondairy)).tw ((earl$ or late or delay$) adj3 (re introduc$ or reintroduc$ or re feed$ or refeed$)).tw ((restrict$ or unlimited or limited or dilute? or full strength or undilute?) adj3 (fluid? or liquid?)).tw. 144 (rice or yog?urt or banana? or pasta? or low sugar or low fat or complex carb$ or bread? or toast or 112 cookie? or biscuit?).tw or/ and/62, and/80, and/ limit 116 to english

111 6 Nutritional management Clinical question Should children with gastroenteritis continue feeding during the rehydration phase of therapy? DNV_feeding_rehydration_phase_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to November Week ) # Searches Results 1 randomized controlled trial.pt controlled clinical trial.pt DOUBLE BLIND METHOD/ SINGLE BLIND METHOD/ RANDOM ALLOCATION/ RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ or/ ((single or double or triple or treble) adj5 (blind$ or mask$)).tw,sh clinical trial.pt exp CLINICAL TRIALS/ (clinic$ adj5 trial$).tw,sh PLACEBOS/ placebo$.tw,sh random$.tw,sh or/ or/7, META ANALYSIS/ meta analysis.pt (metaanaly$ or meta-analy$ or (meta adj analy$)).tw,sh (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh (methodologic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh or/ review$.pt (medline or medlars or embase or cinahl or cochrane or psycinfo or psychinfo or psychlit or psyclit or "web of science" or "science citation" or scisearch).tw. 25 ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw,sh (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw,sh (peto or dersimonian or der simonian or fixed effect).tw,sh or/ and or/22, letter.pt case report.tw comment.pt editorial.pt historical article.pt

112 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 37 or/ not not or/ infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ exp INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.tw DIARRHEA/ DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ FLUID THERAPY/ HOME INFUSION THERAPY/ REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS/ (fluid? adj5 (supplement$ or therap$)).tw rehydrat$.tw ORT.tw dioralyte.tw pedialyte.tw INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS/ INFUSIONS, PARENTERAL/ (IV or intravenous$).tw (parenteral$ or infusion?).tw or/ BREAST FEEDING/ MILK, HUMAN/ (breastfe?d$ or breast fe?d$ or milk).tw BOTTLE FEEDING/ INFANT FORMULA/ (bottlefe?d$ or bottle fe?d$).tw WEANING/ wean$.tw INFANT FOOD/

113 Search strategies 85 FOOD/ (food$ or feed? or feeding or eat$).tw or/ and/56, and/75, and/ and/40, limit 91 to (humans and english language) 127 DNV_feeding_rehydration_phase_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2007 Week 52) # Searches Results 1 CLINICAL TRIALS/ (clinic$ adj5 trial$).ti,ab,sh SINGLE BLIND PROCEDURE/ DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE/ RANDOM ALLOCATION/ CROSSOVER PROCEDURE/ PLACEBO/ placebo$.ti,ab,sh random$.ti,ab,sh RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ ((single or double or triple or treble) adj (blind$ or mask$)).ti,ab,sh randomi?ed control$ trial$.tw or/ META ANALYSIS/ ((meta adj analy$) or metaanalys$ or meta-analy$).ti,ab,sh (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).ti,sh,ab (methodologic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).ti,ab,sh or/ review.pt (medline or medlars or embase).ab (scisearch or science citation index).ab (psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or cochrane).ab ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw (peto or dersimonian or "der simonian" or fixed effect).tw or/ and or/18, case study.tw,sh abstract report.tw,sh note.tw,sh short survey.tw,sh letter.tw,sh case report.tw,sh

114 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 36 editorial.tw,sh or/ not not or/ NEWBORN/ neonat$.tw newborn$.tw exp INFANT/ infan$.tw SMALL FOR DATE INFANT/ (small adj2 gestational age).tw LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/ (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw PRESCHOOL CHILD/ (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw toddler$.tw (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw INFANTILE DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ INFUSION/ INFUSION FLUID/ (IV or intravenous$).tw infusion?.tw INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION/ FLUID THERAPY/ ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION/ ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY/ REHYDRATION/ (fluid? adj5 therap$).tw ORT.tw rehydrat$.tw dioralyte.tw pedialyte.tw or/ BREAST FEEDING/

115 Search strategies 84 BREAST MILK/ (breastfe?d$ or breast fe?d$ or milk).tw BOTTLE FEEDING/ INFANT FEEDING/ ARTIFICIAL MILK/ SIMILAC/ (bottlefe?d$ or bottle fe?d$).tw BABY FOOD/ FOOD/ WEANING/ (food$ or feed? or feeding or eat$).tw or/ and/59, and/82, and/ and/40, limit 99 to (human and english language) 97 DNV_feeding_rehydration_phase_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to December Week ) # Searches Results 1 exp CLINICAL TRIALS/ clinical trial.pt (clinic$ adj5 trial$).tw,sh SINGLE-BLIND STUDIES/ DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES/ TRIPLE-BLIND STUDIES/ 37 7 ((single or double or triple or treble) adj5 (blind$ or mask$)).tw,sh RANDOM ASSIGNMENT/ random$.tw RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ randomi?ed control$ trial$.tw PLACEBOS/ placebo$.tw or/ META ANALYSIS/ ((meta adj analy$) or metaanalys$ or meta-analy$).tw SYSTEMATIC REVIEW/ systematic review.pt (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw LITERATURE REVIEW/ or/ ("review" or "review studies" or "review academic" or "review tutorial").ti,ab,sh,pt (medline or medlars or embase or cochrane or scisearch or psycinfo or psychinfo or psychlit or psyclit or "web of science" or "science citation").tw. 24 ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw

116 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 27 (peto or dersimonian or "der simonian" or fixed effect).tw or/ and/22, or/21, letter.pt commentary.pt editorial.pt or/ not not or/ infan$.tw neonat$.tw newborn$.tw (small adj2 gestational age).tw (low adj birth adj weight).tw (low adj birth?weight).tw lbw.tw vlbw.tw (baby or babies).tw toddler$.tw (child adj3 (preschool or pre?school)).tw INFANT/ INFANT, NEWBORN/ CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ (pediatri$ or paediatri$).tw or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS/ HOME INTRAVENOUS THERAPY/ (IV or intravenous$).tw (parenteral$ or infusion?).tw INJECTIONS, INTRAVENOUS/ FLUID THERAPY/ REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS/ (fluid? adj5 (supplement$ or therap$)).tw rehydrat$.tw ORT.tw dioralyte.tw pedialyte.tw or/ BREAST FEEDING/ MILK, HUMAN/ (breastfe?d$ or breast fe?d$ or milk).tw

117 Search strategies 75 BOTTLE FEEDING/ INFANT FORMULA/ (bottlefe?d$ or bottle fe?d$).tw WEANING/ wean$.tw INFANT FOOD/ FOOD/ (food$ or feed? or feeding or eat$).tw or/ and/53, and/71, and/ and/37, limit 87 to english 7 115

118 7 Antibiotic therapy Clinical question What is the incubation period or infectiousness of Shigella? DNV_shigella_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to April Week ) # Searches Results 1 contagious$.ti,ab epidemic.ti,ab incubation.ti,ab infectious$.ti,ab infectiv$.ti,ab outbreak.ti,ab transmi$.ti,ab or/ DYSENTERY, BACILLARY/ exp SHIGELLA/ (bacillary dysentery or shigella or shigellosis).ti,ab (s dysenteriae or s flexneri or s boydii or s sonnei).ti,ab or/ and/8, DYSENTERY, BACILLARY/ep, pc, tm Review.pt and/9, or/14-15, limit 18 to yr=" " limit 19 to (english language and humans) (letter or editorial or note).ti,ab not limit 22 to "all child (0 to 18 years)"

119 Search strategies Clinical question What is the incubation period or infectiousness of Campylobacter enteritis? DNV_campylobacter_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to April Week ) # Searches Results 1 CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS/ campylobacter.ti,ab CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI/ CAMPYLOBACTER COLI/ (c jejuni or c coli).ti,ab or/ contagious$.ti,ab epidemic.ti,ab incubation.ti,ab infectious$.ti,ab infectiv$.ti,ab outbreak.ti,ab transmi$.ti,ab or/ and/6, CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS/ep, pc, tm Review.pt and/1, or/15-16, limit 19 to yr=" " limit 20 to (english language and humans) (letter or editorial or note).pt not limit 23 to "all child (0 to 18 years)"

120 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years Clinical question What is the incubation period or infectiousness of salmonellosis? DNV_salmonellosis_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to April Week ) # Searches Results 1 contagious$.ti,ab epidemic.ti,ab incubation.ti,ab infectious$.ti,ab infectiv$.ti,ab outbreak.ti,ab transmi$.ti,ab or/ SALMONELLA INFECTIONS/ SALMONELLA FOOD POISONING/ salmonella.ti,ab salmonellosis.ti,ab exp SALMONELLA/ or/ and/8, review.pt and/9, SALMONELLA INFECTIONS/ep, pc, tm or/15, limit 19 to "all child (0 to 18 years)" limit 20 to yr=" " limit 21 to (english language and humans) (letter or editorial or note).pt not

121 Search strategies Clinical question What role, if any, does antibiotic therapy have in the treatment of children with gastroenteritis? What are the indications for administering antibiotics in children with the following bacterial forms of gastroenteritis? DNV_antibiotic_therapy_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to May Week ) # Searches Results 1 randomized controlled trial.pt controlled clinical trial.pt DOUBLE BLIND METHOD/ SINGLE BLIND METHOD/ RANDOM ALLOCATION/ RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ or/ ((single or double or triple or treble) adj5 (blind$ or mask$)).tw,sh clinical trial.pt exp CLINICAL TRIAL/ (clinic$ adj5 trial$).tw,sh PLACEBOS/ placebo$.tw,sh random$.tw,sh or/ or/7, META ANALYSIS/ meta analysis.pt (metaanaly$ or meta-analy$ or (meta adj analy$)).tw,sh (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh (methodologic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh or/ review$.pt (medline or medlars or embase or cinahl or cochrane or psycinfo or psychinfo or psychlit or psyclit or "web of science" or "science citation" or scisearch).tw. 25 ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw,sh (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw,sh (peto or dersimonian or der simonian or fixed effect).tw,sh or/ and CASE-CONTROL STUDIES/ RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES/ PROSPECTIVE STUDIES/ COHORT STUDIES/ (case$ adj2 control$).tw (compar$ adj3 stud$).tw or/ or/16,22, letter.pt comment.pt

122 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 41 editorial.pt historical article.pt or/ not GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.ti,ab DIARRHEA/ DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ diarrh?ea?.ti,ab or/ ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS/ ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS/ (antimicrob$ or anti microb$ or antibiotic$ or anti biotic$).tw ((anti-infective$ or antiinfective$ or antibacteria$ or anti-bacteria$) adj2 (agent$ or drug$)).tw microbicide?.tw (bacteriocide? or bacteriocidal agent?).tw ERYTHROMYCIN/ (Erythromycin or Erythrocin or Abboticin or Abomacetin or Benzamycin or Dotycin or 58 Dumotrycin or Eritrocina or Ermycin or Eryc?n or Erycette or Erycinum or Ilotycin or Mephamycin or Pantomicina or Pfizer-e or Propiocine or Robimycin or Sansac or Stiemycin or Taimoxin or Theramycin or Torlamicina or Wemid or Wyamycin).ti,ab. 59 CIPROFLOXACIN/ (ciprofloxacin? or Bacquinor or Baycip or Bernoflox or Ciflox?? or Ciprinol or Cipro or Ciprobay or Ciprocinol or Ciprodar or Cipromycin or Ciproquinol or Ciprox?n or Flociprin or Floxin or Ocuflox or Proquin XR or Septicide or Velomonit).ti,ab exp TRIMETHOPRIM/ (Abacin or Abaprim or Alprim or Apo-Sulfatrim or Bactin or Bactramin or Bactrim or Baktar or Chemotrim or Comox or Cotrim or Drylin or Eusaprim or Fectrim or Gantaprim or Gantrim or Idotrim or Imexim or Instalac or Ipral or Kepinol or Laratrim or Lidaprim or Linaris or Methoprim or Microtrim or Monoprim or Monotrim?? or Nopil or Oraprim or Priloprim or Primosept or Primsol or Proloprim or Septra or Septrin or Sigaprim or Sulfamethoprim or Sulfamethoxazole or Sulfatrim or Sulfotrim or Sulmeprim or Sulprim or Sumetrolim or Supracombin or Suprim or Syraprim or Teleprim or Thiocuran or Tiempe or Tmp-Ratiopharm or Trigonyl or Trimanyl or Trimesulf or Trimeth?Sulfa or Trimeth?opri?m or Trimetoprim or Trim?xazole or Trimogal or Trimopan or Trimpex or Triprim or Unitrim or Uretrim or Uro-Septra or Uroplus or Wellcoprim).ti,ab GENTAMICINS/ (Gentamicin or Alcomicin or Apogen or Bristagen or G-Mycin or Garamycin or Genoptic or Gentacidin or Gentafair or Gentak or Gentamar or Jenamicin or Ocu-Mycin or Spectro-Genta or U-gencin).ti,ab CEFOTAXIME/ (Cefotaxime or Cephotaxime).ti,ab TETRACYCLINE/ (Abramycin or Abricycline or Achromycin or Achromycin V or Actisite or Agromicina or Ambramicina or Ambramycin or Amycin or Bio-Tetra or Biocycline or Bristaciclin or Bristaciclina or Bristacycline or Cefracycline or Ciclibion or Copharlan or Criseociclina or Cyclopar or Cytome or Democracin or Deschlorobiomycin or Dumocyclin or enterocycline or Hostacyclin or 68 Lexacycline or Limecycline or Liquamycin or Medocycline or Mericycline or Micycline or Neocycline or Oletetrin or Omegamycin or Orlycycline or Panmycin or Polycycline or Polyotic or Purocyclina or Resteclin or Retet or Robitet or Roviciclina or Tetracycline or Solvocin or Sumycin or TAC or Tetra-CO or Tetrabon or Tetrachel or Tetracycl or Tetracyn or Tetradecin or Tetrafil or Tetramed or Tetraverine or Tetrex or Topicycline or Tsiklomistsin or Tsiklomitsin or Veracin or Vetacyclinum).ti,ab. 120

123 Search strategies 69 AZITHROMYCIN/ (Azithramycine or Azithromycin? or Azenil or Azitromax or Aziwok or Aztrin or Hemomycin or Misultina or Mixoterin or Setron or Sumamed or Tobil or Tromix or Zeto or Zifin or Zithrax or Zithromax or Zitrim or Zitromax or Zitrotek or Vinzam or Zmax or Zitrocin or Azibiot or Azifine).ti,ab (Dirithromycin or Dynabac).ti,ab AMPICILLIN/ (Ampicillin? or Acillin or Adobacillin or Alpen or Amblosin or Amcill or Amfipen or Amipenix S or Ampen or Ampi or Ampichel or Ampicil or Ampicillin A or Ampicin or Ampifarm or Ampikel or Ampimed or Ampipenin or Ampipenin, Nt3 or Ampiscel or Ampisyn or Ampivax or Ampivet or Amplacilina or Amplin or Amplipenyl or Amplisom or Amplital or Ampy-Penyl or Austrapen or Binotal or Bonapicillin or Britacil or Campicillin or Cimex or Copharcilin or D-Cillin or Delcillin or Deripen or Divercillin or Doktacillin or Duphacillin or Geocillin or Grampenil or Guicitrin? or Lifeampil or Morepen or Norobrittin or Nuvapen or Olin Kid or Omnipen or Orbicilina or Pen A or Pen Ampil or Penbristol or Penbritin or Penbritin-S or Penbrock or Penicline or Penimic or Pensyn or Pentrex?? or Pfizerpen A or Polycillin or Ponecil or Princillin or Principen or Qidamp or Racenacillin or Rosampline or Roscillin or Semicillin or Servicillin or Spectrobid or Sumipanto or Supen or Synpenin or Texcillin or Tokiocillin or Tolomol or Totacillin or Totalciclina or Totapen or Trifacilina or Ultrabion or Ultrabron or Vampen or Viccillin or Wypicil).ti,ab. 74 (cybis or Dixiben or Dixinal or Eucistin or Innoxalon or Jicsron or Nalidic acid or Nalidixan or Nalidixate or Nalidixic acid or Nalidixin or Nalidixinic acid or Nalitucsan or Nalix or Nalurin or Naxuril or NegGram or Negram or Nevigramon or Nogram or Sicmylon or Unaserus or Urisal or Uronidix or Wintomylon or Wintron or naladixic acid).ti,ab NALIDIXIC ACID/ FLUOROQUINOLONES/ CEFTRIAXONE/ (Cef?triaxon? or Ceftriazone or Biotrakson or Rocephine).ti,ab CHLORAMPHENICOL/ (Chloramphenicol? or Chloramfenikol or Ak-chlor or Alficetyn or Ambofen or Amphenicol or Amphicol or Amseclor or Anacetin or Aquamycetin or Austracil or Austracol or Biocetin or Biophenicol or Catilan or Chemicetin or Chemicetina or Chlomin or Chlomycol or Chlora-Tabs or Chloracol or Chloramex or Chloramficin or Chloramfilin or Chloramsaar or Chlorasol or Chloricol or Chlornitromycin or Chloro-25 vetag or Chlorocaps or Chlorocid or Chlorocid S or Chlorocide or Chlorocidin C or Chlorocidin C tetran or Chlorocol or Chlorofair or Chloroject L or Chloromax or Chloromycetin or Chloromycetny or Chloromyxin or Chloronitrin or Chloroptic or Chlorovules or Cidocetine or Ciplamycetinor Cloramfen or Cloramficin or Cloramicol or Cloramidina or Clorocyn or Cloromisan or Clorosintex or Comycetin or Cylphenicol or Desphen or Detreomycin or Detreomycine or Dextromycetin or Doctamicina or Econochlor or Elase-Chloromycetin or Embacetin or Emetren or Enicol or Enteromycetin or Erbaplast or Ertilen or Farmicetina or 80 Farmitcetina or Fenicol or Globenicol or Glorous or Halomycetin or Hortfenicol or Intramycetin or Isicetin or Ismicetina or Isophenicol or Isopto fenicol or Juvamycetin or Kamaver or Kemicetina or Kemicetine or Klorita or Klorocid S or Leukamycin or Leukomyan or Leukomycin or Levomicetina or Levomitsetin or Levomycetin or Loromisan or Loromisin or Mastiphen or Mediamycetine or Medichol or Micloretin or Micochlorine or Micoclorina or Microcetina or Mychel or Mychel-Vet or Mycinol or Normimycin V or Novochlorocap or Novomycetin or Novophenicol or Oftalent or Oleomycetin or Opclor or Opelor or Ophthochlor or Ophthocort or Optomycin or Otachron or Otophen or Pantovernil or Paraxin or Pentamycetin or Quemicetina or Rivomycin or Romphenil or Ronphenil or Septicol or Sificetina or Sintomicetina or Sintomicetine R or Sno-Phenicol or Sopamycetin or Spectro-Chlor or Stanomycetin or Synthomycetin or Synthomycetine or Synthomycine or Tega-Cetin or Tevcocin or Tevcosin or Tifomycin or Tifomycine or Tiromycetin or Treomicetina or Tyfomycine or Unimycetin or Veticol or Viceton).ti,ab. 81 ROXITHROMYCIN/ (Roxithromycin or Rulid or Rulide or surlid).ti,ab COLISTIN/ (Colistin or Coly-mycin S or Polymyxin E).ti,ab

124 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 85 exp STREPTOMYCIN/ (Streptomycin or kantrex).ti,ab exp NEOMYCIN/ (Biosol or Bykomycin or Endomixin or Fradiomycin or Fradiomycin Sulfate or Fraquinol or Lidamycin Creme or Myacine or Myacyne or Mycifradin or Myciguent or Neo-Fradin or Neo- Mantle Creme or Neo-Rx or Neobiotic or Neobrettin or Neofracin or Neolate or Neomix or Neosulf or Nivemycin or Tuttomycin or Vonamycin Powder V).ti,ab or/ CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS/ CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI/ CAMPYLOBACTER COLI/ campylobacter.ti,ab (c jejuni or c coli).ti,ab SALMONELLA INFECTIONS/ SALMONELLA FOOD POISONING/ salmonella.ti,ab salmonellosis.ti,ab exp SALMONELLA/ exp SHIGELLA/ DYSENTERY, BACILLARY/ (bacillary dysentery or shigella or shigellosis).ti,ab (s dysenteriae or s flexneri or s boydii or s sonnei).ti,ab YERSINIA INFECTIONS/ exp YERSINIA/ yersiniosis.ti,ab (yersinia or y pestis or y entercolitica).ti,ab ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA/ (entamoeba histolytica or e histolytica).ti,ab exp CRYPTOSPORIDIUM/ (cryptosporidiosis or cryptosporidium).ti,ab CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS/ ESCHERICHIA COLI O157/ (escherichia coli O157$ or e coli O157$).ti,ab GIARDIASIS/ giardiasis.ti,ab (travel?er$ adj2 diarrh?ea?).ti,ab ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI/ (enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli or ETEC).ti,ab or/ and/50, and/ limit 122 to ("all infant (birth to 23 months)" or "preschool child (2 to 5 years)" or "child (6 to years)") and/37, and/38,

125 Search strategies DNV_antibiotic_therapy_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2008 Week 20) # Searches Results 1 CLINICAL TRIALS/ (clinic$ adj5 trial$).tw,sh SINGLE BLIND PROCEDURE/ DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE/ RANDOM ALLOCATION/ CROSSOVER PROCEDURE/ PLACEBO/ placebo$.tw,sh random$.tw,sh RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ ((single or double or triple or treble) adj (blind$ or mask$)).tw,sh randomi?ed control$ trial$.tw or/ META ANALYSIS/ ((meta adj analy$) or metaanalys$ or meta-analy$).tw,sh (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh (methodologic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh or/ review.pt (medline or medlars or embase).ab (scisearch or science citation index).ab (psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or cochrane).ab ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw. 25 (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw (peto or dersimonian or "der simonian" or fixed effect).tw or/ and COMPARATIVE STUDY/ (compar$ adj5 stud$).tw CASE-CONTROL STUDY/ RETROSPECTIVE STUDY/ PROSPECTIVE STUDY/ COHORT STUDY/ (case$ adj2 control$).tw or/ or/13,18, abstract report.tw,sh note.tw,sh short survey.tw,sh letter.tw,sh editorial.tw,sh or/ not

126 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 45 GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw INFANTILE DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT/ ANTIBIOTIC AGENT/ (antimicrob$ or anti microb$ or antibiotic$ or anti biotic$).ti,ab ((anti-infective$ or antiinfective$ or antibacteria$ or anti-bacteria$) adj2 (agent$ or drug$)).ti,ab microbicide?.ti,ab (bacteriocide? or bacteriocidal agent?).ti,ab ERYTHROMYCIN/ (Erythromycin or Erythrocin or Abboticin or Abomacetin or Benzamycin or Dotycin or 60 Dumotrycin or Eritrocina or Ermycin or Eryc?n or Erycette or Erycinum or Ilotycin or Mephamycin or Pantomicina or Pfizer-e or Propiocine or Robimycin or Sansac or Stiemycin or Taimoxin or Theramycin or Torlamicina or Wemid or Wyamycin).ti,ab. 61 CIPROFLOXACIN/ (ciprofloxacin? or Bacquinor or Baycip or Bernoflox or Ciflox?? or Ciprinol or Cipro or Ciprobay or Ciprocinol or Ciprodar or Cipromycin or Ciproquinol or Ciprox?n or Flociprin or Floxin or Ocuflox or Proquin XR or Septicide or Velomonit).ti,ab TRIMETHOPRIM/ (Abacin or Abaprim or Alprim or Apo-Sulfatrim or Bactin or Bactramin or Bactrim or Baktar or Chemotrim or Comox or Cotrim or Drylin or Eusaprim or Fectrim or Gantaprim or Gantrim or Idotrim or Imexim or Instalac or Ipral or Kepinol or Laratrim or Lidaprim or Linaris or Methoprim or Microtrim or Monoprim or Monotrim?? or Nopil or Oraprim or Priloprim or Primosept or Primsol or Proloprim or Septra or Septrin or Sigaprim or Sulfamethoprim or Sulfamethoxazole or Sulfatrim or Sulfotrim or Sulmeprim or Sulprim or Sumetrolim or Supracombin or Suprim or Syraprim or Teleprim or Thiocuran or Tiempe or Tmp-Ratiopharm or Trigonyl or Trimanyl or Trimesulf or Trimeth?Sulfa or Trimeth?opri?m or Trimetoprim or Trim?xazole or Trimogal or Trimopan or Trimpex or Triprim or Unitrim or Uretrim or Uro-Septra or Uroplus or Wellcoprim).ti,ab GENTAMICIN/ (Gentamicin or Alcomicin or Apogen or Bristagen or G-Mycin or Garamycin or Genoptic or Gentacidin or Gentafair or Gentak or Gentamar or Jenamicin or Ocu-Mycin or Spectro-Genta or U-gencin).ti,ab CEFOTAXIME/ (Cefotaxim? or Cephotaxim? or Benaxima or Biosint or Cefradil or Claforan or Klaforan or Primafen or Fotexina or HR-756 or Kendrick or Ru or Taporin).ti,ab TETRACYCLINE/ (Abramycin or Abricycline or Achromycin or Achromycin V or Actisite or Agromicina or Ambramicina or Ambramycin or Amycin or Bio-Tetra or Biocycline or Bristaciclin or Bristaciclina or Bristacycline or Cefracycline or Ciclibion or Copharlan or Criseociclina or Cyclopar or Cytome or Democracin or Deschlorobiomycin or Dumocyclin or enterocycline or Hostacyclin or 70 Lexacycline or Limecycline or Liquamycin or Medocycline or Mericycline or Micycline or Neocycline or Oletetrin or Omegamycin or Orlycycline or Panmycin or Polycycline or Polyotic or Purocyclina or Resteclin or Retet or Robitet or Roviciclina or Tetracycline or Solvocin or Sumycin or TAC or Tetra-CO or Tetrabon or Tetrachel or Tetracycl or Tetracyn or Tetradecin or Tetrafil or Tetramed or Tetraverine or Tetrex or Topicycline or Tsiklomistsin or Tsiklomitsin or Veracin or Vetacyclinum).ti,ab. 71 (Sustamycin or Tetrabid or 4 Epitetracycline).ti,ab

127 Search strategies 72 AZITHROMYCIN/ (Azithramycine or Azithromycin? or Azenil or Azitromax or Aziwok or Aztrin or Hemomycin or Misultina or Mixoterin or Setron or Sumamed or Tobil or Tromix or Zeto or Zifin or Zithrax or Zithromax or Zitrim or Zitromax or Zitrotek or Vinzam or Zmax or Zitrocin or Azibiot or Azifine).ti,ab (Azythromycin or Goxal or Toraseptol or Zentavion or Azadose or Azitrocin or Ultreon).ti,ab (Dirithromycin or Dynabac).ti,ab AMPICILLIN/ (Ampicillin? or Acillin or Adobacillin or Alpen or Amblosin or Amcill or Amfipen or Amipenix S or Ampen or Ampi or Ampichel or Ampicil or Ampicillin A or Ampicin or Ampifarm or Ampikel or Ampimed or Ampipenin or Ampipenin, Nt3 or Ampiscel or Ampisyn or Ampivax or Ampivet or Amplacilina or Amplin or Amplipenyl or Amplisom or Amplital or Ampy-Penyl or Austrapen or Binotal or Bonapicillin or Britacil or Campicillin or Cimex or Copharcilin or D-Cillin or Delcillin or Deripen or Divercillin or Doktacillin or Duphacillin or Geocillin or Grampenil or Guicitrin? or Lifeampil or Morepen or Norobrittin or Nuvapen or Olin Kid or Omnipen or Orbicilina or Pen A or Pen Ampil or Penbristol or Penbritin or Penbritin-S or Penbrock or Penicline or Penimic or Pensyn or Pentrex?? or Pfizerpen A or Polycillin or Ponecil or Princillin or Principen or Qidamp or Racenacillin or Rosampline or Roscillin or Semicillin or Servicillin or Spectrobid or Sumipanto or Supen or Synpenin or Texcillin or Tokiocillin or Tolomol or Totacillin or Totalciclina or Totapen or Trifacilina or Ultrabion or Ultrabron or Vampen or Viccillin or Wypicil).ti,ab (Aminobenzylpenicillin or Aminobenzyl penicillin or KS-R1 or Ukapen).ti,ab NALIDIXIC ACID/ (cybis or Dixiben or Dixinal or Eucistin or Innoxalon or Jicsron or Nalidic acid or Nalidixan or Nalidixate or Nalidixic acid or Nalidixin or Nalidixinic acid or Nalitucsan or Nalix or Nalurin or Naxuril or NegGram or Negram or Nevigramon or Nogram or Sicmylon or Unaserus or Urisal or Uronidix or Wintomylon or Wintron or naladixic acid).ti,ab QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE/ (fluoroquinolone? or quinolone? or quinoline?).ti,ab CEFTRIAXONE/ (Cef?triaxon? or Ceftriazone or Biotrakson or Rocephine or Benaxona or Cefaxona or Ceftrex or Lendacin or Longacef or Longaceph or Ro or Ro or Rocephin or Rocefalin or Rocefin or Rocephine or Tacex or Terbac).ti,ab CHLORAMPHENICOL/ (Chloramphenicol? or Chloramfenikol or Ak-chlor or Alficetyn or Ambofen or Amphenicol or Amphicol or Amseclor or Anacetin or Aquamycetin or Austracil or Austracol or Biocetin or Biophenicol or Catilan or Chemicetin or Chemicetina or Chlomin or Chlomycol or Chlora-Tabs or Chloracol or Chloramex or Chloramficin or Chloramfilin or Chloramsaar or Chlorasol or Chloricol or Chlornitromycin or Chloro-25 vetag or Chlorocaps or Chlorocid or Chlorocid S or Chlorocide or Chlorocidin C or Chlorocidin C tetran or Chlorocol or Chlorofair or Chloroject L or Chloromax or Chloromycetin or Chloromycetny or Chloromyxin or Chloronitrin or Chloroptic or Chlorovules or Cidocetine or Ciplamycetinor Cloramfen or Cloramficin or Cloramicol or Cloramidina or Clorocyn or Cloromisan or Clorosintex or Comycetin or Cylphenicol or Desphen or Detreomycin or Detreomycine or Dextromycetin or Doctamicina or Econochlor or Elase-Chloromycetin or Embacetin or Emetren or Enicol or Enteromycetin or Erbaplast or Ertilen or Farmicetina or Farmitcetina or Fenicol or Globenicol or Glorous or Halomycetin or Hortfenicol or Intramycetin or Isicetin or Ismicetina or Isophenicol or Isopto fenicol or Juvamycetin or Kamaver or Kemicetina or Kemicetine or Klorita or Klorocid S or Leukamycin or Leukomyan or Leukomycin or Levomicetina or Levomitsetin or Levomycetin or Loromisan or Loromisin or Mastiphen or Mediamycetine or Medichol or Micloretin or Micochlorine or Micoclorina or Microcetina or Mychel or Mychel-Vet or Mycinol or Normimycin V or Novochlorocap or Novomycetin or Novophenicol or Oftalent or Oleomycetin or Opclor or Opelor or Ophthochlor or Ophthocort or Optomycin or Otachron or Otophen or Pantovernil or Paraxin or Pentamycetin or Quemicetina or Rivomycin or Romphenil or Ronphenil or Septicol or Sificetina or Sintomicetina or Sintomicetine R or Sno-Phenicol or Sopamycetin or Spectro-Chlor or Stanomycetin or Synthomycetin or Synthomycetine or Synthomycine or Tega-Cetin or Tevcocin or Tevcosin or Tifomycin or Tifomycine or Tiromycetin or Treomicetina or Tyfomycine or Unimycetin or Veticol or

128 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years Viceton).ti,ab. 87 (Kloramfenikol or Syntomycin).ti,ab ROXITHROMYCIN/ (Roxithromycin or Rulid or Rulide or surlid or Biaxsig or Claramid or Macrosil or Rotesan or Rotramin or Roxi 1A Pharma or Roxi Basics or Roxi TAD or roxi von ct or Roxi-Puren or Roxi-Q or 1203 Roxi-saar or Roxi-Wolff or Roxibeta or roxidura or Roxigamma or Roxihexal or Roxithro-Lich or RU or RU 965 or Infectoroxit).ti,ab. 90 COLISTIN/ (Colistin or Coly-mycin S or Polymyxin E or Colimycin or Colisticin or Totazina).ti,ab STREPTOMYCIN/ (Streptomycin? or kantrex or Estreptomicina or Strepto-Fatol or Strepto-Hefa).ti,ab NEOMYCIN/ (Biosol or Bykomycin or Endomixin or Fradiomycin or Fradiomycin Sulfate or Fraquinol or Lidamycin Creme or Myacine or Myacyne or Mycifradin or Myciguent or Neo-Fradin or Neo- Mantle Creme or Neo-Rx or Neobiotic or Neobrettin or Neofracin or Neolate or Neomix or Neosulf or Nivemycin or Tuttomycin or Vonamycin Powder V).ti,ab. 96 or/ CAMPYLOBACTER/ CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI/ CAMPYLOBACTER COLI/ campylobacter.ti,ab (c jejuni or c coli).ti,ab SALMONELLOSIS/ SALMONELLA/ salmonella.ti,ab salmonellosis.ti,ab SHIGELLA/ SHIGELLOSIS/ (bacillary dysentery or shigella or shigellosis).ti,ab (s dysenteriae or s flexneri or s boydii or s sonnei).ti,ab exp YERSINIA/ YERSINIOSIS/ yersiniosis.ti,ab (yersinia or y pestis or y entercolitica).ti,ab ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA/ (entamoeba histolytica or e histolytica).ti,ab CRYPTOSPORIDIUM/ CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS/ (cryptosporidiosis or cryptosporidium).ti,ab ESCHERICHIA COLI O157/ (escherichia coli O157$ or e coli O157$).ti,ab GIARDIASIS/ GIARDIA/ (giardia or giardiasis).ti,ab TRAVELLER DIARRHEA/ (travel?er$ adj2 diarrh?ea?).ti,ab ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI/ (enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli or ETEC).ti,ab or/

129 Search strategies 129 and/52, and/ limit 130 to (infant or preschool child <1 to 6 years> or school child <7 to 12 years>) and/36, and/37, DNV_antibiotic_therapy_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to May Week ) # Searches Results 1 exp CLINICAL TRIALS/ clinical trial.pt (clinic$ adj5 trial$).tw,sh SINGLE-BLIND STUDIES/ DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES/ TRIPLE-BLIND STUDIES/ 39 7 ((single or double or triple or treble) adj5 (blind$ or mask$)).tw,sh RANDOM ASSIGNMENT/ random$.tw RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ CLINICAL TRIALS/ randomi?ed control$ trial$.tw PLACEBOS/ placebo$.tw or/ META ANALYSIS/ ((meta adj analy$) or metaanalys$ or meta-analy$).tw SYSTEMATIC REVIEW/ systematic review.pt (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw LITERATURE REVIEW/ or/ ("review" or "review studies" or "review academic" or "review tutorial").ti,ab,sh,pt (medline or medlars or embase or cochrane or scisearch or psycinfo or psychinfo or psychlit or psyclit or "web of science" or "science citation").tw ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw (peto or dersimonian or "der simonian" or fixed effect).tw or/ and/23, COMPARATIVE STUDIES/ (compar$ adj5 stud$).tw CASE-CONTROL STUDIES/ (case$ adj2 control$).ti,ab RETROSPECTIVE DESIGN/ exp PROSPECTIVE STUDIES/ RETROSPECTIVE PANEL STUDIES/ PRETEST-POSTTEST DESIGN/

130 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 39 CROSS SECTIONAL STUDIES/ or/ or/15,22, letter.pt commentary.pt editorial.pt or/ not GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS/ ANTIBIOTICS/ (antimicrob$ or anti microb$ or antibiotic$ or anti biotic$).ti,ab ((anti-infective$ or antiinfective$ or antibacteria$ or anti-bacteria$) adj2 (agent$ or drug$)).ti,ab microbicide?.ti,ab (bacteriocide? or bacteriocidal agent?).ti,ab ERYTHROMYCIN/ (Erythromycin or Erythrocin or Abboticin or Abomacetin or Benzamycin or Dotycin or Dumotrycin or Eritrocina or Ermycin or Eryc?n or Erycette or Erycinum or Ilotycin or Mephamycin or Pantomicina or Pfizer-e or Propiocine or Robimycin or Sansac or Stiemycin or Taimoxin or Theramycin or Torlamicina or Wemid or Wyamycin).ti,ab CIPROFLOXACIN/ 445 (ciprofloxacin? or Bacquinor or Baycip or Bernoflox or Ciflox?? or Ciprinol or Cipro or Ciprobay or 61 Ciprocinol or Ciprodar or Cipromycin or Ciproquinol or Ciprox?n or Flociprin or Floxin or Ocuflox 481 or Proquin XR or Septicide or Velomonit).ti,ab. 62 exp TRIMETHOPRIM/ (Abacin or Abaprim or Alprim or Apo-Sulfatrim or Bactin or Bactramin or Bactrim or Baktar or Chemotrim or Comox or Cotrim or Drylin or Eusaprim or Fectrim or Gantaprim or Gantrim or Idotrim or Imexim or Instalac or Ipral or Kepinol or Laratrim or Lidaprim or Linaris or Methoprim or Microtrim or Monoprim or Monotrim?? or Nopil or Oraprim or Priloprim or Primosept or Primsol or Proloprim or Septra or Septrin or Sigaprim or Sulfamethoprim or Sulfamethoxazole or Sulfatrim or Sulfotrim or Sulmeprim or Sulprim or Sumetrolim or Supracombin or Suprim or Syraprim or Teleprim or Thiocuran or Tiempe or Tmp-Ratiopharm or Trigonyl or Trimanyl or Trimesulf or Trimeth?Sulfa or Trimeth?opri?m or Trimetoprim or Trim?xazole or Trimogal or Trimopan or Trimpex or Triprim or Unitrim or Uretrim or Uro-Septra or Uroplus or Wellcoprim).ti,ab GENTAMICINS/ (Gentamicin or Alcomicin or Apogen or Bristagen or G-Mycin or Garamycin or Genoptic or Gentacidin or Gentafair or Gentak or Gentamar or Jenamicin or Ocu-Mycin or Spectro-Genta or U- gencin).ti,ab CEFOTAXIME/ (Cefotaxime or Cephotaxime).ti,ab TETRACYCLINE/ (Abramycin or Abricycline or Achromycin or Achromycin V or Actisite or Agromicina or Ambramicina or Ambramycin or Amycin or Bio-Tetra or Biocycline or Bristaciclin or Bristaciclina or Bristacycline or Cefracycline or Ciclibion or Copharlan or Criseociclina or Cyclopar or Cytome or Democracin or Deschlorobiomycin or Dumocyclin or enterocycline or Hostacyclin or Lexacycline or Limecycline or Liquamycin or Medocycline or Mericycline or Micycline or Neocycline or Oletetrin or Omegamycin or Orlycycline or Panmycin or Polycycline or Polyotic or Purocyclina or Resteclin or Retet or Robitet or Roviciclina or Tetracycline or Solvocin or Sumycin or TAC or Tetra

131 Search strategies CO or Tetrabon or Tetrachel or Tetracycl or Tetracyn or Tetradecin or Tetrafil or Tetramed or Tetraverine or Tetrex or Topicycline or Tsiklomistsin or Tsiklomitsin or Veracin or Vetacyclinum).ti,ab. 70 AZITHROMYCIN/ (Azithramycine or Azithromycin? or Azenil or Azitromax or Aziwok or Aztrin or Hemomycin or Misultina or Mixoterin or Setron or Sumamed or Tobil or Tromix or Zeto or Zifin or Zithrax or Zithromax or Zitrim or Zitromax or Zitrotek or Vinzam or Zmax or Zitrocin or Azibiot or Azifine).ti,ab (Azythromycin or Goxal or Toraseptol or Zentavion or Azadose or Azitrocin or Ultreon).ti,ab (Dirithromycin or Dynabac).ti,ab AMPICILLIN/ 149 (Ampicillin? or Acillin or Adobacillin or Alpen or Amblosin or Amcill or Amfipen or Amipenix S or Ampen or Ampi or Ampichel or Ampicil or Ampicillin A or Ampicin or Ampifarm or Ampikel or Ampimed or Ampipenin or Ampipenin, Nt3 or Ampiscel or Ampisyn or Ampivax or Ampivet or Amplacilina or Amplin or Amplipenyl or Amplisom or Amplital or Ampy-Penyl or Austrapen or Binotal or Bonapicillin or Britacil or Campicillin or Cimex or Copharcilin or D-Cillin or Delcillin or 75 Deripen or Divercillin or Doktacillin or Duphacillin or Geocillin or Grampenil or Guicitrin? or 257 Lifeampil or Morepen or Norobrittin or Nuvapen or Olin Kid or Omnipen or Orbicilina or Pen A or Pen Ampil or Penbristol or Penbritin or Penbritin-S or Penbrock or Penicline or Penimic or Pensyn or Pentrex?? or Pfizerpen A or Polycillin or Ponecil or Princillin or Principen or Qidamp or Racenacillin or Rosampline or Roscillin or Semicillin or Servicillin or Spectrobid or Sumipanto or Supen or Synpenin or Texcillin or Tokiocillin or Tolomol or Totacillin or Totalciclina or Totapen or Trifacilina or Ultrabion or Ultrabron or Vampen or Viccillin or Wypicil).ti,ab. 76 (cybis or Dixiben or Dixinal or Eucistin or Innoxalon or Jicsron or Nalidic acid or Nalidixan or Nalidixate or Nalidixic acid or Nalidixin or Nalidixinic acid or Nalitucsan or Nalix or Nalurin or Naxuril or NegGram or Negram or Nevigramon or Nogram or Sicmylon or Unaserus or Urisal or Uronidix or Wintomylon or Wintron or naladixic acid).ti,ab ANTIINFECTIVE AGENTS, FLUOROQUINOLONE/ (fluoroquinolone? or quinolone? or quinoline?).ti,ab CEFTRIAXONE/ (Cef?triaxon? or Ceftriazone or Biotrakson or Rocephine or Benaxona or Cefaxona or Ceftrex or Lendacin or Longacef or Longaceph or Ro or Ro or Rocephin or Rocefalin or Rocefin or Rocephine or Tacex or Terbac).ti,ab CHLORAMPHENICOL/ (Chloramphenicol? or Chloramfenikol or Ak-chlor or Alficetyn or Ambofen or Amphenicol or Amphicol or Amseclor or Anacetin or Aquamycetin or Austracil or Austracol or Biocetin or Biophenicol or Catilan or Chemicetin or Chemicetina or Chlomin or Chlomycol or Chlora-Tabs or Chloracol or Chloramex or Chloramficin or Chloramfilin or Chloramsaar or Chlorasol or Chloricol or Chlornitromycin or Chloro-25 vetag or Chlorocaps or Chlorocid or Chlorocid S or Chlorocide or Chlorocidin C or Chlorocidin C tetran or Chlorocol or Chlorofair or Chloroject L or Chloromax or Chloromycetin or Chloromycetny or Chloromyxin or Chloronitrin or Chloroptic or Chlorovules or Cidocetine or Ciplamycetinor Cloramfen or Cloramficin or Cloramicol or Cloramidina or Clorocyn or Cloromisan or Clorosintex or Comycetin or Cylphenicol or Desphen or Detreomycin or Detreomycine or Dextromycetin or Doctamicina or Econochlor or Elase-Chloromycetin or Embacetin or Emetren or Enicol or Enteromycetin or Erbaplast or Ertilen or Farmicetina or Farmitcetina or Fenicol or Globenicol or Glorous or Halomycetin or Hortfenicol or Intramycetin or Isicetin or Ismicetina or Isophenicol or Isopto fenicol or Juvamycetin or Kamaver or Kemicetina or Kemicetine or Klorita or Klorocid S or Leukamycin or Leukomyan or Leukomycin or Levomicetina or Levomitsetin or Levomycetin or Loromisan or Loromisin or Mastiphen or Mediamycetine or Medichol or Micloretin or Micochlorine or Micoclorina or Microcetina or Mychel or Mychel-Vet or Mycinol or Normimycin V or Novochlorocap or Novomycetin or Novophenicol or Oftalent or Oleomycetin or Opclor or Opelor or Ophthochlor or Ophthocort or Optomycin or Otachron or Otophen or Pantovernil or Paraxin or Pentamycetin or Quemicetina or Rivomycin or Romphenil or Ronphenil or Septicol or Sificetina or Sintomicetina or Sintomicetine R or Sno-Phenicol or Sopamycetin or Spectro-Chlor or Stanomycetin or Synthomycetin or Synthomycetine or Synthomycine or Tega-Cetin or Tevcocin or Tevcosin or Tifomycin or Tifomycine or Tiromycetin or

132 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years Treomicetina or Tyfomycine or Unimycetin or Veticol or Viceton).ti,ab. (Roxithromycin or Rulid or Rulide or surlid or Biaxsig or Claramid or Macrosil or Rotesan or 83 Rotramin or Roxi 1A Pharma or Roxi Basics or Roxi TAD or roxi von ct or Roxi-Puren or Roxi-Q or 17 Roxi-saar or Roxi-Wolff or Roxibeta or roxidura or Roxigamma or Roxihexal or Roxithro-Lich or RU or RU 965 or Infectoroxit).ti,ab. 84 COLISTIN/ (Colistin or Coly-mycin S or Polymyxin E or Colimycin or Colisticin or Totazina).ti,ab STREPTOMYCIN/ (Streptomycin? or kantrex or Estreptomicina or Strepto-Fatol or Strepto-Hefa).ti,ab NEOMYCIN/ 55 (Biosol or Bykomycin or Endomixin or Fradiomycin or Fradiomycin Sulfate or Fraquinol or 89 Lidamycin Creme or Myacine or Myacyne or Mycifradin or Myciguent or Neo-Fradin or Neo- 0 Mantle Creme or Neo-Rx or Neobiotic or Neobrettin or Neofracin or Neolate or Neomix or Neosulf or Nivemycin or Tuttomycin or Vonamycin Powder V).ti,ab. 90 or/ CAMPYLOBACTER/ campylobacter.ti,ab (c jejuni or c coli).ti,ab CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS/ SALMONELLA INFECTIONS/ salmonella.ti,ab salmonellosis.ti,ab exp SALMONELLA/ exp SHIGELLA/ DYSENTERY, BACILLARY/ (bacillary dysentery or shigella or shigellosis).ti,ab (s dysenteriae or s flexneri or s boydii or s sonnei).ti,ab YERSINIA INFECTIONS/ yersiniosis.ti,ab (yersinia or y pestis or y entercolitica).ti,ab AMEBIASIS/ (entamoeba histolytica or e histolytica).ti,ab CRYPTOSPORIDIUM/ (cryptosporidiosis or cryptosporidium).ti,ab CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS/ ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS/ (escherichia coli O157$ or e coli O157$).ti,ab GIARDIASIS/ GIARDIA LAMBLIA/ (giardia or giardiasis).ti,ab (travel?er$ adj3 diarrh?ea?).ti,ab (enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli or ETEC).ti,ab or/ and/51, and/ limit 120 to (newborn infant or infant <1 to 23 months> or preschool child <2 to 5 years> or 121 child <6 to 12 years>) and/40, and/41,

133 Search strategies Clinical question What interventions, other than fluid therapy (if any) are cost-effective and safe for children with gastroenteritis? B. What are the indications for administering antibiotics in children with the following bacterial forms of gastroenteritis? DNV_alternative_antibiotic_therapies_medline_economics_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to May Week ) # Searches Results 1 ECONOMICS/ "COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS"/ COST ALLOCATION/ COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS/ COST CONTROL/ COST SAVINGS/ COST OF ILLNESS/ COST SHARING/ HEALTH CARE COSTS/ DIRECT SERVICE COSTS/ DRUG COSTS/ EMPLOYER HEALTH COSTS/ HOSPITAL COSTS/ HEALTH RESOURCES/ "HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND"/ HEALTH PRIORITIES/ HEALTH EXPENDITURES/ CAPITAL EXPENDITURES/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, HOSPITAL/ QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS/ "DEDUCTIBLES AND COINSURANCE"/ MEDICAL SAVINGS ACCOUNTS/ ECONOMICS, HOSPITAL/ ECONOMICS, MEDICAL/ ECONOMICS, NURSING/ ECONOMICS, PHARMACEUTICAL/ MODELS, ECONOMIC/ MODELS, ECONOMETRIC/ RESOURCE ALLOCATION/ HEALTH CARE RATIONING/ "FEES AND CHARGES"/ BUDGETS/ VALUE OF LIFE/ (financ$ or fiscal$ or funding).ti (QALY$ or life?year$).ti (econom$ or cost$).ti pharmacoeconomic$.ti or/ GASTROENTERITIS/

134 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 41 gastroenteritis.ti,ab DIARRHEA/ DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ diarrh?ea?.ti,ab or/ ANTIEMETICS/ (antiemetic? or anti emetic?).ti,ab ANTIDIARRHEALS/ ONDANSETRON/ ondansetron.ti,ab zofran.ti,ab GRANISETRON/ kytril.ti,ab granisetron.ti,ab tropisetron.ti,ab navoban.ti,ab DOPAMINE ANTAGONISTS/ (antidopaminergic agent? or anti dopaminergic agent? or dopamine antagonist? or dopamine receptor antagonist? or dopamine receptor blocking).ti,ab DOMPERIDONE/ (domperidone or motilium or Nauzelin or Lopac D 122).ti,ab DROPERIDOL/ (Deh?drobenzperidol? or droperidol or Dridol or Droleptan or Halkan or Inap?in? or Innovan or Innovar or Inopsin or Inoval or leptanal or Leptofen or McN-JR 4749 or Sintodril or Sintosian or Thalam?n?l or Vetkalm).ti,ab CHLORPROMAZINE/ (Chlorpromazine or Chlorpromanyl or Largactil or Thorazine Spansule).ti,ab PROMETHAZINE/ (Promethazine or Lilly 1516 or Isopromethazine or Proaza?mine or Promazinamide or Prometh?azin? or Promezathine or Prothazin?).ti,ab (Procloperazin? or Prochlorpromazine or Prochloroperazine or Prochlorpemazine or Proclo?perazine or Chlorperazine or Chlormeprazine).ti,ab HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS/ (histamine H1 antagonist? or antihistamine? or anti histamine?).ti,ab CYCLIZINE/ (cyclizine or cyclizina or cyclizinum or Emoquil or Mar?zine or Nautazine or Ne?-Devomit or Reis-Fit or valloid or wellcome).ti,ab CINNARIZINE/ (cinnarizine or Abitrate or Aplactan or Aplexal or Apotomin or Artate or Carecin or Cerebolan or Cerepar or Cinaperazine or Cinazyn or Cinnacet or Cinnageron or Corathiem or Denapol or Dimitron or Dimitronal or Eglen or Folcodal or Giganten or Glanil or Hilactan or Ixertol or Katoseran or Labyrin or Lazeta or Marisan or Midronal).ti,ab (Mitronal or Olamin or Processine or Sedatromin or Sepan or Siptazin or Spaderizine).ti,ab HALOPERIDOL/ (Aloperidin or Aloperidol? or Aloperidon or Apo-Haloperidol or Bioperidolo or Brotopon or Dozic or Dozix or Einalon S or Eukystol or Galoperidol or Hal?dol or haloperidol or Halojust or Halol or Halopal or Haloperido or Haloperidol Decanoate or Halopidol or Halopoidol or Halosten or Keselan or Lealgin Compositum or Linton or Mixidol or Novo-Peridol or Pekuces or Peluces or Peridol or Pernox or Pms Haloperidol or Serenace or Serenase or Serenelfi or Sernas or Sernel or Sigaperidol or Ulcolind or Uliolind or Vesalium).ti,ab METHOTRIMEPRAZINE/

135 Search strategies 78 (Methotrimeprazine or Levomepromazine or No?inan or Levoprome or Neurocil or Neozine).ti,ab exp CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS/ (cholinergic antagonist? or anticholinergic? or anti cholinergic? or Cholinolytic? or antimuscarinic? or anti muscarinic? or muscarinic antagonist? or atumin or Bentomine or Bentyl or Bentyl?? or Di- Syntramine or Dicicloverina or Dicycloverin or Dicycloverine or Dicycloverinum or Diethylaminocarbethoxybicyclohexyl or Diocyl or Diocyl or Dyspas or Formulex or Kolantyl Hydrochloride or Mamiesan or Merbentyl or Oxityl-P or Procyclomin or Sawamin or Spasmoban or Wyovin).ti,ab exp SCOPOLAMINE/ 7475 (scopolamine or Atro?uin or Atroscine or Beldavrin or Buscopan or Epoxytropine Tropate or 82 Euscopol or Hydroscine Hydrobromide or Hyocine F Hydrobromide or Hyosceine or Hyoscine or 5861 Hyoscine Bromide or Hyoscine Hydrobromide or Hyoscyine Hydrobromide or Hyosol or Hysco or Isopto Hyoscine or Isoscopil or Kwells or L-Scopolamine).ti,ab. 83 (Methscopolamine Bromide or Oscine or Scop or Scopamin or Scopine Tropate or Scopoderm-Tts or Scopolamine Bromide or Scopolamine Hydrobromide or Scopolamine Hydrobromide Trihydrate or Scopolamine Hyoscine or Scopolaminhydrobromid or Scopolaminium Bromide or Scopolammonium Bromide or Scopos or Sereen or Skopolamin or Tranaxine or Transcop or Transderm-Scop or Transderm-V or Triptone or scopine).ti,ab PROPANTHELINE/ (Propantheline Bromide or Propanthelinium or Pro-Banthine or Propanthel).ti,ab ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES/ STEROIDS/ (corticosteroid? or corticoid? or hydrocortisone or cortisone or budesonide).ti,ab BUDESONIDE/ (Trimethobenzamid$ or Ametik hydrochloride or Benzacot or Nauseton or Stemetic or Tebamide or Tigan or Tribenzagan or Trimazide).ti,ab GINGER/ (ginger or zingiber or z officinal$).ti,ab Phosphorated carbohydrate solution.ti,ab (emetrol or nausetrol).ti,ab PROPOFOL/ (propofol or Diisopropylphenol or Diprivan or Disoprivan or Disoprofol or Rapinovet).ti,ab exp MENTHA/ (mentha piperita or pepperment or menthol).ti,ab muscimol.ti,ab MUSCIMOL/ PARASYMPATHOLYTICS/ (spasmolytic? or anti spasmodic? or antispasmodic? or anti motility or antimotility or 102 parasympatholytic?).ti,ab LOPERAMIDE/ 741 (loperamid$ or Diarr-Eze or Imodium or Kaopectate or Loperacap or Maalox Anti-Diarrheal or 104 Pepto Diarrhea Control).ti,ab (motofen or lomotil).ti,ab exp CODEINE/ (codeine or Methylmorphine or Norcodeine or Codicept or Coducept).ti,ab PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS/ OMEPRAZOLE/ ESOMEPRAZOLE/ 7247 (omeprazole or lansoprazole or esomeprazole or pantoprazole or rabeprazole or Audazol or 111 Aulcer or Belmazol or Ceprandal or Danlox or Demeprazol or Desec or Dizprazol or Dudencer or

136 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years Elgam or Emeproton or Epirazole or Erbolin or Exter or Gasec or Gastrimut or Gastroloc or Gibancer or Indurgan or Inhibitron or Inhipump or Lensor or Logastric or Lomac or Losec or Mepral or Miol or Miracid or Mopral or Morecon or Nilsec or Nopramin or Ocid or Olexin or Omapren or Omebeta 20 or Omed or Omegast or Omepral or Omeprazon or Omeprol or Omesek or Omezol or Omezolan or Omid or Omisec or Omizac or Ompanyt or Ortanol or Osiren or Ozoken or Paprazol or Parizac or Pepticum or Pepticus or Peptilcer or Prazentol or Prazidec or Prazolit or Prilosec or Procelac or Proclor or Prysma or Ramezol or Regulacid or Sanamidol or Secrepina or Ulceral or Ulcesep or Ulcometion or Ulcozol or Ulcsep or Ulsen or Ultop or Ulzol or Victrix or Zefxon or Zegerid or Zepral or Zimor or Zoltum).ti,ab. (Amarin or Aprazol or Bamalite or Biuret or Blason or Compraz or Dakar or Ilsatec or Ketian or Lancid or Lanproton or Lansopep or Lansoprazol$ or Lanston or Lanz or Lanzol-30 or Lanzopral or 112 Lanzor or Lasoprol or Limpidex or Mesactol or Monolitum or Ogast or Ogastro or Opiren or 3146 Prevacid or Prevpac or Prezal or Pro Ulco or Promp or Prosogan or Suprecid or Takepron or Ulpax or Zoprol or Zoton or Agopton).ti,ab. 113 (Nexiam or Nexium or Lucen or Esopral or Axagon).ti,ab. 28 (Pantoprazol? Pantoloc or Protonix or Pantopan or Protium or Pantozol or Pantor or 114 Astropan).ti,ab (Irsogladine Maleate or Rebeprazole sodium or AcipHex or Pariet).ti,ab smectite.ti,ab SILICATES/ (polypyrrolidone or poly pyrrolidone).ti,ab PVPP.ti,ab smecta.ti,ab KAOLIN/ kaolin.ti,ab DIETARY FIBER/ CHARCOAL/ (activated adj2 charcoal).ti,ab (charcodote or actidose or carbomix or norit).ti,ab METHYLCELLULOSE/ (methylcellulose or cologel or celevac).ti,ab THIORPHAN/ (Candoxatril or enkephalinase inhibitor? or racecadotril or dexecadotril).ti,ab. 317 (Bismuth or Pepto-bismol or Spiromak forte or Stabisol or Vismut or Wismutsubsalicylat or Bismed or Bismatrol or Bismutum or Bismuthi).ti,ab. 132 kaopectate.ti,ab exp DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS/ exp MICRONUTRIENTS/ (vitamin? or micronutrient? or zinc).ti,ab exp ANALGESICS/ (acetominophen or paracetamol or ibuprofen or aspirin).ti,ab (probiotics or lactobacillus or bifidobacterium).ti,ab exp CULTURED MILK PRODUCTS/ yog?urt.ti,ab or/ and/45, ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS/ ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS/ (antimicrob$ or anti microb$ or antibiotic$ or anti biotic$).tw ((anti-infective$ or antiinfective$ or antibacteria$ or anti-bacteria$) adj2 (agent$ or drug$)).tw microbicide?.tw

137 Search strategies 148 (bacteriocide? or bacteriocidal agent?).tw ERYTHROMYCIN/ (Erythromycin or Erythrocin or Abboticin or Abomacetin or Benzamycin or Dotycin or Dumotrycin or Eritrocina or Ermycin or Eryc?n or Erycette or Erycinum or Ilotycin or Mephamycin or Pantomicina or Pfizer-e or Propiocine or Robimycin or Sansac or Stiemycin or Taimoxin or Theramycin or Torlamicina or Wemid or Wyamycin).ti,ab. 151 CIPROFLOXACIN/ 8164 (ciprofloxacin? or Bacquinor or Baycip or Bernoflox or Ciflox?? or Ciprinol or Cipro or Ciprobay or 152 Ciprocinol or Ciprodar or Cipromycin or Ciproquinol or Ciprox?n or Flociprin or Floxin or Ocuflox or Proquin XR or Septicide or Velomonit).ti,ab. 153 exp TRIMETHOPRIM/ 9058 (Abacin or Abaprim or Alprim or Apo-Sulfatrim or Bactin or Bactramin or Bactrim or Baktar or Chemotrim or Comox or Cotrim or Drylin or Eusaprim or Fectrim or Gantaprim or Gantrim or Idotrim or Imexim or Instalac or Ipral or Kepinol or Laratrim or Lidaprim or Linaris or Methoprim or Microtrim or Monoprim or Monotrim?? or Nopil or Oraprim or Priloprim or Primosept or Primsol or Proloprim or Septra or Septrin or Sigaprim or Sulfamethoprim or Sulfamethoxazole or Sulfatrim or Sulfotrim or Sulmeprim or Sulprim or Sumetrolim or Supracombin or Suprim or Syraprim or Teleprim or Thiocuran or Tiempe or Tmp-Ratiopharm or Trigonyl or Trimanyl or Trimesulf or Trimeth?Sulfa or Trimeth?opri?m or Trimetoprim or Trim?xazole or Trimogal or Trimopan or Trimpex or Triprim or Unitrim or Uretrim or Uro-Septra or Uroplus or Wellcoprim).ti,ab. 155 GENTAMICINS/ (Gentamicin or Alcomicin or Apogen or Bristagen or G-Mycin or Garamycin or Genoptic or 156 Gentacidin or Gentafair or Gentak or Gentamar or Jenamicin or Ocu-Mycin or Spectro-Genta or U-gencin).ti,ab. 157 CEFOTAXIME/ (Cefotaxime or Cephotaxime).ti,ab TETRACYCLINE/ (Abramycin or Abricycline or Achromycin or Achromycin V or Actisite or Agromicina or Ambramicina or Ambramycin or Amycin or Bio-Tetra or Biocycline or Bristaciclin or Bristaciclina or Bristacycline or Cefracycline or Ciclibion or Copharlan or Criseociclina or Cyclopar or Cytome or Democracin or Deschlorobiomycin or Dumocyclin or enterocycline or Hostacyclin or Lexacycline or Limecycline or Liquamycin or Medocycline or Mericycline or Micycline or Neocycline or Oletetrin or Omegamycin or Orlycycline or Panmycin or Polycycline or Polyotic or Purocyclina or Resteclin or Retet or Robitet or Roviciclina or Tetracycline or Solvocin or Sumycin or TAC or Tetra-CO or Tetrabon or Tetrachel or Tetracycl or Tetracyn or Tetradecin or Tetrafil or Tetramed or Tetraverine or Tetrex or Topicycline or Tsiklomistsin or Tsiklomitsin or Veracin or Vetacyclinum).ti,ab. 161 AZITHROMYCIN/ 2428 (Azithramycine or Azithromycin? or Azenil or Azitromax or Aziwok or Aztrin or Hemomycin or Misultina or Mixoterin or Setron or Sumamed or Tobil or Tromix or Zeto or Zifin or Zithrax or Zithromax or Zitrim or Zitromax or Zitrotek or Vinzam or Zmax or Zitrocin or Azibiot or Azifine).ti,ab. 163 (Dirithromycin or Dynabac).ti,ab AMPICILLIN/ (Ampicillin? or Acillin or Adobacillin or Alpen or Amblosin or Amcill or Amfipen or Amipenix S or Ampen or Ampi or Ampichel or Ampicil or Ampicillin A or Ampicin or Ampifarm or Ampikel or Ampimed or Ampipenin or Ampipenin, Nt3 or Ampiscel or Ampisyn or Ampivax or Ampivet or Amplacilina or Amplin or Amplipenyl or Amplisom or Amplital or Ampy-Penyl or Austrapen or Binotal or Bonapicillin or Britacil or Campicillin or Cimex or Copharcilin or D-Cillin or Delcillin or Deripen or Divercillin or Doktacillin or Duphacillin or Geocillin or Grampenil or Guicitrin? or Lifeampil or Morepen or Norobrittin or Nuvapen or Olin Kid or Omnipen or Orbicilina or Pen A or Pen Ampil or Penbristol or Penbritin or Penbritin-S or Penbrock or Penicline or Penimic or Pensyn or Pentrex?? or Pfizerpen A or Polycillin or Ponecil or Princillin or Principen or Qidamp or Racenacillin or Rosampline or Roscillin or Semicillin or Servicillin or Spectrobid or Sumipanto or 135

138 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years Supen or Synpenin or Texcillin or Tokiocillin or Tolomol or Totacillin or Totalciclina or Totapen or Trifacilina or Ultrabion or Ultrabron or Vampen or Viccillin or Wypicil).ti,ab. (cybis or Dixiben or Dixinal or Eucistin or Innoxalon or Jicsron or Nalidic acid or Nalidixan or Nalidixate or Nalidixic acid or Nalidixin or Nalidixinic acid or Nalitucsan or Nalix or Nalurin or Naxuril or NegGram or Negram or Nevigramon or Nogram or Sicmylon or Unaserus or Urisal or Uronidix or Wintomylon or Wintron or naladixic acid).ti,ab. 167 NALIDIXIC ACID/ FLUOROQUINOLONES/ CEFTRIAXONE/ (Cef?triaxon? or Ceftriazone or Biotrakson or Rocephine).ti,ab CHLORAMPHENICOL/ (Chloramphenicol? or Chloramfenikol or Ak-chlor or Alficetyn or Ambofen or Amphenicol or Amphicol or Amseclor or Anacetin or Aquamycetin or Austracil or Austracol or Biocetin or Biophenicol or Catilan or Chemicetin or Chemicetina or Chlomin or Chlomycol or Chlora-Tabs or Chloracol or Chloramex or Chloramficin or Chloramfilin or Chloramsaar or Chlorasol or Chloricol or Chlornitromycin or Chloro-25 vetag or Chlorocaps or Chlorocid or Chlorocid S or Chlorocide or Chlorocidin C or Chlorocidin C tetran or Chlorocol or Chlorofair or Chloroject L or Chloromax or Chloromycetin or Chloromycetny or Chloromyxin or Chloronitrin or Chloroptic or Chlorovules or Cidocetine or Ciplamycetinor Cloramfen or Cloramficin or Cloramicol or Cloramidina or Clorocyn or Cloromisan or Clorosintex or Comycetin or Cylphenicol or Desphen or Detreomycin or Detreomycine or Dextromycetin or Doctamicina or Econochlor or Elase-Chloromycetin or Embacetin or Emetren or Enicol or Enteromycetin or Erbaplast or Ertilen or Farmicetina or Farmitcetina or Fenicol or Globenicol or Glorous or Halomycetin or Hortfenicol or Intramycetin or Isicetin or Ismicetina or Isophenicol or Isopto fenicol or Juvamycetin or Kamaver or Kemicetina or Kemicetine or Klorita or Klorocid S or Leukamycin or Leukomyan or Leukomycin or Levomicetina or Levomitsetin or Levomycetin or Loromisan or Loromisin or Mastiphen or Mediamycetine or Medichol or Micloretin or Micochlorine or Micoclorina or Microcetina or Mychel or Mychel-Vet or Mycinol or Normimycin V or Novochlorocap or Novomycetin or Novophenicol or Oftalent or Oleomycetin or Opclor or Opelor or Ophthochlor or Ophthocort or Optomycin or Otachron or Otophen or Pantovernil or Paraxin or Pentamycetin or Quemicetina or Rivomycin or Romphenil or Ronphenil or Septicol or Sificetina or Sintomicetina or Sintomicetine R or Sno-Phenicol or Sopamycetin or Spectro-Chlor or Stanomycetin or Synthomycetin or Synthomycetine or Synthomycine or Tega-Cetin or Tevcocin or Tevcosin or Tifomycin or Tifomycine or Tiromycetin or Treomicetina or Tyfomycine or Unimycetin or Veticol or Viceton).ti,ab. 173 ROXITHROMYCIN/ (Roxithromycin or Rulid or Rulide or surlid).ti,ab COLISTIN/ (Colistin or Coly-mycin S or Polymyxin E).ti,ab exp STREPTOMYCIN/ (Streptomycin or kantrex).ti,ab exp NEOMYCIN/ 7661 (Biosol or Bykomycin or Endomixin or Fradiomycin or Fradiomycin Sulfate or Fraquinol or Lidamycin Creme or Myacine or Myacyne or Mycifradin or Myciguent or Neo-Fradin or Neo Mantle Creme or Neo-Rx or Neobiotic or Neobrettin or Neofracin or Neolate or Neomix or Neosulf or Nivemycin or Tuttomycin or Vonamycin Powder V).ti,ab. 181 or/ CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS/ CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI/ CAMPYLOBACTER COLI/ campylobacter.ti,ab (c jejuni or c coli).ti,ab SALMONELLA INFECTIONS/ SALMONELLA FOOD POISONING/

139 Search strategies 189 salmonella.ti,ab salmonellosis.ti,ab exp SALMONELLA/ exp SHIGELLA/ DYSENTERY, BACILLARY/ (bacillary dysentery or shigella or shigellosis).ti,ab (s dysenteriae or s flexneri or s boydii or s sonnei).ti,ab YERSINIA INFECTIONS/ exp YERSINIA/ yersiniosis.ti,ab (yersinia or y pestis or y entercolitica).ti,ab ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA/ (entamoeba histolytica or e histolytica).ti,ab exp CRYPTOSPORIDIUM/ (cryptosporidiosis or cryptosporidium).ti,ab CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS/ ESCHERICHIA COLI O157/ (escherichia coli O157$ or e coli O157$).ti,ab GIARDIASIS/ giardiasis.ti,ab (travel?er$ adj2 diarrh?ea?).ti,ab ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI/ (enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli or ETEC).ti,ab or/ and/181, and/45, or/142, limit 215 to "all child (0 to 18 years)" and/39, limit 216 to ("costs (specificity)" or "economics (specificity)") or DNV_alternative_antibiotic_therapies_economics_eedhta_ (CLHTA, CLEED) # Searches Results 1 GASTROENTERITIS/ 29 2 gastroenteritis.ti,ab DIARRHEA/ 56 4 DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ 10 5 diarrh?ea?.ti,ab or/ ANTIEMETICS/ 73 8 (antiemetic? or anti emetic?).ti,ab ANTIDIARRHEALS/ 1 10 ONDANSETRON/ ondansetron.ti,ab zofran.ti,ab GRANISETRON/

140 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 14 kytril.ti,ab granisetron.ti,ab tropisetron.ti,ab navoban.ti,ab DOPAMINE ANTAGONISTS/ 6 19 (antidopaminergic agent? or anti dopaminergic agent? or dopamine antagonist? or dopamine receptor antagonist? or dopamine receptor blocking).ti,ab DOMPERIDONE/ 1 21 (domperidone or motilium or Nauzelin or Lopac D 122).ti,ab DROPERIDOL/ 5 23 (Deh?drobenzperidol? or droperidol or Dridol or Droleptan or Halkan or Inap?in? or Innovan or Innovar or Inopsin or Inoval or leptanal or Leptofen or McN-JR 4749 or Sintodril or Sintosian or Thalam?n?l or Vetkalm).ti,ab CHLORPROMAZINE/ 4 25 (Chlorpromazine or Chlorpromanyl or Largactil or Thorazine Spansule).ti,ab PROMETHAZINE/ 0 27 (Promethazine or Lilly 1516 or Isopromethazine or Proaza?mine or Promazinamide or Prometh?azin? or Promezathine or Prothazin?).ti,ab (Procloperazin? or Prochlorpromazine or Prochloroperazine or Prochlorpemazine or Proclo?perazine or Chlorperazine or Chlormeprazine).ti,ab HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS/ (histamine H1 antagonist? or antihistamine? or anti histamine?).ti,ab CYCLIZINE/ 0 32 (cyclizine or cyclizina or cyclizinum or Emoquil or Mar?zine or Nautazine or Ne?-Devomit or Reis- Fit or valloid or wellcome).ti,ab CINNARIZINE/ 0 34 (cinnarizine or Abitrate or Aplactan or Aplexal or Apotomin or Artate or Carecin or Cerebolan or Cerepar or Cinaperazine or Cinazyn or Cinnacet or Cinnageron or Corathiem or Denapol or Dimitron or Dimitronal or Eglen or Folcodal or Giganten or Glanil or Hilactan or Ixertol or Katoseran or Labyrin or Lazeta or Marisan or Midronal).ti,ab (Mitronal or Olamin or Processine or Sedatromin or Sepan or Siptazin or Spaderizine).ti,ab HALOPERIDOL/ (Aloperidin or Aloperidol? or Aloperidon or Apo-Haloperidol or Bioperidolo or Brotopon or Dozic or Dozix or Einalon S or Eukystol or Galoperidol or Hal?dol or haloperidol or Halojust or Halol or Halopal or Haloperido or Haloperidol Decanoate or Halopidol or Halopoidol or Halosten or Keselan or Lealgin Compositum or Linton or Mixidol or Novo-Peridol or Pekuces or Peluces or Peridol or Pernox or Pms Haloperidol or Serenace or Serenase or Serenelfi or Sernas or Sernel or Sigaperidol or Ulcolind or Uliolind or Vesalium).ti,ab METHOTRIMEPRAZINE/ 0 39 (Methotrimeprazine or Levomepromazine or No?inan or Levoprome or Neurocil or Neozine).ti,ab exp CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS/ (cholinergic antagonist? or anticholinergic? or anti cholinergic? or Cholinolytic? or antimuscarinic? or anti muscarinic? or muscarinic antagonist? or atumin or Bentomine or Bentyl or Bentyl?? or Di- Syntramine or Dicicloverina or Dicycloverin or Dicycloverine or Dicycloverinum or Diethylaminocarbethoxybicyclohexyl or Diocyl or Diocyl or Dyspas or Formulex or Kolantyl Hydrochloride or Mamiesan or Merbentyl or Oxityl-P or Procyclomin or Sawamin or Spasmoban or Wyovin).ti,ab exp SCOPOLAMINE/ 9 43 (scopolamine or Atro?uin or Atroscine or Beldavrin or Buscopan or Epoxytropine Tropate or Euscopol or Hydroscine Hydrobromide or Hyocine F Hydrobromide or Hyosceine or Hyoscine or Hyoscine Bromide or Hyoscine Hydrobromide or Hyoscyine Hydrobromide or Hyosol or Hysco or Isopto Hyoscine or Isoscopil or Kwells or L-Scopolamine).ti,ab

141 Search strategies 44 (Methscopolamine Bromide or Oscine or Scop or Scopamin or Scopine Tropate or Scopoderm-Tts or Scopolamine Bromide or Scopolamine Hydrobromide or Scopolamine Hydrobromide Trihydrate or Scopolamine Hyoscine or Scopolaminhydrobromid or Scopolaminium Bromide or Scopolammonium Bromide or Scopos or Sereen or Skopolamin or Tranaxine or Transcop or Transderm-Scop or Transderm-V or Triptone or scopine).ti,ab PROPANTHELINE/ 0 46 (Propantheline Bromide or Propanthelinium or Pro-Banthine or Propanthel).ti,ab ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES/ STEROIDS/ (corticosteroid? or corticoid? or hydrocortisone or cortisone or budesonide).ti,ab BUDESONIDE/ (Trimethobenzamid$ or Ametik hydrochloride or Benzacot or Nauseton or Stemetic or Tebamide or 0 Tigan or Tribenzagan or Trimazide).ti,ab. 52 GINGER/ 0 53 (ginger or zingiber or z officinal$).ti,ab Phosphorated carbohydrate solution.ti,ab (emetrol or nausetrol).ti,ab PROPOFOL/ (propofol or Diisopropylphenol or Diprivan or Disoprivan or Disoprofol or Rapinovet).ti,ab exp MENTHA/ 0 59 (mentha piperita or pepperment or menthol).ti,ab muscimol.ti,ab MUSCIMOL/ 0 62 PARASYMPATHOLYTICS/ 4 63 (spasmolytic? or anti spasmodic? or antispasmodic? or anti motility or antimotility or parasympatholytic?).ti,ab LOPERAMIDE/ 2 65 (loperamid$ or Diarr-Eze or Imodium or Kaopectate or Loperacap or Maalox Anti-Diarrheal or Pepto 0 Diarrhea Control).ti,ab. 66 (motofen or lomotil).ti,ab exp CODEINE/ (codeine or Methylmorphine or Norcodeine or Codicept or Coducept).ti,ab PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS/ 0 70 OMEPRAZOLE/ ESOMEPRAZOLE/ (omeprazole or lansoprazole or esomeprazole or pantoprazole or rabeprazole or Audazol or Aulcer or Belmazol or Ceprandal or Danlox or Demeprazol or Desec or Dizprazol or Dudencer or Elgam or Emeproton or Epirazole or Erbolin or Exter or Gasec or Gastrimut or Gastroloc or Gibancer or Indurgan or Inhibitron or Inhipump or Lensor or Logastric or Lomac or Losec or Mepral or Miol or Miracid or Mopral or Morecon or Nilsec or Nopramin or Ocid or Olexin or Omapren or Omebeta 20 or Omed or Omegast or Omepral or Omeprazon or Omeprol or Omesek or Omezol or 40 Omezolan or Omid or Omisec or Omizac or Ompanyt or Ortanol or Osiren or Ozoken or Paprazol or Parizac or Pepticum or Pepticus or Peptilcer or Prazentol or Prazidec or Prazolit or Prilosec or Procelac or Proclor or Prysma or Ramezol or Regulacid or Sanamidol or Secrepina or Ulceral or Ulcesep or Ulcometion or Ulcozol or Ulcsep or Ulsen or Ultop or Ulzol or Victrix or Zefxon or Zegerid or Zepral or Zimor or Zoltum).ti,ab. 73 (Amarin or Aprazol or Bamalite or Biuret or Blason or Compraz or Dakar or Ilsatec or Ketian or Lancid or Lanproton or Lansopep or Lansoprazol$ or Lanston or Lanz or Lanzol-30 or Lanzopral or Lanzor or Lasoprol or Limpidex or Mesactol or Monolitum or Ogast or Ogastro or Opiren or Prevacid or Prevpac or Prezal or Pro Ulco or Promp or Prosogan or Suprecid or Takepron or Ulpax or Zoprol or Zoton or Agopton).ti,ab (Nexiam or Nexium or Lucen or Esopral or Axagon).ti,ab

142 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 75 (Pantoprazol? Pantoloc or Protonix or Pantopan or Protium or Pantozol or Pantor or Astropan).ti,ab (Irsogladine Maleate or Rebeprazole sodium or AcipHex or Pariet).ti,ab smectite.ti,ab SILICATES/ 0 79 (polypyrrolidone or poly pyrrolidone).ti,ab PVPP.ti,ab smecta.ti,ab KAOLIN/ 0 83 kaolin.ti,ab DIETARY FIBER/ 3 85 CHARCOAL/ 0 86 (activated adj2 charcoal).ti,ab (charcodote or actidose or carbomix or norit).ti,ab METHYLCELLULOSE/ 0 89 (methylcellulose or cologel or celevac).ti,ab THIORPHAN/ 0 91 (Candoxatril or enkephalinase inhibitor? or racecadotril or dexecadotril).ti,ab (Bismuth or Pepto-bismol or Spiromak forte or Stabisol or Vismut or Wismutsubsalicylat or Bismed or Bismatrol or Bismutum or Bismuthi).ti,ab. 93 kaopectate.ti,ab exp DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS/ exp MICRONUTRIENTS/ (vitamin? or micronutrient? or zinc).ti,ab exp ANALGESICS/ (acetominophen or paracetamol or ibuprofen or aspirin).ti,ab (probiotics or lactobacillus or bifidobacterium).ti,ab exp CULTURED MILK PRODUCTS/ yog?urt.ti,ab or/ and/6, ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS/ ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS/ (antimicrob$ or anti microb$ or antibiotic$ or anti biotic$).tw ((anti-infective$ or antiinfective$ or antibacteria$ or anti-bacteria$) adj2 (agent$ or drug$)).tw microbicide?.tw (bacteriocide? or bacteriocidal agent?).tw ERYTHROMYCIN/ 26 (Erythromycin or Erythrocin or Abboticin or Abomacetin or Benzamycin or Dotycin or Dumotrycin or Eritrocina or Ermycin or Eryc?n or Erycette or Erycinum or Ilotycin or Mephamycin or Pantomicina or Pfizer-e or Propiocine or Robimycin or Sansac or Stiemycin or Taimoxin or Theramycin or Torlamicina or Wemid or Wyamycin).ti,ab. 112 CIPROFLOXACIN/ 34 (ciprofloxacin? or Bacquinor or Baycip or Bernoflox or Ciflox?? or Ciprinol or Cipro or Ciprobay or 113 Ciprocinol or Ciprodar or Cipromycin or Ciproquinol or Ciprox?n or Flociprin or Floxin or Ocuflox 15 or Proquin XR or Septicide or Velomonit).ti,ab. 114 exp TRIMETHOPRIM/ 24 (Abacin or Abaprim or Alprim or Apo-Sulfatrim or Bactin or Bactramin or Bactrim or Baktar or Chemotrim or Comox or Cotrim or Drylin or Eusaprim or Fectrim or Gantaprim or Gantrim or Idotrim or Imexim or Instalac or Ipral or Kepinol or Laratrim or Lidaprim or Linaris or Methoprim or Microtrim or Monoprim or Monotrim?? or Nopil or Oraprim or Priloprim or Primosept or Primsol or 0 140

143 Search strategies Proloprim or Septra or Septrin or Sigaprim or Sulfamethoprim or Sulfamethoxazole or Sulfatrim or Sulfotrim or Sulmeprim or Sulprim or Sumetrolim or Supracombin or Suprim or Syraprim or Teleprim or Thiocuran or Tiempe or Tmp-Ratiopharm or Trigonyl or Trimanyl or Trimesulf or Trimeth?Sulfa or Trimeth?opri?m or Trimetoprim or Trim?xazole or Trimogal or Trimopan or Trimpex or Triprim or Unitrim or Uretrim or Uro-Septra or Uroplus or Wellcoprim).ti,ab. 116 GENTAMICINS/ 27 (Gentamicin or Alcomicin or Apogen or Bristagen or G-Mycin or Garamycin or Genoptic or 117 Gentacidin or Gentafair or Gentak or Gentamar or Jenamicin or Ocu-Mycin or Spectro-Genta or U- 10 gencin).ti,ab. 118 CEFOTAXIME/ (Cefotaxime or Cephotaxime).ti,ab TETRACYCLINE/ 9 (Abramycin or Abricycline or Achromycin or Achromycin V or Actisite or Agromicina or Ambramicina or Ambramycin or Amycin or Bio-Tetra or Biocycline or Bristaciclin or Bristaciclina or Bristacycline or Cefracycline or Ciclibion or Copharlan or Criseociclina or Cyclopar or Cytome or Democracin or Deschlorobiomycin or Dumocyclin or enterocycline or Hostacyclin or Lexacycline or Limecycline or Liquamycin or Medocycline or Mericycline or Micycline or Neocycline or Oletetrin or Omegamycin or Orlycycline or Panmycin or Polycycline or Polyotic or Purocyclina or Resteclin or Retet or Robitet or Roviciclina or Tetracycline or Solvocin or Sumycin or TAC or Tetra- CO or Tetrabon or Tetrachel or Tetracycl or Tetracyn or Tetradecin or Tetrafil or Tetramed or Tetraverine or Tetrex or Topicycline or Tsiklomistsin or Tsiklomitsin or Veracin or Vetacyclinum).ti,ab. 122 AZITHROMYCIN/ 37 (Azithramycine or Azithromycin? or Azenil or Azitromax or Aziwok or Aztrin or Hemomycin or Misultina or Mixoterin or Setron or Sumamed or Tobil or Tromix or Zeto or Zifin or Zithrax or Zithromax or Zitrim or Zitromax or Zitrotek or Vinzam or Zmax or Zitrocin or Azibiot or Azifine).ti,ab. 124 (Dirithromycin or Dynabac).ti,ab AMPICILLIN/ 17 (Ampicillin? or Acillin or Adobacillin or Alpen or Amblosin or Amcill or Amfipen or Amipenix S or Ampen or Ampi or Ampichel or Ampicil or Ampicillin A or Ampicin or Ampifarm or Ampikel or Ampimed or Ampipenin or Ampipenin, Nt3 or Ampiscel or Ampisyn or Ampivax or Ampivet or Amplacilina or Amplin or Amplipenyl or Amplisom or Amplital or Ampy-Penyl or Austrapen or Binotal or Bonapicillin or Britacil or Campicillin or Cimex or Copharcilin or D-Cillin or Delcillin or Deripen or Divercillin or Doktacillin or Duphacillin or Geocillin or Grampenil or Guicitrin? or Lifeampil or Morepen or Norobrittin or Nuvapen or Olin Kid or Omnipen or Orbicilina or Pen A or Pen Ampil or Penbristol or Penbritin or Penbritin-S or Penbrock or Penicline or Penimic or Pensyn or Pentrex?? or Pfizerpen A or Polycillin or Ponecil or Princillin or Principen or Qidamp or Racenacillin or Rosampline or Roscillin or Semicillin or Servicillin or Spectrobid or Sumipanto or Supen or Synpenin or Texcillin or Tokiocillin or Tolomol or Totacillin or Totalciclina or Totapen or Trifacilina or Ultrabion or Ultrabron or Vampen or Viccillin or Wypicil).ti,ab. (cybis or Dixiben or Dixinal or Eucistin or Innoxalon or Jicsron or Nalidic acid or Nalidixan or Nalidixate or Nalidixic acid or Nalidixin or Nalidixinic acid or Nalitucsan or Nalix or Nalurin or Naxuril or NegGram or Negram or Nevigramon or Nogram or Sicmylon or Unaserus or Urisal or Uronidix or Wintomylon or Wintron or naladixic acid).ti,ab. 128 NALIDIXIC ACID/ FLUOROQUINOLONES/ CEFTRIAXONE/ (Cef?triaxon? or Ceftriazone or Biotrakson or Rocephine).ti,ab CHLORAMPHENICOL/ 2 (Chloramphenicol? or Chloramfenikol or Ak-chlor or Alficetyn or Ambofen or Amphenicol or Amphicol or Amseclor or Anacetin or Aquamycetin or Austracil or Austracol or Biocetin or 133 Biophenicol or Catilan or Chemicetin or Chemicetina or Chlomin or Chlomycol or Chlora-Tabs or 2 Chloracol or Chloramex or Chloramficin or Chloramfilin or Chloramsaar or Chlorasol or Chloricol or Chlornitromycin or Chloro-25 vetag or Chlorocaps or Chlorocid or Chlorocid S or Chlorocide or 141

144 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years Chlorocidin C or Chlorocidin C tetran or Chlorocol or Chlorofair or Chloroject L or Chloromax or Chloromycetin or Chloromycetny or Chloromyxin or Chloronitrin or Chloroptic or Chlorovules or Cidocetine or Ciplamycetinor Cloramfen or Cloramficin or Cloramicol or Cloramidina or Clorocyn or Cloromisan or Clorosintex or Comycetin or Cylphenicol or Desphen or Detreomycin or Detreomycine or Dextromycetin or Doctamicina or Econochlor or Elase-Chloromycetin or Embacetin or Emetren or Enicol or Enteromycetin or Erbaplast or Ertilen or Farmicetina or Farmitcetina or Fenicol or Globenicol or Glorous or Halomycetin or Hortfenicol or Intramycetin or Isicetin or Ismicetina or Isophenicol or Isopto fenicol or Juvamycetin or Kamaver or Kemicetina or Kemicetine or Klorita or Klorocid S or Leukamycin or Leukomyan or Leukomycin or Levomicetina or Levomitsetin or Levomycetin or Loromisan or Loromisin or Mastiphen or Mediamycetine or Medichol or Micloretin or Micochlorine or Micoclorina or Microcetina or Mychel or Mychel-Vet or Mycinol or Normimycin V or Novochlorocap or Novomycetin or Novophenicol or Oftalent or Oleomycetin or Opclor or Opelor or Ophthochlor or Ophthocort or Optomycin or Otachron or Otophen or Pantovernil or Paraxin or Pentamycetin or Quemicetina or Rivomycin or Romphenil or Ronphenil or Septicol or Sificetina or Sintomicetina or Sintomicetine R or Sno-Phenicol or Sopamycetin or Spectro-Chlor or Stanomycetin or Synthomycetin or Synthomycetine or Synthomycine or Tega-Cetin or Tevcocin or Tevcosin or Tifomycin or Tifomycine or Tiromycetin or Treomicetina or Tyfomycine or Unimycetin or Veticol or Viceton).ti,ab. 134 ROXITHROMYCIN/ (Roxithromycin or Rulid or Rulide or surlid).ti,ab COLISTIN/ (Colistin or Coly-mycin S or Polymyxin E).ti,ab exp STREPTOMYCIN/ (Streptomycin or kantrex).ti,ab exp NEOMYCIN/ 4 (Biosol or Bykomycin or Endomixin or Fradiomycin or Fradiomycin Sulfate or Fraquinol or Lidamycin Creme or Myacine or Myacyne or Mycifradin or Myciguent or Neo-Fradin or Neo-Mantle Creme or Neo-Rx or Neobiotic or Neobrettin or Neofracin or Neolate or Neomix or Neosulf or Nivemycin or Tuttomycin or Vonamycin Powder V).ti,ab. 142 or/ CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS/ CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI/ CAMPYLOBACTER COLI/ campylobacter.ti,ab (c jejuni or c coli).ti,ab SALMONELLA INFECTIONS/ SALMONELLA FOOD POISONING/ salmonella.ti,ab salmonellosis.ti,ab exp SALMONELLA/ exp SHIGELLA/ DYSENTERY, BACILLARY/ (bacillary dysentery or shigella or shigellosis).ti,ab (s dysenteriae or s flexneri or s boydii or s sonnei).ti,ab YERSINIA INFECTIONS/ exp YERSINIA/ yersiniosis.ti,ab (yersinia or y pestis or y entercolitica).ti,ab ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA/ (entamoeba histolytica or e histolytica).ti,ab exp CRYPTOSPORIDIUM/ (cryptosporidiosis or cryptosporidium).ti,ab

145 Search strategies 165 CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS/ ESCHERICHIA COLI O157/ (escherichia coli O157$ or e coli O157$).ti,ab GIARDIASIS/ giardiasis.ti,ab (travel?er$ adj2 diarrh?ea?).ti,ab ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI/ (enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli or ETEC).ti,ab or/ and/142, and/6, or/103, limit 176 to "all child (0 to 18 years)" 6 DNV_alternative_antibiotic_therapies_economics_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2008 Week 21) # Searches Results 1 ECONOMICS/ HEALTH ECONOMICS/ ECONOMIC EVALUATION/ COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS/ COST CONTROL/ COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS/ COST MINIMIZATION ANALYSIS/ COST OF ILLNESS/ COST UTILITY ANALYSIS/ COST/ HEALTH CARE COST/ DRUG COST/ HEALTH CARE FINANCING/ HOSPITAL COST/ SOCIOECONOMICS/ ECONOMIC ASPECT/ QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS/ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT/ PHARMACOECONOMICS/ RESOURCE ALLOCATION/ (financ$ or fiscal$ or funding).ti (QALY$ or life?year$).ti (econom$ or cost$).ti pharmacoeconomic$.ti or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw INFANTILE DIARRHEA/

146 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 32 diarrh?ea?.tw or/ exp ANTIEMETIC AGENT/ (antiemetic? or anti emetic?).ti,ab ONDANSETRON/ (ondansetron or zofran).ti,ab GRANISETRON/ (granisetron or kytril).ti,ab TROPISETRON/ (tropisetron or navoban).ti,ab DOPAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT/ (dopamine antagonist? or antidopaminergic agent? or dopamine receptor antagonist?).ti,ab DOMPERIDONE/ (domperidone or motilium or Nauzelin or Lopac D 122).ti,ab DROPERIDOL/ (Deh?drobenzperidol? or droperidol or Dridol or Droleptan or Halkan or Inap?in? or Innovan or Innovar or Inopsin or Inoval or leptanal or Leptofen or McN-JR 4749 or Sintodril or Sintosian or Thalam?n?l or Vetkalm).ti,ab CHLORPROMAZINE/ (Chlorpromazine or Chlorpromanyl or Largactil or Thorazine Spansule).ti,ab PROMETHAZINE/ (Promethazine or Lilly 1516 or Isopromethazine or Proaza?mine or Promazinamide or Prometh?azin? or Promezathine or Prothazin?).ti,ab (Procloperazin? or Prochlorpromazine or Prochloroperazine or Prochlorpemazine or Proclo?perazine or Chlorperazine or Chlormeprazine).ti,ab HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST/ (histamine H1 antagonist? or antihistamine? or anti histamine?).ti,ab CYCLIZINE/ (cyclizine or cyclizina or cyclizinum or Emoquil or Mar?zine or Nautazine or Ne?-Devomit or Reis-Fit or valloid or wellcome).ti,ab CINNARIZINE/ (cinnarizine or Abitrate or Aplactan or Aplexal or Apotomin or Artate or Carecin or Cerebolan or Cerepar or Cinaperazine or Cinazyn or Cinnacet or Cinnageron or Corathiem or Denapol or Dimitron or Dimitronal or Eglen or Folcodal or Giganten or Glanil or Hilactan or Ixertol or Katoseran or Labyrin or Lazeta or Marisan or Midronal).ti,ab (Mitronal or Olamin or Processine or Sedatromin or Sepan or Siptazin or Spaderizine).ti,ab HALOPERIDOL/ (Aloperidin or Aloperidol? or Aloperidon or Apo-Haloperidol or Bioperidolo or Brotopon or Dozic or Dozix or Einalon S or Eukystol or Galoperidol or Hal?dol or haloperidol or Halojust or Halol or Halopal or Haloperido or Haloperidol Decanoate or Halopidol or Halopoidol or Halosten or Keselan or Lealgin Compositum or Linton or Mixidol or Novo-Peridol or Pekuces or Peluces or Peridol or Pernox or Pms Haloperidol or Serenace or Serenase or Serenelfi or Sernas or Sernel or Sigaperidol or Ulcolind or Uliolind or Vesalium).ti,ab METHOTRIMEPRAZINE/ (Methotrimeprazine or Levomepromazine or No?inan or Levoprome or Neurocil or Neozine).ti,ab (antimuscarinic? or anti muscarinic? or muscarinic antagonist? or atumin or Bentomine or Bentyl or Bentyl?? or Di-Syntramine or Dicicloverina or Dicycloverin or Dicycloverine or Dicycloverinum or Diethylaminocarbethoxybicyclohexyl or Diocyl or Diocyl or Dyspas or Formulex or Kolantyl Hydrochloride or Mamiesan or Merbentyl or Oxityl-P or Procyclomin or Sawamin or Spasmoban or Wyovin).ti,ab

147 Search strategies 65 SCOPOLAMINE/ 9130 (scopolamine or Atro?uin or Atroscine or Beldavrin or Buscopan or Epoxytropine Tropate or 66 Euscopol or Hydroscine Hydrobromide or Hyocine F Hydrobromide or Hyosceine or Hyoscine or 5093 Hyoscine Bromide or Hyoscine Hydrobromide or Hyoscyine Hydrobromide or Hyosol or Hysco or Isopto Hyoscine or Isoscopil or Kwells or L-Scopolamine).ti,ab. 67 (Methscopolamine Bromide or Oscine or Scop or Scopamin or Scopine Tropate or Scopoderm-Tts or Scopolamine Bromide or Scopolamine Hydrobromide or Scopolamine Hydrobromide Trihydrate or Scopolamine Hyoscine or Scopolaminhydrobromid or Scopolaminium Bromide or Scopolammonium Bromide or Scopos or Sereen or Skopolamin or Tranaxine or Transcop or Transderm-Scop or Transderm-V or Triptone or scopine).ti,ab exp CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT/ PROPANTHELINE BROMIDE/ (Propantheline Bromide or Propanthelinium or Pro-Banthine or Propanthel).ti,ab exp STEROID/ (corticosteroid? or corticoid? or hydrocortisone or cortisone or budesonide).ti,ab BUDESONIDE/ (Trimethobenzamid$ or Ametik hydrochloride or Benzacot or Nauseton or Stemetic or Tebamide or Tigan or Tribenzagan or Trimazide).ti,ab GINGER/ (ginger or zingiber or z officinal$).ti,ab Phosphorated carbohydrate solution.ti,ab BELIDRAL/ 5 79 (emetrol or nausetrol).ti,ab PROPOFOL/ (propofol or Diisopropylphenol or Diprivan or Disoprivan or Disoprofol or Rapinovet).ti,ab mentha.hw (mentha or pepperment or menthol).ti,ab MUSCIMOL/ muscimol.ti,ab SPASMOLYTIC AGENT/ DIGESTIVE TRACT SPASMOLYTIC AGENT/ (spasmolytic? or anti spasmodic? or antispasmodic? or anti motility or antimotility or parasympatholytic?).ti,ab LOPERAMIDE/ (loperamid$ or Diarr-Eze or Imodium or Kaopectate or Loperacap or Maalox Anti-Diarrheal or Pepto Diarrhea Control).ti,ab (motofen or lomotil).ti,ab codeine.hw (codeine or Methylmorphine or Norcodeine or Codicept or Coducept).ti,ab PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR/ OMEPRAZOLE/ ESOMEPRAZOLE/ LANSOPRAZOLE/ PANTOPRAZOLE/ RABEPRAZOLE/ 1689 (omeprazole or lansoprazole or esomeprazole or pantoprazole or rabeprazole or Audazol or Aulcer or Belmazol or Ceprandal or Danlox or Demeprazol or Desec or Dizprazol or Dudencer or Elgam or Emeproton or Epirazole or Erbolin or Exter or Gasec or Gastrimut or Gastroloc or 100 Gibancer or Indurgan or Inhibitron or Inhipump or Lensor or Logastric or Lomac or Losec or 7987 Mepral or Miol or Miracid or Mopral or Morecon or Nilsec or Nopramin or Ocid or Olexin or Omapren or Omebeta 20 or Omed or Omegast or Omepral or Omeprazon or Omeprol or 145

148 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years Omesek or Omezol or Omezolan or Omid or Omisec or Omizac or Ompanyt or Ortanol or Osiren or Ozoken or Paprazol or Parizac or Pepticum or Pepticus or Peptilcer or Prazentol or Prazidec or Prazolit or Prilosec or Procelac or Proclor or Prysma or Ramezol or Regulacid or Sanamidol or Secrepina or Ulceral or Ulcesep or Ulcometion or Ulcozol or Ulcsep or Ulsen or Ultop or Ulzol or Victrix or Zefxon or Zegerid or Zepral or Zimor or Zoltum).ti,ab. (Amarin or Aprazol or Bamalite or Biuret or Blason or Compraz or Dakar or Ilsatec or Ketian or Lancid or Lanproton or Lansopep or Lansoprazol$ or Lanston or Lanz or Lanzol-30 or Lanzopral or 101 Lanzor or Lasoprol or Limpidex or Mesactol or Monolitum or Ogast or Ogastro or Opiren or 2387 Prevacid or Prevpac or Prezal or Pro Ulco or Promp or Prosogan or Suprecid or Takepron or Ulpax or Zoprol or Zoton or Agopton).ti,ab. 102 (Nexiam or Nexium or Lucen or Esopral or Axagon).ti,ab. 28 (Pantoprazol? Pantoloc or Protonix or Pantopan or Protium or Pantozol or Pantor or 103 Astropan).ti,ab (Irsogladine Maleate or Rebeprazole sodium or AcipHex or Pariet).ti,ab SILICATE/ (polypyrrolidone or poly pyrrolidone).ti,ab PVPP.ti,ab smecta.ti,ab KAOLIN/ kaolin.ti,ab DIETARY FIBRE/ CHARCOAL/ ACTIVATED CARBON/ (activated adj2 charcoal).ti,ab (charcodote or actidose or carbomix or norit).ti,ab METHYLCELLULOSE/ (methylcellulose or cologel or celevac).ti,ab THIORPHAN/ (Candoxatril or enkephalinase inhibitor? or racecadotril or dexecadotril).ti,ab. 333 (Bismuth or Pepto-bismol or Spiromak forte or Stabisol or Vismut or Wismutsubsalicylat or Bismed or Bismatrol or Bismutum or Bismuthi).ti,ab. 121 kaopectate.ti,ab BISMUTH SALICYLATE/ ANTIDIARRHEAL AGENT/ exp SUPPLEMENTATION/ TRACE ELEMENT/ (vitamin? or micronutrient? or zinc).ti,ab ANALGESIC AGENT/ (acetominophen or paracetamol or ibuprofen or aspirin).ti,ab PROBIOTIC AGENT/ (probiotics or lactobacillus or bifidobacterium).ti,ab DAIRY PRODUCT/ yog?urt.ti,ab or/ and/33, ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT/ ANTIBIOTIC AGENT/ (antimicrob$ or anti microb$ or antibiotic$ or anti biotic$).ti,ab ((anti-infective$ or antiinfective$ or antibacteria$ or anti-bacteria$) adj2 (agent$ or drug$)).ti,ab microbicide?.ti,ab

149 Search strategies 140 (bacteriocide? or bacteriocidal agent?).ti,ab ERYTHROMYCIN/ (Erythromycin or Erythrocin or Abboticin or Abomacetin or Benzamycin or Dotycin or Dumotrycin or Eritrocina or Ermycin or Eryc?n or Erycette or Erycinum or Ilotycin or Mephamycin or Pantomicina or Pfizer-e or Propiocine or Robimycin or Sansac or Stiemycin or Taimoxin or Theramycin or Torlamicina or Wemid or Wyamycin).ti,ab. 143 CIPROFLOXACIN/ (ciprofloxacin? or Bacquinor or Baycip or Bernoflox or Ciflox?? or Ciprinol or Cipro or Ciprobay or 144 Ciprocinol or Ciprodar or Cipromycin or Ciproquinol or Ciprox?n or Flociprin or Floxin or Ocuflox or Proquin XR or Septicide or Velomonit).ti,ab. 145 TRIMETHOPRIM/ (Abacin or Abaprim or Alprim or Apo-Sulfatrim or Bactin or Bactramin or Bactrim or Baktar or Chemotrim or Comox or Cotrim or Drylin or Eusaprim or Fectrim or Gantaprim or Gantrim or Idotrim or Imexim or Instalac or Ipral or Kepinol or Laratrim or Lidaprim or Linaris or Methoprim or Microtrim or Monoprim or Monotrim?? or Nopil or Oraprim or Priloprim or Primosept or Primsol or Proloprim or Septra or Septrin or Sigaprim or Sulfamethoprim or Sulfamethoxazole or Sulfatrim or Sulfotrim or Sulmeprim or Sulprim or Sumetrolim or Supracombin or Suprim or Syraprim or Teleprim or Thiocuran or Tiempe or Tmp-Ratiopharm or Trigonyl or Trimanyl or Trimesulf or Trimeth?Sulfa or Trimeth?opri?m or Trimetoprim or Trim?xazole or Trimogal or Trimopan or Trimpex or Triprim or Unitrim or Uretrim or Uro-Septra or Uroplus or Wellcoprim).ti,ab. 147 GENTAMICIN/ (Gentamicin or Alcomicin or Apogen or Bristagen or G-Mycin or Garamycin or Genoptic or 148 Gentacidin or Gentafair or Gentak or Gentamar or Jenamicin or Ocu-Mycin or Spectro-Genta or U-gencin).ti,ab. 149 CEFOTAXIME/ (Cefotaxim? or Cephotaxim? or Benaxima or Biosint or Cefradil or Claforan or Klaforan or Primafen or Fotexina or HR-756 or Kendrick or Ru or Taporin).ti,ab. 151 TETRACYCLINE/ (Abramycin or Abricycline or Achromycin or Achromycin V or Actisite or Agromicina or Ambramicina or Ambramycin or Amycin or Bio-Tetra or Biocycline or Bristaciclin or Bristaciclina or Bristacycline or Cefracycline or Ciclibion or Copharlan or Criseociclina or Cyclopar or Cytome or Democracin or Deschlorobiomycin or Dumocyclin or enterocycline or Hostacyclin or Lexacycline or Limecycline or Liquamycin or Medocycline or Mericycline or Micycline or Neocycline or Oletetrin or Omegamycin or Orlycycline or Panmycin or Polycycline or Polyotic or Purocyclina or Resteclin or Retet or Robitet or Roviciclina or Tetracycline or Solvocin or Sumycin or TAC or Tetra-CO or Tetrabon or Tetrachel or Tetracycl or Tetracyn or Tetradecin or Tetrafil or Tetramed or Tetraverine or Tetrex or Topicycline or Tsiklomistsin or Tsiklomitsin or Veracin or Vetacyclinum).ti,ab. 153 (Sustamycin or Tetrabid or 4 Epitetracycline).ti,ab AZITHROMYCIN/ (Azithramycine or Azithromycin? or Azenil or Azitromax or Aziwok or Aztrin or Hemomycin or Misultina or Mixoterin or Setron or Sumamed or Tobil or Tromix or Zeto or Zifin or Zithrax or Zithromax or Zitrim or Zitromax or Zitrotek or Vinzam or Zmax or Zitrocin or Azibiot or Azifine).ti,ab. 156 (Azythromycin or Goxal or Toraseptol or Zentavion or Azadose or Azitrocin or Ultreon).ti,ab (Dirithromycin or Dynabac).ti,ab AMPICILLIN/ (Ampicillin? or Acillin or Adobacillin or Alpen or Amblosin or Amcill or Amfipen or Amipenix S or Ampen or Ampi or Ampichel or Ampicil or Ampicillin A or Ampicin or Ampifarm or Ampikel or Ampimed or Ampipenin or Ampipenin, Nt3 or Ampiscel or Ampisyn or Ampivax or Ampivet or 159 Amplacilina or Amplin or Amplipenyl or Amplisom or Amplital or Ampy-Penyl or Austrapen or Binotal or Bonapicillin or Britacil or Campicillin or Cimex or Copharcilin or D-Cillin or Delcillin or Deripen or Divercillin or Doktacillin or Duphacillin or Geocillin or Grampenil or Guicitrin? or Lifeampil or Morepen or Norobrittin or Nuvapen or Olin Kid or Omnipen or Orbicilina or Pen A 147

150 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years or Pen Ampil or Penbristol or Penbritin or Penbritin-S or Penbrock or Penicline or Penimic or Pensyn or Pentrex?? or Pfizerpen A or Polycillin or Ponecil or Princillin or Principen or Qidamp or Racenacillin or Rosampline or Roscillin or Semicillin or Servicillin or Spectrobid or Sumipanto or Supen or Synpenin or Texcillin or Tokiocillin or Tolomol or Totacillin or Totalciclina or Totapen or Trifacilina or Ultrabion or Ultrabron or Vampen or Viccillin or Wypicil).ti,ab. 160 (Aminobenzylpenicillin or Aminobenzyl penicillin or KS-R1 or Ukapen).ti,ab NALIDIXIC ACID/ 8383 (cybis or Dixiben or Dixinal or Eucistin or Innoxalon or Jicsron or Nalidic acid or Nalidixan or Nalidixate or Nalidixic acid or Nalidixin or Nalidixinic acid or Nalitucsan or Nalix or Nalurin or Naxuril or NegGram or Negram or Nevigramon or Nogram or Sicmylon or Unaserus or Urisal or Uronidix or Wintomylon or Wintron or naladixic acid).ti,ab. 163 QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE/ (fluoroquinolone? or quinolone? or quinoline?).ti,ab CEFTRIAXONE/ (Cef?triaxon? or Ceftriazone or Biotrakson or Rocephine or Benaxona or Cefaxona or Ceftrex or 166 Lendacin or Longacef or Longaceph or Ro or Ro or Rocephin or Rocefalin or 5489 Rocefin or Rocephine or Tacex or Terbac).ti,ab. 167 CHLORAMPHENICOL/ (Chloramphenicol? or Chloramfenikol or Ak-chlor or Alficetyn or Ambofen or Amphenicol or Amphicol or Amseclor or Anacetin or Aquamycetin or Austracil or Austracol or Biocetin or Biophenicol or Catilan or Chemicetin or Chemicetina or Chlomin or Chlomycol or Chlora-Tabs or Chloracol or Chloramex or Chloramficin or Chloramfilin or Chloramsaar or Chlorasol or Chloricol or Chlornitromycin or Chloro-25 vetag or Chlorocaps or Chlorocid or Chlorocid S or Chlorocide or Chlorocidin C or Chlorocidin C tetran or Chlorocol or Chlorofair or Chloroject L or Chloromax or Chloromycetin or Chloromycetny or Chloromyxin or Chloronitrin or Chloroptic or Chlorovules or Cidocetine or Ciplamycetinor Cloramfen or Cloramficin or Cloramicol or Cloramidina or Clorocyn or Cloromisan or Clorosintex or Comycetin or Cylphenicol or Desphen or Detreomycin or Detreomycine or Dextromycetin or Doctamicina or Econochlor or Elase-Chloromycetin or Embacetin or Emetren or Enicol or Enteromycetin or Erbaplast or Ertilen or Farmicetina or Farmitcetina or Fenicol or Globenicol or Glorous or Halomycetin or Hortfenicol or Intramycetin or Isicetin or Ismicetina or Isophenicol or Isopto fenicol or Juvamycetin or Kamaver or Kemicetina or Kemicetine or Klorita or Klorocid S or Leukamycin or Leukomyan or Leukomycin or Levomicetina or Levomitsetin or Levomycetin or Loromisan or Loromisin or Mastiphen or Mediamycetine or Medichol or Micloretin or Micochlorine or Micoclorina or Microcetina or Mychel or Mychel-Vet or Mycinol or Normimycin V or Novochlorocap or Novomycetin or Novophenicol or Oftalent or Oleomycetin or Opclor or Opelor or Ophthochlor or Ophthocort or Optomycin or Otachron or Otophen or Pantovernil or Paraxin or Pentamycetin or Quemicetina or Rivomycin or Romphenil or Ronphenil or Septicol or Sificetina or Sintomicetina or Sintomicetine R or Sno-Phenicol or Sopamycetin or Spectro-Chlor or Stanomycetin or Synthomycetin or Synthomycetine or Synthomycine or Tega-Cetin or Tevcocin or Tevcosin or Tifomycin or Tifomycine or Tiromycetin or Treomicetina or Tyfomycine or Unimycetin or Veticol or Viceton).ti,ab. 169 (Kloramfenikol or Syntomycin).ti,ab ROXITHROMYCIN/ 3582 (Roxithromycin or Rulid or Rulide or surlid or Biaxsig or Claramid or Macrosil or Rotesan or Rotramin or Roxi 1A Pharma or Roxi Basics or Roxi TAD or roxi von ct or Roxi-Puren or Roxi-Q or Roxi-saar or Roxi-Wolff or Roxibeta or roxidura or Roxigamma or Roxihexal or Roxithro-Lich or RU or RU 965 or Infectoroxit).ti,ab. 172 COLISTIN/ (Colistin or Coly-mycin S or Polymyxin E or Colimycin or Colisticin or Totazina).ti,ab STREPTOMYCIN/ (Streptomycin? or kantrex or Estreptomicina or Strepto-Fatol or Strepto-Hefa).ti,ab NEOMYCIN/ (Biosol or Bykomycin or Endomixin or Fradiomycin or Fradiomycin Sulfate or Fraquinol or Lidamycin Creme or Myacine or Myacyne or Mycifradin or Myciguent or Neo-Fradin or Neo- 148

151 Mantle Creme or Neo-Rx or Neobiotic or Neobrettin or Neofracin or Neolate or Neomix or Neosulf or Nivemycin or Tuttomycin or Vonamycin Powder V).ti,ab. Search strategies 178 or/ CAMPYLOBACTER/ CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI/ CAMPYLOBACTER COLI/ campylobacter.ti,ab (c jejuni or c coli).ti,ab SALMONELLOSIS/ SALMONELLA/ salmonella.ti,ab salmonellosis.ti,ab SHIGELLA/ SHIGELLOSIS/ (bacillary dysentery or shigella or shigellosis).ti,ab (s dysenteriae or s flexneri or s boydii or s sonnei).ti,ab exp YERSINIA/ YERSINIOSIS/ yersiniosis.ti,ab (yersinia or y pestis or y entercolitica).ti,ab ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA/ (entamoeba histolytica or e histolytica).ti,ab CRYPTOSPORIDIUM/ CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS/ (cryptosporidiosis or cryptosporidium).ti,ab ESCHERICHIA COLI O157/ (escherichia coli O157$ or e coli O157$).ti,ab GIARDIASIS/ GIARDIA/ (giardia or giardiasis).ti,ab TRAVELLER DIARRHEA/ (travel?er$ adj2 diarrh?ea?).ti,ab ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI/ (enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli or ETEC).ti,ab or/ and/178, and/33, or/134, limit 213 to (infant or preschool child <1 to 6 years> or school child <7 to 12 years> or 214 adolescent <13 to 17 years>) and/25, limit 214 to "economics (2 or more terms min difference)" or

152 8 Other therapies Clinical question What interventions, other than fluid therapy (if any) are effective and safe for children with gastroenteritis? Are any of the following effective and safe for children under 5, with gastroenteritis? DNV_alternative_therapies_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to April Week ) # Searches Results 1 randomized controlled trial.pt controlled clinical trial.pt DOUBLE BLIND METHOD/ SINGLE BLIND METHOD/ RANDOM ALLOCATION/ RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ or/ ((single or double or triple or treble) adj5 (blind$ or mask$)).tw,sh clinical trial.pt exp CLINICAL TRIAL/ (clinic$ adj5 trial$).tw,sh PLACEBOS/ placebo$.tw,sh random$.tw,sh or/ or/7, META ANALYSIS/ meta analysis.pt (metaanaly$ or meta-analy$ or (meta adj analy$)).tw,sh (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh (methodologic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh or/ review$.pt (medline or medlars or embase or cinahl or cochrane or psycinfo or psychinfo or psychlit or psyclit or "web of science" or "science citation" or scisearch).tw. 25 ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw,sh (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw,sh (peto or dersimonian or der simonian or fixed effect).tw,sh or/ and CASE-CONTROL STUDIES/ RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES/ PROSPECTIVE STUDIES/ COHORT STUDIES/ (case$ adj2 control$).tw

153 Search strategies 36 (compar$ adj3 stud$).tw or/ or/16,22,30, letter.pt comment.pt editorial.pt historical article.pt or/ not GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.ti,ab DIARRHEA/ DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ diarrh?ea?.ti,ab or/ ANTIEMETICS/ (antiemetic? or anti emetic?).ti,ab ANTIDIARRHEALS/ ONDANSETRON/ ondansetron.ti,ab zofran.ti,ab GRANISETRON/ kytril.ti,ab granisetron.ti,ab tropisetron.ti,ab navoban.ti,ab DOPAMINE ANTAGONISTS/ (antidopaminergic agent? or anti dopaminergic agent? or dopamine antagonist? or dopamine receptor antagonist? or dopamine receptor blocking).ti,ab DOMPERIDONE/ (domperidone or motilium or Nauzelin or Lopac D 122).ti,ab DROPERIDOL/ (Deh?drobenzperidol? or droperidol or Dridol or Droleptan or Halkan or Inap?in? or Innovan or Innovar or Inopsin or Inoval or leptanal or Leptofen or McN-JR 4749 or Sintodril or Sintosian or Thalam?n?l or Vetkalm).ti,ab CHLORPROMAZINE/ (Chlorpromazine or Chlorpromanyl or Largactil or Thorazine Spansule).ti,ab PROMETHAZINE/ (Promethazine or Lilly 1516 or Isopromethazine or Proaza?mine or Promazinamide or Prometh?azin? or Promezathine or Prothazin?).ti,ab (Procloperazin? or Prochlorpromazine or Prochloroperazine or Prochlorpemazine or Proclo?perazine or Chlorperazine or Chlormeprazine).ti,ab HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS/ (histamine H1 antagonist? or antihistamine? or anti histamine?).ti,ab CYCLIZINE/ (cyclizine or cyclizina or cyclizinum or Emoquil or Mar?zine or Nautazine or Ne?-Devomit or Reis-Fit or valloid or wellcome).ti,ab CINNARIZINE/ (cinnarizine or Abitrate or Aplactan or Aplexal or Apotomin or Artate or Carecin or Cerebolan or

154 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years Cerepar or Cinaperazine or Cinazyn or Cinnacet or Cinnageron or Corathiem or Denapol or Dimitron or Dimitronal or Eglen or Folcodal or Giganten or Glanil or Hilactan or Ixertol or Katoseran or Labyrin or Lazeta or Marisan or Midronal).ti,ab. 79 (Mitronal or Olamin or Processine or Sedatromin or Sepan or Siptazin or Spaderizine).ti,ab HALOPERIDOL/ (Aloperidin or Aloperidol? or Aloperidon or Apo-Haloperidol or Bioperidolo or Brotopon or Dozic or Dozix or Einalon S or Eukystol or Galoperidol or Hal?dol or haloperidol or Halojust or Halol or Halopal or Haloperido or Haloperidol Decanoate or Halopidol or Halopoidol or Halosten or Keselan or Lealgin Compositum or Linton or Mixidol or Novo-Peridol or Pekuces or Peluces or Peridol or Pernox or Pms Haloperidol or Serenace or Serenase or Serenelfi or Sernas or Sernel or Sigaperidol or Ulcolind or Uliolind or Vesalium).ti,ab METHOTRIMEPRAZINE/ (Methotrimeprazine or Levomepromazine or No?inan or Levoprome or Neurocil or Neozine).ti,ab exp CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS/ (cholinergic antagonist? or anticholinergic? or anti cholinergic? or Cholinolytic? or antimuscarinic? or anti muscarinic? or muscarinic antagonist? or atumin or Bentomine or Bentyl or Bentyl?? or Di- Syntramine or Dicicloverina or Dicycloverin or Dicycloverine or Dicycloverinum or Diethylaminocarbethoxybicyclohexyl or Diocyl or Diocyl or Dyspas or Formulex or Kolantyl Hydrochloride or Mamiesan or Merbentyl or Oxityl-P or Procyclomin or Sawamin or Spasmoban or Wyovin).ti,ab exp SCOPOLAMINE/ 7440 (scopolamine or Atro?uin or Atroscine or Beldavrin or Buscopan or Epoxytropine Tropate or 87 Euscopol or Hydroscine Hydrobromide or Hyocine F Hydrobromide or Hyosceine or Hyoscine or 5836 Hyoscine Bromide or Hyoscine Hydrobromide or Hyoscyine Hydrobromide or Hyosol or Hysco or Isopto Hyoscine or Isoscopil or Kwells or L-Scopolamine).ti,ab. 88 (Methscopolamine Bromide or Oscine or Scop or Scopamin or Scopine Tropate or Scopoderm-Tts or Scopolamine Bromide or Scopolamine Hydrobromide or Scopolamine Hydrobromide Trihydrate or Scopolamine Hyoscine or Scopolaminhydrobromid or Scopolaminium Bromide or Scopolammonium Bromide or Scopos or Sereen or Skopolamin or Tranaxine or Transcop or Transderm-Scop or Transderm-V or Triptone or scopine).ti,ab PROPANTHELINE/ (Propantheline Bromide or Propanthelinium or Pro-Banthine or Propanthel).ti,ab ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES/ STEROIDS/ (corticosteroid? or corticoid? or hydrocortisone or cortisone or budesonide).ti,ab BUDESONIDE/ (Trimethobenzamid$ or Ametik hydrochloride or Benzacot or Nauseton or Stemetic or Tebamide or Tigan or Tribenzagan or Trimazide).ti,ab GINGER/ (ginger or zingiber or z officinal$).ti,ab Phosphorated carbohydrate solution.ti,ab (emetrol or nausetrol).ti,ab PROPOFOL/ (propofol or Diisopropylphenol or Diprivan or Disoprivan or Disoprofol or Rapinovet).ti,ab exp MENTHA/ (mentha piperita or pepperment or menthol).ti,ab muscimol.ti,ab MUSCIMOL/ PARASYMPATHOLYTICS/ (spasmolytic? or anti spasmodic? or antispasmodic? or anti motility or antimotility or 107 parasympatholytic?).ti,ab

155 Search strategies 108 LOPERAMIDE/ (loperamid$ or Diarr-Eze or Imodium or Kaopectate or Loperacap or Maalox Anti-Diarrheal or Pepto Diarrhea Control).ti,ab. 110 (motofen or lomotil).ti,ab exp CODEINE/ (codeine or Methylmorphine or Norcodeine or Codicept or Coducept).ti,ab PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS/ OMEPRAZOLE/ ESOMEPRAZOLE/ 7219 (omeprazole or lansoprazole or esomeprazole or pantoprazole or rabeprazole or Audazol or Aulcer or Belmazol or Ceprandal or Danlox or Demeprazol or Desec or Dizprazol or Dudencer or Elgam or Emeproton or Epirazole or Erbolin or Exter or Gasec or Gastrimut or Gastroloc or Gibancer or Indurgan or Inhibitron or Inhipump or Lensor or Logastric or Lomac or Losec or Mepral or Miol or Miracid or Mopral or Morecon or Nilsec or Nopramin or Ocid or Olexin or 116 Omapren or Omebeta 20 or Omed or Omegast or Omepral or Omeprazon or Omeprol or 7222 Omesek or Omezol or Omezolan or Omid or Omisec or Omizac or Ompanyt or Ortanol or Osiren or Ozoken or Paprazol or Parizac or Pepticum or Pepticus or Peptilcer or Prazentol or Prazidec or Prazolit or Prilosec or Procelac or Proclor or Prysma or Ramezol or Regulacid or Sanamidol or Secrepina or Ulceral or Ulcesep or Ulcometion or Ulcozol or Ulcsep or Ulsen or Ultop or Ulzol or Victrix or Zefxon or Zegerid or Zepral or Zimor or Zoltum).ti,ab. (Amarin or Aprazol or Bamalite or Biuret or Blason or Compraz or Dakar or Ilsatec or Ketian or Lancid or Lanproton or Lansopep or Lansoprazol$ or Lanston or Lanz or Lanzol-30 or Lanzopral or 117 Lanzor or Lasoprol or Limpidex or Mesactol or Monolitum or Ogast or Ogastro or Opiren or 3131 Prevacid or Prevpac or Prezal or Pro Ulco or Promp or Prosogan or Suprecid or Takepron or Ulpax or Zoprol or Zoton or Agopton).ti,ab. 118 (Nexiam or Nexium or Lucen or Esopral or Axagon).ti,ab. 27 (Pantoprazol? Pantoloc or Protonix or Pantopan or Protium or Pantozol or Pantor or 119 Astropan).ti,ab (Irsogladine Maleate or Rebeprazole sodium or AcipHex or Pariet).ti,ab smectite.ti,ab SILICATES/ (polypyrrolidone or poly pyrrolidone).ti,ab PVPP.ti,ab smecta.ti,ab KAOLIN/ kaolin.ti,ab DIETARY FIBER/ CHARCOAL/ (activated adj2 charcoal).ti,ab (charcodote or actidose or carbomix or norit).ti,ab METHYLCELLULOSE/ (methylcellulose or cologel or celevac).ti,ab THIORPHAN/ (Candoxatril or enkephalinase inhibitor? or racecadotril or dexecadotril).ti,ab. 315 (Bismuth or Pepto-bismol or Spiromak forte or Stabisol or Vismut or Wismutsubsalicylat or Bismed or Bismatrol or Bismutum or Bismuthi).ti,ab. 137 kaopectate.ti,ab exp DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS/ exp MICRONUTRIENTS/ (vitamin? or micronutrient? or zinc).ti,ab exp ANALGESICS/

156 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 142 (acetominophen or paracetamol or ibuprofen or aspirin).ti,ab (probiotics or lactobacillus or bifidobacterium).ti,ab exp CULTURED MILK PRODUCTS/ yog?urt.ti,ab or/ and/50, limit 147 to "all child (0 to 18 years)" and/44, DNV_alternative_therapies_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2008 Week 16) # Searches Results 1 CLINICAL TRIALS/ (clinic$ adj5 trial$).tw,sh SINGLE BLIND PROCEDURE/ DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE/ RANDOM ALLOCATION/ CROSSOVER PROCEDURE/ PLACEBO/ placebo$.tw,sh random$.tw,sh RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ ((single or double or triple or treble) adj (blind$ or mask$)).tw,sh randomi?ed control$ trial$.tw or/ META ANALYSIS/ ((meta adj analy$) or metaanalys$ or meta-analy$).tw,sh (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh (methodologic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw,sh or/ review.pt (medline or medlars or embase).ab (scisearch or science citation index).ab (psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or cochrane).ab ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw (peto or dersimonian or "der simonian" or fixed effect).tw or/ and COMPARATIVE STUDY/ (compar$ adj5 stud$).tw CASE-CONTROL STUDY/ RETROSPECTIVE STUDY/ PROSPECTIVE STUDY/ COHORT STUDY/ (case$ adj2 control$).tw

157 Search strategies 36 or/ or/13,18,28, abstract report.tw,sh note.tw,sh short survey.tw,sh letter.tw,sh editorial.tw,sh or/ not GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw INFANTILE DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ exp ANTIEMETIC AGENT/ (antiemetic? or anti emetic?).ti,ab ONDANSETRON/ (ondansetron or zofran).ti,ab GRANISETRON/ (granisetron or kytril).ti,ab TROPISETRON/ (tropisetron or navoban).ti,ab DOPAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT/ (dopamine antagonist? or antidopaminergic agent? or dopamine receptor antagonist?).ti,ab DOMPERIDONE/ (domperidone or motilium or Nauzelin or Lopac D 122).ti,ab DROPERIDOL/ (Deh?drobenzperidol? or droperidol or Dridol or Droleptan or Halkan or Inap?in? or Innovan or Innovar or Inopsin or Inoval or leptanal or Leptofen or McN-JR 4749 or Sintodril or Sintosian or Thalam?n?l or Vetkalm).ti,ab CHLORPROMAZINE/ (Chlorpromazine or Chlorpromanyl or Largactil or Thorazine Spansule).ti,ab PROMETHAZINE/ (Promethazine or Lilly 1516 or Isopromethazine or Proaza?mine or Promazinamide or Prometh?azin? or Promezathine or Prothazin?).ti,ab (Procloperazin? or Prochlorpromazine or Prochloroperazine or Prochlorpemazine or Proclo?perazine or Chlorperazine or Chlormeprazine).ti,ab HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST/ (histamine H1 antagonist? or antihistamine? or anti histamine?).ti,ab CYCLIZINE/ (cyclizine or cyclizina or cyclizinum or Emoquil or Mar?zine or Nautazine or Ne?-Devomit or Reis-Fit or valloid or wellcome).ti,ab CINNARIZINE/ (cinnarizine or Abitrate or Aplactan or Aplexal or Apotomin or Artate or Carecin or Cerebolan or Cerepar or Cinaperazine or Cinazyn or Cinnacet or Cinnageron or Corathiem or Denapol or Dimitron or Dimitronal or Eglen or Folcodal or Giganten or Glanil or Hilactan or Ixertol or

158 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years Katoseran or Labyrin or Lazeta or Marisan or Midronal).ti,ab. 78 (Mitronal or Olamin or Processine or Sedatromin or Sepan or Siptazin or Spaderizine).ti,ab HALOPERIDOL/ (Aloperidin or Aloperidol? or Aloperidon or Apo-Haloperidol or Bioperidolo or Brotopon or Dozic or Dozix or Einalon S or Eukystol or Galoperidol or Hal?dol or haloperidol or Halojust or Halol or Halopal or Haloperido or Haloperidol Decanoate or Halopidol or Halopoidol or Halosten or Keselan or Lealgin Compositum or Linton or Mixidol or Novo-Peridol or Pekuces or Peluces or Peridol or Pernox or Pms Haloperidol or Serenace or Serenase or Serenelfi or Sernas or Sernel or Sigaperidol or Ulcolind or Uliolind or Vesalium).ti,ab METHOTRIMEPRAZINE/ (Methotrimeprazine or Levomepromazine or No?inan or Levoprome or Neurocil or Neozine).ti,ab (antimuscarinic? or anti muscarinic? or muscarinic antagonist? or atumin or Bentomine or Bentyl or Bentyl?? or Di-Syntramine or Dicicloverina or Dicycloverin or Dicycloverine or Dicycloverinum or Diethylaminocarbethoxybicyclohexyl or Diocyl or Diocyl or Dyspas or Formulex or Kolantyl Hydrochloride or Mamiesan or Merbentyl or Oxityl-P or Procyclomin or Sawamin or Spasmoban or Wyovin).ti,ab SCOPOLAMINE/ 9104 (scopolamine or Atro?uin or Atroscine or Beldavrin or Buscopan or Epoxytropine Tropate or 85 Euscopol or Hydroscine Hydrobromide or Hyocine F Hydrobromide or Hyosceine or Hyoscine or 5079 Hyoscine Bromide or Hyoscine Hydrobromide or Hyoscyine Hydrobromide or Hyosol or Hysco or Isopto Hyoscine or Isoscopil or Kwells or L-Scopolamine).ti,ab. 86 (Methscopolamine Bromide or Oscine or Scop or Scopamin or Scopine Tropate or Scopoderm-Tts or Scopolamine Bromide or Scopolamine Hydrobromide or Scopolamine Hydrobromide Trihydrate or Scopolamine Hyoscine or Scopolaminhydrobromid or Scopolaminium Bromide or Scopolammonium Bromide or Scopos or Sereen or Skopolamin or Tranaxine or Transcop or Transderm-Scop or Transderm-V or Triptone or scopine).ti,ab exp CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT/ PROPANTHELINE BROMIDE/ (Propantheline Bromide or Propanthelinium or Pro-Banthine or Propanthel).ti,ab exp STEROID/ (corticosteroid? or corticoid? or hydrocortisone or cortisone or budesonide).ti,ab BUDESONIDE/ (Trimethobenzamid$ or Ametik hydrochloride or Benzacot or Nauseton or Stemetic or Tebamide or Tigan or Tribenzagan or Trimazide).ti,ab GINGER/ (ginger or zingiber or z officinal$).ti,ab Phosphorated carbohydrate solution.ti,ab BELIDRAL/ 5 98 (emetrol or nausetrol).ti,ab PROPOFOL/ (propofol or Diisopropylphenol or Diprivan or Disoprivan or Disoprofol or Rapinovet).ti,ab mentha.hw (mentha or pepperment or menthol).ti,ab MUSCIMOL/ muscimol.ti,ab SPASMOLYTIC AGENT/ DIGESTIVE TRACT SPASMOLYTIC AGENT/ 70 (spasmolytic? or anti spasmodic? or antispasmodic? or anti motility or antimotility or 107 parasympatholytic?).ti,ab LOPERAMIDE/ (loperamid$ or Diarr-Eze or Imodium or Kaopectate or Loperacap or Maalox Anti-Diarrheal or

159 Pepto Diarrhea Control).ti,ab. Search strategies 110 (motofen or lomotil).ti,ab codeine.hw (codeine or Methylmorphine or Norcodeine or Codicept or Coducept).ti,ab PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR/ OMEPRAZOLE/ ESOMEPRAZOLE/ LANSOPRAZOLE/ PANTOPRAZOLE/ RABEPRAZOLE/ 1669 (omeprazole or lansoprazole or esomeprazole or pantoprazole or rabeprazole or Audazol or Aulcer or Belmazol or Ceprandal or Danlox or Demeprazol or Desec or Dizprazol or Dudencer or Elgam or Emeproton or Epirazole or Erbolin or Exter or Gasec or Gastrimut or Gastroloc or Gibancer or Indurgan or Inhibitron or Inhipump or Lensor or Logastric or Lomac or Losec or Mepral or Miol or Miracid or Mopral or Morecon or Nilsec or Nopramin or Ocid or Olexin or 119 Omapren or Omebeta 20 or Omed or Omegast or Omepral or Omeprazon or Omeprol or 7947 Omesek or Omezol or Omezolan or Omid or Omisec or Omizac or Ompanyt or Ortanol or Osiren or Ozoken or Paprazol or Parizac or Pepticum or Pepticus or Peptilcer or Prazentol or Prazidec or Prazolit or Prilosec or Procelac or Proclor or Prysma or Ramezol or Regulacid or Sanamidol or Secrepina or Ulceral or Ulcesep or Ulcometion or Ulcozol or Ulcsep or Ulsen or Ultop or Ulzol or Victrix or Zefxon or Zegerid or Zepral or Zimor or Zoltum).ti,ab. (Amarin or Aprazol or Bamalite or Biuret or Blason or Compraz or Dakar or Ilsatec or Ketian or Lancid or Lanproton or Lansopep or Lansoprazol$ or Lanston or Lanz or Lanzol-30 or Lanzopral or 120 Lanzor or Lasoprol or Limpidex or Mesactol or Monolitum or Ogast or Ogastro or Opiren or 2371 Prevacid or Prevpac or Prezal or Pro Ulco or Promp or Prosogan or Suprecid or Takepron or Ulpax or Zoprol or Zoton or Agopton).ti,ab. 121 (Nexiam or Nexium or Lucen or Esopral or Axagon).ti,ab. 28 (Pantoprazol? Pantoloc or Protonix or Pantopan or Protium or Pantozol or Pantor or 122 Astropan).ti,ab (Irsogladine Maleate or Rebeprazole sodium or AcipHex or Pariet).ti,ab SILICATE/ (polypyrrolidone or poly pyrrolidone).ti,ab PVPP.ti,ab smecta.ti,ab KAOLIN/ kaolin.ti,ab DIETARY FIBRE/ CHARCOAL/ ACTIVATED CARBON/ (activated adj2 charcoal).ti,ab (charcodote or actidose or carbomix or norit).ti,ab METHYLCELLULOSE/ (methylcellulose or cologel or celevac).ti,ab THIORPHAN/ (Candoxatril or enkephalinase inhibitor? or racecadotril or dexecadotril).ti,ab. 333 (Bismuth or Pepto-bismol or Spiromak forte or Stabisol or Vismut or Wismutsubsalicylat or Bismed or Bismatrol or Bismutum or Bismuthi).ti,ab. 140 kaopectate.ti,ab BISMUTH SALICYLATE/ ANTIDIARRHEAL AGENT/ exp SUPPLEMENTATION/

160 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 144 TRACE ELEMENT/ (vitamin? or micronutrient? or zinc).ti,ab ANALGESIC AGENT/ (acetominophen or paracetamol or ibuprofen or aspirin).ti,ab PROBIOTIC AGENT/ (probiotics or lactobacillus or bifidobacterium).ti,ab DAIRY PRODUCT/ yog?urt.ti,ab or/ and/52, limit 153 to (infant or preschool child <1 to 6 years> or school child <7 to 12 years> or 154 adolescent <13 to 17 years>) and/44, DNV_alternative_therapies_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to April Week ) # Searches Results 1 exp CLINICAL TRIALS/ clinical trial.pt (clinic$ adj5 trial$).tw,sh SINGLE-BLIND STUDIES/ DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES/ TRIPLE-BLIND STUDIES/ 39 7 ((single or double or triple or treble) adj5 (blind$ or mask$)).tw,sh RANDOM ASSIGNMENT/ random$.tw RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/ CLINICAL TRIALS/ randomi?ed control$ trial$.tw PLACEBOS/ placebo$.tw or/ META ANALYSIS/ ((meta adj analy$) or metaanalys$ or meta-analy$).tw SYSTEMATIC REVIEW/ systematic review.pt (systematic$ adj5 (review$ or overview$)).tw LITERATURE REVIEW/ or/ ("review" or "review studies" or "review academic" or "review tutorial").ti,ab,sh,pt (medline or medlars or embase or cochrane or scisearch or psycinfo or psychinfo or psychlit or psyclit or "web of science" or "science citation").tw ((hand or manual$) adj2 search$).tw (electronic database$ or bibliographic database$ or computeri?ed database$ or online database$).tw (pooling or pooled or mantel haenszel).tw (peto or dersimonian or "der simonian" or fixed effect).tw or/ and/23,

161 Search strategies 31 COMPARATIVE STUDIES/ (compar$ adj5 stud$).tw CASE-CONTROL STUDIES/ (case$ adj2 control$).ti,ab RETROSPECTIVE DESIGN/ exp PROSPECTIVE STUDIES/ RETROSPECTIVE PANEL STUDIES/ PRETEST-POSTTEST DESIGN/ CROSS SECTIONAL STUDIES/ or/ or/15,22,30, letter.pt commentary.pt editorial.pt or/ not GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw DIARRHEA/ diarrh?ea?.tw or/ exp ANTIEMETICS/ (antiemetic? or anti emetic?).ti,ab ONDANSETRON/ (ondansetron or zofran).ti,ab GRANISETRON/ (granisetron or kytril).ti,ab (tropisetron or navoban).ti,ab DOPAMINE ANTAGONISTS/ (dopamine antagonist? or antidopaminergic agent? or dopamine receptor antagonist?).ti,ab (domperidone or motilium or Nauzelin or Lopac D 122).ti,ab DROPERIDOL/ (Deh?drobenzperidol? or droperidol or Dridol or Droleptan or Halkan or Inap?in? or Innovan or Innovar or Inopsin or Inoval or leptanal or Leptofen or McN-JR 4749 or Sintodril or Sintosian or Thalam?n?l or Vetkalm).ti,ab CHLORPROMAZINE/ (Chlorpromazine or Chlorpromanyl or Largactil or Thorazine Spansule).ti,ab (Promethazine or Lilly 1516 or Isopromethazine or Proaza?mine or Promazinamide or Prometh?azin? or Promezathine or Prothazin?).ti,ab (Procloperazin? or Prochlorpromazine or Prochloroperazine or Prochlorpemazine or Proclo?perazine or Chlorperazine or Chlormeprazine).ti,ab exp HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS/ (histamine H1 antagonist? or antihistamine? or anti histamine?).ti,ab (cyclizine or cyclizina or cyclizinum or Emoquil or Mar?zine or Nautazine or Ne?-Devomit or Reis- Fit or valloid or wellcome).ti,ab (cinnarizine or Abitrate or Aplactan or Aplexal or Apotomin or Artate or Carecin or Cerebolan or Cerepar or Cinaperazine or Cinazyn or Cinnacet or Cinnageron or Corathiem or Denapol or Dimitron or Dimitronal or Eglen or Folcodal or Giganten or Glanil or Hilactan or Ixertol or Katoseran or Labyrin or Lazeta or Marisan or Midronal).ti,ab

162 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years 72 (Mitronal or Olamin or Processine or Sedatromin or Sepan or Siptazin or Spaderizine).ti,ab HALOPERIDOL/ (Aloperidin or Aloperidol? or Aloperidon or Apo-Haloperidol or Bioperidolo or Brotopon or Dozic or Dozix or Einalon S or Eukystol or Galoperidol or Hal?dol or haloperidol or Halojust or Halol or Halopal or Haloperido or Haloperidol Decanoate or Halopidol or Halopoidol or Halosten or Keselan or Lealgin Compositum or Linton or Mixidol or Novo-Peridol or Pekuces or Peluces or Peridol or Pernox or Pms Haloperidol or Serenace or Serenase or Serenelfi or Sernas or Sernel or Sigaperidol or Ulcolind or Uliolind or Vesalium).ti,ab (Methotrimeprazine or Levomepromazine or No?inan or Levoprome or Neurocil or Neozine).ti,ab exp CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS/ (cholinergic antagonist? or antimuscarinic? or anti muscarinic? or muscarinic antagonist? or atumin or Bentomine or Bentyl or Bentyl?? or Di-Syntramine or Dicicloverina or Dicycloverin or Dicycloverine or Dicycloverinum or Diethylaminocarbethoxybicyclohexyl or Diocyl or Diocyl or Dyspas or Formulex or Kolantyl Hydrochloride or Mamiesan or Merbentyl or Oxityl-P or Procyclomin or Sawamin or Spasmoban or Wyovin).ti,ab SCOPOLAMINE/ 97 (scopolamine or Atro?uin or Atroscine or Beldavrin or Buscopan or Epoxytropine Tropate or 79 Euscopol or Hydroscine Hydrobromide or Hyocine F Hydrobromide or Hyosceine or Hyoscine or 81 Hyoscine Bromide or Hyoscine Hydrobromide or Hyoscyine Hydrobromide or Hyosol or Hysco or Isopto Hyoscine or Isoscopil or Kwells or L-Scopolamine).ti,ab. 80 (Methscopolamine Bromide or Oscine or Scop or Scopamin or Scopine Tropate or Scopoderm-Tts or Scopolamine Bromide or Scopolamine Hydrobromide or Scopolamine Hydrobromide Trihydrate or Scopolamine Hyoscine or Scopolaminhydrobromid or Scopolaminium Bromide or Scopolammonium Bromide or Scopos or Sereen or Skopolamin or Tranaxine or Transcop or Transderm-Scop or Transderm-V or Triptone or scopine).ti,ab (Propantheline Bromide or Propanthelinium or Pro-Banthine or Propanthel).ti,ab exp STEROIDS/ (corticosteroid? or corticoid? or hydrocortisone or cortisone or budesonide).ti,ab BUDESONIDE/ (Trimethobenzamid$ or Ametik hydrochloride or Benzacot or Nauseton or Stemetic or Tebamide or 3 Tigan or Tribenzagan or Trimazide).ti,ab. 86 GINGER/ (ginger or zingiber or z officinal$).ti,ab Phosphorated carbohydrate solution.ti,ab (emetrol or nausetrol).ti,ab PROPOFOL/ (propofol or Diisopropylphenol or Diprivan or Disoprivan or Disoprofol or Rapinovet).ti,ab PEPPERMINT/ (mentha or pepperment or menthol).ti,ab muscimol.ti,ab MUSCIMOL/ 0 96 PARASYMPATHOLYTICS/ (spasmolytic? or anti spasmodic? or antispasmodic? or anti motility or antimotility or parasympatholytic?).ti,ab LOPERAMIDE/ 0 99 (loperamid$ or Diarr-Eze or Imodium or Kaopectate or Loperacap or Maalox Anti-Diarrheal or Pepto Diarrhea Control).ti,ab (motofen or lomotil).ti,ab exp CODEINE/ (codeine or Methylmorphine or Norcodeine or Codicept or Coducept).ti,ab PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS/ OMEPRAZOLE/

163 Search strategies 105 ESOMEPRAZOLE/ 39 (omeprazole or lansoprazole or esomeprazole or pantoprazole or rabeprazole or Audazol or Aulcer or Belmazol or Ceprandal or Danlox or Demeprazol or Desec or Dizprazol or Dudencer or Elgam or Emeproton or Epirazole or Erbolin or Exter or Gasec or Gastrimut or Gastroloc or Gibancer or Indurgan or Inhibitron or Inhipump or Lensor or Logastric or Lomac or Losec or Mepral or Miol or Miracid or Mopral or Morecon or Nilsec or Nopramin or Ocid or Olexin or Omapren or Omebeta or Omed or Omegast or Omepral or Omeprazon or Omeprol or Omesek or Omezol or 428 Omezolan or Omid or Omisec or Omizac or Ompanyt or Ortanol or Osiren or Ozoken or Paprazol or Parizac or Pepticum or Pepticus or Peptilcer or Prazentol or Prazidec or Prazolit or Prilosec or Procelac or Proclor or Prysma or Ramezol or Regulacid or Sanamidol or Secrepina or Ulceral or Ulcesep or Ulcometion or Ulcozol or Ulcsep or Ulsen or Ultop or Ulzol or Victrix or Zefxon or Zegerid or Zepral or Zimor or Zoltum).ti,ab. (Amarin or Aprazol or Bamalite or Biuret or Blason or Compraz or Dakar or Ilsatec or Ketian or Lancid or Lanproton or Lansopep or Lansoprazol$ or Lanston or Lanz or Lanzol-30 or Lanzopral or 107 Lanzor or Lasoprol or Limpidex or Mesactol or Monolitum or Ogast or Ogastro or Opiren or 126 Prevacid or Prevpac or Prezal or Pro Ulco or Promp or Prosogan or Suprecid or Takepron or Ulpax or Zoprol or Zoton or Agopton).ti,ab. 108 (Nexiam or Nexium or Lucen or Esopral or Axagon).ti,ab (Pantoprazol? Pantoloc or Protonix or Pantopan or Protium or Pantozol or Pantor or Astropan).ti,ab (Irsogladine Maleate or Rebeprazole sodium or AcipHex or Pariet).ti,ab smectite.ti,ab (polypyrrolidone or poly pyrrolidone).ti,ab PVPP.ti,ab smecta.ti,ab KAOLIN/ kaolin.ti,ab DIETARY FIBER/ CHARCOAL/ (activated adj2 charcoal).ti,ab (charcodote or actidose or carbomix or norit).ti,ab (methylcellulose or cologel or celevac).ti,ab (Candoxatril or enkephalinase inhibitor? or racecadotril or dexecadotril).ti,ab. 4 (Bismuth or Pepto-bismol or Spiromak forte or Stabisol or Vismut or Wismutsubsalicylat or Bismed 123 or Bismatrol or Bismutum or Bismuthi).ti,ab kaopectate.ti,ab exp DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS/ MICRONUTRIENTS/ (vitamin? or micronutrient? or zinc).ti,ab exp ANALGESICS/ (acetominophen or paracetamol or ibuprofen or aspirin).ti,ab (probiotics or lactobacillus or bifidobacterium).ti,ab exp CULTURED MILK PRODUCTS/ yog?urt.ti,ab exp ANTIDIARRHEALS/ or/ and/51, limit 135 to (newborn infant or infant <1 to 23 months> or preschool child <2 to 5 years> or 136 child <6 to 12 years> or adolescence <13 to 18 years>) and/46,

164 9 Escalation of care Clinical question What key symptoms and signs of gastroenteritis indicate the need for referral to specialist care? DNV_referral_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to February Week ) # Searches Results 1 exp COHORT STUDIES/ CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES/ (cross-section$ adj3 stud$).tw (observational adj3 stud$).tw (cohort? adj3 stud$).tw or/ letter.pt comment.pt editorial.pt historical article.pt or/ not GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis.tw DIARRHEA/ DIARRHEA, INFANTILE/ (acute adj2 diarrh?ea?).tw or/ PRIMARY HEALTH CARE/ (primary adj2 care).tw FAMILY PRACTICE/ PHYSICIANS, FAMILY/ ((family or general) adj2 (practice or practitioner?)).tw (secondary adj2 care).tw gastroenterologist?.tw gastroenterology unit?.tw specialist?.tw (tertiary adj2 care).tw exp HOSPITALIZATION/ (hospitaliz$ or hospitalis$).tw CHILD, HOSPITALIZED/ DAY CARE/ AMBULATORY CARE/ (ambulatory adj2 care).tw ((outpatient or inpatient) adj2 (care or health service?)).tw TELEMEDICINE/ (NHS direct or remote care or telemedicine).tw (out of hours adj2 care).tw

165 39 EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL/ (emergency adj2 (department? or service?)).tw HOUSE CALLS/ ((house or home) adj2 call?).tw HOSPITAL UNITS/ observation unit?.tw ((pediatric$ or paediatric$) adj2 (department? or unit?)).tw (doctor? adj2 (office? or surgery or surgeries or clinic?)).tw (home adj2 (care or service?)).tw HOME CARE SERVICES/ COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES/ COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING/ (community adj2 (care or service?)).tw health visitor?.tw PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES/ COMMUNITY PHARMACY SERVICES/ (pharma$ adj2 (care or service?)).tw or/ PATIENT ADMISSION/ PATIENT READMISSION/ "REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION"/ referral?.tw (admission? or admitted or readmit$ or readmission?).tw TRIAGE/ triage.tw "SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS"/ (sign? or symptom$ or syndrom$ or profile? or manifest$ or severe or severity).tw LENGTH OF STAY/ length of stay.tw or/ and/18, and/ limit 70 to ("all infant (birth to 23 months)" or "preschool child (2 to 5 years)") and/6, limit 72 to (english language and humans) 240 Search strategies DNV_referral_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2008 Week 08) # Searches Results 1 COHORT STUDY/ COHORT ANALYSIS/ CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY/ OBSERVATIONAL STUDY/ OBSERVATIONAL METHOD/ (cohort adj2 stud$).tw (cross-sectional adj2 stud$).tw (observational adj2 stud$).tw or/

166 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5: evidence tables 10 abstract report.tw,sh note.tw,sh short survey.tw,sh letter.tw,sh editorial.tw,sh or/ not GASTROENTERITIS/ ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS/ INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS/ VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw INFANTILE DIARRHEA/ (acute adj3 diarrh?ea?).tw or/ PRIMARY HEALTH CARE/ (primary adj2 care).tw GENERAL PRACTICE/ GENERAL PRACTITIONER/ ((family or general) adj2 (practice or practitioner?)).tw (secondary adj2 care).tw MEDICAL SPECIALIST/ gastroenterologist?.tw gastroenterology unit?.tw specialist?.tw (tertiary adj2 care).tw CHILD HOSPITALIZATION/ HOSPITALIZATION/ (hospitaliz$ or hospitalis$).tw DAY CARE/ AMBULATORY CARE/ ((outpatient or inpatient) adj2 (care or health service?)).tw TELEMEDICINE/ (NHS direct or telemedicine).tw (remote care or remote consultation?).tw (out of hours adj2 care).tw TELECONSULTATION/ EMERGENCY WARD/ (emergency adj2 (department? or service?)).tw ((house or home) adj2 call?).tw PEDIATRIC WARD/ observation unit?.tw ((pediatric$ or paediatric$) adj2 (department? or unit?)).tw (doctor? adj2 (office? or surgery or surgeries or clinic?)).tw (home adj2 (care or service?)).tw HOME CARE/ COMMUNITY CARE/ (community adj2 (care or service? or nursing)).tw

167 58 health visitor?.tw PHARMACEUTICAL CARE/ (pharma$ adj2 (care or service?)).tw or/ HOSPITAL ADMISSION/ HOSPITAL READMISSION/ HOSPITAL UTILIZATION/ HOSPITAL BED UTILIZATION/ PATIENT REFERRAL/ referral?.tw (admission? or admitted or readmit$ or readmission?).tw triage.tw (sign? or symptom$ or syndrom$ or profile? or manifest$ or severe or severity).tw "LENGTH OF STAY"/ length of stay.tw or/ and/24, and/ limit 75 to (infant or preschool child <1 to 6 years>) and/16, limit 77 to english language 25 Search strategies DNV_referral_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to February Week ) # Searches Results 1 CROSS SECTIONAL STUDIES/ PROSPECTIVE STUDIES/ OBSERVATIONAL METHODS/ (cohort adj2 stud$).tw (cross-sectional adj2 stud$).tw (observational adj2 stud$).tw or/ letter.pt commentary.pt editorial.pt or/ not GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenterit$.tw DIARRHEA/ (acute adj3 diarrh?ea?).tw or/ PRIMARY HEALTH CARE/ (primary adj2 care).tw FAMILY PRACTICE/ PHYSICIANS, FAMILY/ ((family or general) adj2 (practice or practitioner?)).tw gastroenterologist?.tw

168 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5: evidence tables 24 gastroenterology unit?.tw specialist?.tw (tertiary adj2 care).tw HOSPITALIZATION/ (hospitaliz$ or hospitalis$).tw CHILD, HOSPITALIZED/ INFANT, HOSPITALIZED/ DAY CARE/ exp PATIENT CARE/ ((outpatient or inpatient) adj2 (care or health service?)).tw TELEMEDICINE/ (NHS direct or telemedicine).tw (remote care or remote consultation? or teleconsultation?).tw (out of hours adj2 care).tw REMOTE CONSULTATION/ EMERGENCY SERVICE/ (emergency adj2 (department? or service?)).tw HOME VISITS/ ((house or home) adj2 (visit? or call?)).tw exp HOSPITAL UNITS/ observation unit?.tw ((pediatric$ or paediatric$) adj2 (department? or unit?)).tw (doctor? adj2 (office? or surgery or surgeries or clinic?)).tw (home adj2 (care or service?)).tw HOME HEALTH CARE/ COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES/ COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING/ (community adj2 (care or service?)).tw health visitor?.tw PHARMACY SERVICE/ (pharma$ adj2 (care or service?)).tw OBSERVATION UNITS/ or/ PATIENT ADMISSION/ PATIENT READMISSION/ "REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION"/ referral?.tw GATEKEEPING/ (admission? or admitted or readmit$ or readmission?).tw TRIAGE/ triage.tw SYMPTOMS/ (sign? or symptom$ or syndrom$ or profile? or manifest$ or severe or severity).tw LENGTH OF STAY/ length of stay.tw or/ and/17, and/

169 Search strategies 72 limit 71 to (infant <1 to 23 months> or preschool child <2 to 5 years>) limit 72 to english

170 Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in children younger than 5: evidence tables Clinical question When should a child under 5 be considered to have gastroenteritis? DNV_clinical_features_medline_ (Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to September Week ) # Search History Results 1 CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ INFANT/ INFANT, NEWBORN/ (infant? or newborn? or neonat$ or toddler? or baby or babies).ti,ab or/ (diarrh?ea? adj3 (acute$ or infective$)).ti,ab gastroenteritis?.ti,ab GASTROENTERITIS/ or/ (symptom$ or presentation?).ti,ab (present$ adj3 (histor$ or feature? or characteristic? or factor?)).ti,ab (clinical$ adj3 (feature? or factor? or characteristic? or finding?)).ti,ab (diagnos$ adj3 (feature? or factor? or characteristic? or finding?)).ti,ab ((physical$ or examin$) adj3 (feature? or factor? or characteristic? or finding?)).ti,ab (other diagnos?s or alternat$ diagnos?s).ti,ab DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL/ or/ and and DNV_clinical_features_embase_ (EMBASE 1980 to 2007 Week 37) # Search History Results 1 INFANT/ NEWBORN/ PRESCHOOL CHILD/ (infant? or newborn? or neonat$ or toddler? or baby or babies).ti,ab or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ (diarrh?ea? adj3 (acute$ or infective$)).ti,ab gastroenteritis?.ti,ab or/ (symptom$ or presentation?).ti,ab (present$ adj3 (histor$ or feature? or characteristic? or factor?)).ti,ab (clinical$ adj3 (feature? or factor? or characteristic? or finding?)).ti,ab (diagnos$ adj3 (feature? or factor? or characteristic? or finding?)).ti,ab ((physical$ or examin$) adj3 (feature? or factor? or characteristic? or finding?)).ti,ab (other diagnos#s or alternat$ diagnos#s).ti,ab different$ diagnos#s.ti,ab or/ and and

171 Search strategies 20 limit 19 to human limit 20 to english language 490 DNV_clinical_features_cinahl_ (CINAHL 1982 to September Week ) # Search History Results 1 CHILD, PRESCHOOL/ INFANT/ INFANT, NEWBORN/ (infant? or newborn? or neonat$ or toddler? or baby or babies).ti,ab or/ GASTROENTERITIS/ gastroenteritis?.ti,ab (diarrh?ea? adj3 (acute$ or infective$)).ti,ab or/ (symptom$ or presentation?).ti,ab (present$ adj3 (histor$ or feature? or characteristic? or factor?)).ti,ab (clinical$ adj3 (feature? or factor? or characteristic? or finding?)).ti,ab (diagnos$ adj3 (feature? or factor? or characteristic? or finding?)).ti,ab ((physical$ or examin$) adj3 (feature? or factor? or characteristic? or finding?)).ti,ab (other diagnos#s or alternat$ diagnos#s).ti,ab DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL/ or/ and and limit 19 to english

172

173 Other NICE guidelines produced by the National Collaborating Centre for Women s and Children s Health include: Antenatal care: routine care for the healthy pregnant woman Fertility: assessment and treatment for people with fertility problems Caesarean section Type 1 diabetes: diagnosis and management of type 1 diabetes in children and young people Long-acting reversible contraception: the effective and appropriate use of long-acting reversible contraception Urinary incontinence: the management of urinary incontinence in women Heavy menstrual bleeding Feverish illness in children: assessment and initial management in children younger than 5 years Urinary tract infection in children: diagnosis, treatment and long-term management Intrapartum care: care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth Atopic eczema in children: management of atopic eczema in children from birth up to the age of 12 years Surgical management of otitis media with effusion in children Diabetes in pregnancy: management of diabetes and its commplications from preconception to the postnatal period Induction of labour Surgical site infection: prevention and treatment of surgical site infection Guidelines in production include: When to suspect child maltreatment Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy Neonatal jaundice Constipation in children Bacterial meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia in children Pregnant women with complex social factors Autism in children and adolescents Multiple pregnancy Enquiries regarding the above guidelines can be addressed to: National Collaborating Centre for Women s and Children s Health King s Court Fourth Floor 2 16 Goodge Street London W1T 2QA enquiries@ncc-wch.org.uk A version of this guideline for parents, carers and the public is available from the NICE website ( or from NICE publications on ; quote reference number N1845. Published by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. To purchase further copies and for a complete list of RCOG Press titles, visit: RCOG Press