By: Dr A.Mortazavi 1
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1 By: Dr A.Mortazavi 1
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4 عوامل زيان آور محيط كار 1 -عوامل زيان آور فيزيكي سرما گرما صدا ارتعاش نور فشار هوا تشعشعات جريان الكتريسيته ميدانهاي مغناطيسي ) عوامل زيان آور شيميايي مواد شيميايي)گرد وغبار آئروسل گازها وبخارات حاللها و 3 -مسائل سايكولوژيک: استرس شيفت کاري...
5 عوامل زيان آور محيط كار عوامل زيان آور بيولوژيكي ويروسها قارچها باکتريها انگلها 5 -عوامل زيان آور ارگونوميكي حمل ونقل دستي بار وضعيت نامناسب بدني در هنگام کار هرگونه عدم تناسب فرد با کار
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8 ERGONOMICS DR.A.MORTAZAVI 2/20/2016 8
9 What is Ergonomics? Derived from two Greek words: Ergon Nomos work laws 2/20/2016 9
10 What is Ergonomics? Human factors engineering The study of the physical & cognitive demands of work to ensure a safe and productive workplace. Fitting the job to the worker 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 10
11 History : As early as 18 th century doctors noted that workers who required to maintain body positions for long periods of time developed musculoskeletal problems. Within last 20 years research has clearly established connections between certain job tasks and MSD. 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 11
12 Importance of Musculoskeletal High Prevalence disorders Negative effect on life quality Increasing incidence in younger parsons 1/3 of all lost day injuries each year These injuries cost business $15-20 billion in worker s compensation each year Indirect costs 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 12
13 MSDs Ergonomics Musculoskeletal disorders are the problem and ergonomics is a solution. 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 13
14 Physical Risk Factors Associated With Musculoskeletal Disorders The application of sustained or high forces Sustained awkward postures Rapid, repeated motions Contact stress Vibration Cold environment 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 14
15 Sustained or high forces 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 15
16 Sustained or high forces 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 16
17 Awkward Postures ( Postures outside of neutral ) 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 17
18 Awkward Postures 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 18
19 Awkward Postures 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 19
20 Awkward postures 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 20
21 Awkward postures 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 21
22 Awkward postures 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 22
23 Awkward postures 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 23
24 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 24
25 Ergonomics?! 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 25
26 Repeated motions 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 26
27 Contact stress Compression = soft tissue is compressed between the bone and a hard or sharp object 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 27
28 Contact stress Compression, from grasping or contacting edges like tool handles, can concentrate force on small areas of the body, reduce blood flow and nerve transmission and damage tendons and tendon sheaths. 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 28
29 Repeated impacts 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 29
30 Hand and Arm exposure results from vibrating objects such as chain saws, jack hammers, percussive tools, riveting or chipping hammers. Vibration Use low vibration tools if available Maintain tools Use anti-vibration gloves or tool wraps Keep hands warm 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 30
31 Whole Body Vibration Whole Body exposure to vibration results from vehicles such as forklifts, cranes, trucks, buses subways and aircraft. High or prolonged exposure to whole body vibration can affect the skeletal muscles and cause lowback pain. 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 31
32 Cold Temperatures Working in environments below 20 degrees can cause nerve damage. Working in cold temperatures can adversely affect a worker s coordination and manual dexterity and cause a worker to use more force than is required to perform a task. 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 32
33 Design work baced Antropometric data: One reason for physical stress on the job is the mismatch in size between the worker and the workplace,equipment or tools. 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 33
34 Design work baced Antropometric data: A well designed work space accommodates to wide variety of employees. 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 34
35 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 35
36 Reach limits in working areas: 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 36
37 Proper design of chairs: Backrest is provides good lower back support Arms adjustable Front edge of seat pan curves down Seat pan adjustable horizontally and tilts Height adjustable On rollers Five feet for base-most stable 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 37
38 Computer Workstation 1. Use a good chair with a dynamic chair back and sit back in this 2. Top of monitor casing 2-3" (5-8 cm) above eye level 3. No glare on screen, use an optical glass anti-glare filter where needed 4. Sit at arms length from monitor 5. Feet on floor or stable footrest 6. Use a document holder, preferably in-line with the computer screen 7. Wrists flat and straight in relation to forearms to use keyboard/mouse/input device 8. Arms and elbows relaxed close to body 9. Center monitor and keyboard in front of you 10. Use a negative tilt keyboard tray with an upper mouse platform or downward tilt able platform adjacent to keyboard 11. Use a stable work surface and stable (no bounce) keyboard tray 12. Take frequent short breaks (microbreaks) 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 38
39 Computer Workstation Sit at arms length from monitor (48 72 cm) 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 39
40 Computer Workstation Top of monitor casing 5-8 cm above eye level Center monitor and keyboard in front of you 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 40
41 Computer Workstation 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 41
42 Computer Workstation keyboard 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 42
43 Computer Workstation fixed split keyboard 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 43
44 Computer Workstation pointing device(mouse, ) 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 44
45 Biomechanics of lifting 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 45
46 lifting 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 46
47 Principle of lifting Allow the load to be kept as close as possible to the spine. Offer a broad base of support for good balance. Allow the worker to see ahead and avoid obstacles. Allow the worker to retain a comfortable position of the spine,avoiding extremes of bending or twisting.. 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 47
48 Principles of pushing and pulling 1. Should the area ahead of the load is level and is clear of obstacles.if it is not level,some system of braking should be available. 2. Push the load,rather than pull it. 3. Wear shoes that provide good foot traction. 4. When starting to push a load,brace the rear foot and shift the body weight forward. 5. Pushing and pulling is easier when the handles of the loaded cart are at about hip height or above. 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 48
49 pushing 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 49
50 Hand tools: 2/20/
51 Hand tools: 2/20/2016 DR.A.MORTAZAVI 51
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