SECTION I: Forensic Pathology and Related Specialties

Transcription

1 Foreword Preface The Editors Contributors xv xxv xxxi xxxiii Chapter 1: Here We Stand: What a Forensic Scientist Does 1 Jon J. Nordby Law and Science Lawyers and Scientists Theoretical Natural Sciences and Practical Forensic Sciences Forensic Experts An Expert's Scientific Method SECTION I: Forensic Pathology and Related Specialties Chapter 2: The Role Forensic Pathologist 13 Ronald K. Wright Coroner System Medical Examiner System Education and Training of Forensic Training Requirements for a Forensic Duties Forensic Pathologist Obtaining Appropriate Photography Report Preparation Specimens Pathologists Pathologist Chapter 3: Forensic Nursing 25 Janet S. Barber Catherine M. Dougherty, and Mary K. Sullivan Overview Domain Collaborative Relationships Evolution of Forensic Nursing International Frontiers of Forensic Nursing What Is and Is Not Forensic Nursing Career Opportunities of Hospitals in Evidence Collection and Status of Forensic Nurses in the Legal System Educational Preparation of Forensic Nurses Future of Forensic Nursing Preservation Chapter 4: Investigation of Traumatic Deaths 43 K. Wright Cause and Mechanism of Death of Death Time of Death Classification of Traumatic Deaths Forensic science 2009 digitalisiert durch: IDS Basel Bern

2 Forensic Science: An to Scientific and Techniques Chapter 5: Forensic Toxicology 61 John Joseph Fenton Applications of Forensic Toxicology The Testing Process Drugs Materials Nonmedicinal Agents Analytic Methods in Forensic Toxicology Analyses Interpreting Drug Findings Chapter 6: Forensic Odontology 81 R. Tom History Dental Training Expert Witness Testimony Body Identification by Dental Means Bite Mark Analysis Collection Mark Evidence Personal Analysis Dental Malpractice Analysis Chapter 7: Forensic Anthropology 101 H. Sorg and William D. Haglund Brief History of Forensic Anthropology as a Profession Physical Anthropology and Human Taphonomy Archaeology Scene Processing Remains Developing a Biological Profile Levels Perimortem Trauma and Evidence for Cause and Injury Forensic Anthropology Documentation Expert Witness Testimony of Death Chapter 8: Forensic Taphonomy 121 William D. Haglund and H. Sorg Contributions of Methods and Theory Taphonomic Factors Human Remains in Water Environments Buried Remains The Future Chapter 9: Forensic Entomology 137 S. Anderson Importance of Determining Time since Death

3 Table of Contents vii History Training Determination Time since Death Determining whether the Body Has Been Moved Body Disturbance Position ofwounds Linking Suspect to Scene Drugs Abuse Collection of Entomological Evidence Challenges to Forensic Entomology Report Submission Testifying in Court SECTION II: Evaluation of the Crime Scene Chapter 10: Crime Scene Investigation 167 Marilyn T. Miller, Ed.D. Defining the Crime Scene and Information from Physical Evidence in Criminal Science and Crime Scene Investigations General Crime Scene Procedures Crime Scene Documentation Crime Scene Searches Collection and Preservation of Physical Evidence Crime Scene Reconstruction Investigations Chapter 11: Forensic Digital Photo Imaging 193 Patrick Jones The Camera The Digital Point-and-Shoot Camera The Digital SLR Camera Body Digital Photo Imaging Exposure Index Forensic Digital Photo Imaging Scientific Working Group on Imaging Technology Photo Imaging the Scene Imaging the Scene Photo Images as Evidence Deleting of Images from the Camera Evidence and Photo Imaging Evidence Chapter 12: of Bloodstain Patterns 211 Stuart H. James, Paul E. Kish, and T. Paulette Sutton History of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation Properties of Human Target Surface Considerations Size, Shape, and Directionality Spattered Blood

4 Forensic Science: An to Scientific and Investigative Techniques Other Bloodstain Patterns Interpretation of Bloodstains on and Footwear Documentation of Bloodstain Evidence The Use Photography for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Absence of Evidence Is Not Evidence Report Writing s Case Report s Training and Education Scientific Working Group on Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (SWGSTAIN) Forensic Science in the Laboratory Chapter 13: The Forensic Laboratory 243 Linda R. Netzel Qualifications Forensic Understanding the Role Criminalist Linking a Crime Scene to a Suspect Laboratory Sections, Analytical Instruments, and Specialized Equipment Chapter 14: The Identification and Characterization of Blood and Bloodstains 261 Robert P. Spalding Analysis of Blood in Forensic Serology Identification of Blood Species Origin Determination in Bloodstains Genetic Markers in Blood Case Example Chapter 15: Identification of Biological Fluids and Stains 285 Andrew Greenfield and Monica M. Identification of Semen in the Forensic Methods for the Identification Other Body Fluids Case Examination Strategy Laboratory Chapter 16: Forensic DNA: Technology, Applications, and the Law 303 Susan Herrero Genetics: The Beginnings Inheritance Characteristics How DNA Made the Courts DNA in Forensic Analysis Interpretation Results: What is the Meaning DNA Match? Mixtures Y-STRs Nonhuman DNA in Criminal Cases On the Horizon

5 Table of Contents ix Laser Copy DNA Mitochondrial DNA Medical and Biological Applications Historical Applications Identification of War Dead DNA in Noncriminal Cases DNA in Criminal Cases: Criminal and Innocence Evidence What Can Go Wrong and What Can Be Done to Prevent It? Forensic Casework Admissibility of Evidence: Technology Collides with the Fourth Amendment DNA Dragnets Protecting the Innocent Genetic Privacy DNA in the Future Chapter 17: Microanalysis and Examination of Trace Evidence 327 Thomas A. Kubic and Nicholas Petraco Instruments of Microanalysis and Sample Types Other Instrumental Techniques to a Microanalyst Microscopic Evidence and Its Analysis Chapter 18: Fingerprints 355 R. E. Gaensslen and Kimberly Young Fingerprints as Evidence Fingerprints as a Means of Identification What Fingerprints Are.... Fingerprint Patterns History of Fingerprints Fingerprint Classification Computer-Based Fingerprint Files Types of Evidentiary Fingerprints Development (Enhancement) of Latent Fingerprints Recognition, Collection, and Preservation of Fingerprint Evidence Fingerprint Heart Matter The Fingerprint Identification Profession Disclaimer Chapter 19: Forensic Footwear Evidence 377 William J. Bodziak ms of Footwear Impressions Information from Footwear Impressions Location and Recovery of Footwear Impressions Enhancement Methods Known Shoes and Preparation of Exemplars The Examination Process and s Chapter 20: Forensic Tire Tread and Tire Track Evidence 393 William J. Bodziak Original Equipment Tires, Replacement Tires, and Tire Tread Nomenclature and Sidewall Information Noise Treatment Construction

6 Forensic Science: An to Scientific and Investigative Techniques Tread Wear Indicators (Wear Bars) Retread Tires Tire Reference Material and Databases Tire Track Evidence Known Tires and Tire Exemplars Tire Impressions, the Examination Process, and s Chapter 21: Firearm and Tool Mark Examinations 407 Walter F. Types of Modern Firearms Manufacture of Firearms Firearm Ammunition Collection Firearms-Related Evidence Laboratory Examinations Types Marks Processing Marks at Crime Scenes Laboratory Examinations Marks Tool Marks on Manufactured Striation Matching for Personal Identification Chapter 22: Questioned Documents 439 Howard Seiden and Frank H. Norwitch Functions Forensic Document Examiner Becoming a Document Examiner Theory of Handwriting Collection Standards Process of Comparison Types Writing Factors That Can Affect Handwriting Challenge to the Document Alteration, Obliteration, and Differentiation Photocopy and Photocopier Examination Typewriter and Typewriting Examination Paper and Watermark Examination Miscellaneous Examinations Chapter 23: Analysis of Controlled Substances 457 Donneil R. Christian, Jr. Standards of Analysis Scope of Analysis Chemical Examinations Instrumental Examinations Quantitation Quality Assurance Quality Control (QC) Clandestine Drug Laboratories Forensic Engineering Chapter 24: Structural Failures 489 Randall K. Noon Static Loads

7 Table of Contents xi Dynamic Loads Chapter 25: Basic Fire and Explosion Investigation 507 David R. Redsicker Chemistry and Behavior Behavior Origin and Cause Analysis Fatal Fire Investigation Motor Vehicle Fires Collection Evidence Evidence Containers or Explosion Chapter 26: Vehicular Accident Reconstruction 527 Randall K. Noon Causes of Vehicular Accidents Analytical Tools Used to Evaluate Accidents Converting Scene Data into an Event Sequence Basic Energy Method Basic Momentum Method Tips and Solution Strategies SECTION V: Cybertechnology and Forensic Science Chapter 27: Informatics in Forensic Science 551 Zeno Geradts Forensic Databases Image Databases DNA Databases Paint Databases Forensic Archiving ofx-ray Spectra Video Image Processing and Animation Use of Networks in Forensic Science Software Chapter 28: Computer Crime and the Electronic Crime Scene 569 Thomas A. Johnson and Historical Developments Crime Scenes with Digital and Electronic Evidence Computers, Electronic Equipment, Devices, and Information Legal Issues in the Searching and Seizure of Computers Summary SECTION VI: Forensic Application of the Social Sciences Repositories Chapter 29: Forensic Psychology 585 Louis B. Schlesinger Psychological Research and Law Forensic Psychology

8 XII Forensic Science: An to Scientific and Investigative Techniques Psychology and Law: An Uneasy Forensic Assessment: Distinctions between the and Forensic Approaches Psychological Testing: Traditional and Specialized Forensic Tests Interviews in Altered States of Consciousness Complicating Factors in Forensic Assessment: Deception Syndromes Chapter 30: Forensic Psychiatry 605 Robert L. Definition of Forensic Psychiatry History of Forensic Psychiatry Scope of Forensic Psychiatry Assessment Training in Forensic Psychiatry Summary Chapter 31: Serial Offenders: Linking Cases by Modus Operandi and Signature 617 Robert D. Keppel to Crime Scene Assessment Historical Perspective What Is a Signature? Signature Versus Modus Operandi The Shoreline Murders Summary Chapter 32: Criminal Personality Profiling 627 Michael R. Napier and Kenneth P. Baker History of Profiling and Criminal Investigative Analysis General Concepts Results: Type of Analyses Case Linkages for Serial Offenses Equivocal Death Analyses Search Warrant Application Concepts and Applications in Sexual Assault Investigations Applications in Homicide Investigations SECTION VII: Legal and Ethical Issues in Forensic Science Chapter 33: Forensic Evidence 649 Terrence F. Forensic Evidence Criminal Law Theory and Evidence and Individual Characteristics Forensic Evidence and the Crime Scene Laboratory Matches and Courtroom of Evidence Litigation Forensic Science, Forensic Evidence, and Litigation as History Forensic Science and Forensic Evidence: Sutherland Case

9 Table of Contents xiii People v. Sutherland: Forensic Science and Justice Issues Chapter 34: Countering Chaos: Logic, Ethics, and the Criminal Justice System 667 Jon J. Nordby Legal Components of Law Enforcement and the Law Attorneys and the Law Forensic Scientists, Scientific Values, and the Law Organizational Codes of Scientific Conduct Scientifically Reliable Methods Scientific Testimony Appendix A: Biohazard Safety 679 Appendix B: Forensic Web Sites 685 Appendix C: Tables: Sine and Tangent Functions 691 Appendix D: and 693 Glossary 697 (Words highlighted in in text are terms included in the Glossary) Contributors 727 Index 741