Was the original hypothesis based on common sense?
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1 PSYCHWRITE #4 If you could do anything humanly possible with complete assurance that you would not be detected or held responsible, what would you do and why?
2 Was the original hypothesis based on common sense?
3 Obedience, now & then ABC News: What would you do? Replication of Milgram s research Were the results similar? Again Are our expectations about human behavior common sense or is it more complicated than that?
4 Reversing the Process: How do we prevent tragedy that arises from blind obedience? Milgrim s studies led to debates about whether or not something like The Holocaust could happen again. Dr. Philip Zimbardo ( makes some suggestions: Teaching children to recognize and disobey unjust authority. Promoting critical thinking that challenges false ideologies and bad means to good ends. Encouraging respect for human diversity and appreciating human variability.
5 Obedience, now & then ABC News: Would you obey a total stranger and steal a baby? Were any of the things Zimbardo warns us against in place for the people who obeyed?
6 Myth #1 What Are the Take-Aways? Common Sense, Intuition, and Snap Judgments are more of a reflection of what has happened and has been researched then what will happen. Thus, MISTRUST your common sense when you hear something or read something about Psychology. Find research EVIDENCE to support claims. Don t buy into something just because it says studies show. Science can be and often IS uncommon sense it requires us to put aside our personal bias and belief systems and focus primarily on EVIDENCE! Think about those experts and their predictions for Milgrim s research. Think about your assumptions about whether or not people would steal a baby.
7 Psychological Myths A combination of misconceptions, urban legends, & old wives tales. Why are we so susceptible? KNOWLEDGE IS POWER! 1800 s: Phrenology was the rage
8 Have Your Head Examined! Still around 12. Phrenology is the science which studies the relationships between a person's character and the morphology of the skull Today, much of the criticism against Phrenology can be easily dismissed. (emphasis added) Problem with phrenology? fmri
9 MYTH #2: PSYCHOLOGY IS NOT A SCIENCE Science v. Pseudoscience
10 13. SCIENCE is... HOW something is studied, NOT WHAT. Systematic and precise Public, open to scrutiny (peer reviewed journals) Scientists try to rule stuff out, not PROVE. Tentative; MORE is learned over time, changes with evidence (replication) Solving SOLVEALBE problems ( Does God exist?)
11 14. Pseudoscience is Pseudo means fake Aimed at the general public Research cannot be reproduced (replicated), not precise The file drawer problem Skeptics must demonstrate proof; fixed ideas Appeals to belief or faith; relies on personal testimony
12 4. Example: Therapeutic Touch Stossel Testing Therapeutic Touch
13 Other Examples of Pseudoscience How do you explain these?
14 Must Be Aliens!! Spaceships landing Invisible energy beams from space OR. Horny/busy hedgehogs Electrically charged air currents (dust devils Plasma Vortex Theory )? OR 16. Occam s Razor (the simplest explanation is probably the best) Man-made hoaxes
15 Doug & Dave, 1991
16 Other Pseudoscience? 17. Polygraph machines aka lie detectors Measures: heart rate blood pressure respiratory rate sweatiness (fingers) infers increase means deception
17 Can You Detect a Liar? Not the first method! *Rice test Charles Moulton Marston
18 18. Polygraphs research says #1: There is no evidence that any pattern of physiological reactions is unique to deception An honest person may be nervous when answering truthfully A dishonest person may be non-anxious #2: Countermeasures can be effective Counting backwards, tack in shoe, breathing changes #3: Significant error rates Not admissible in a court of law as evidence
19
20 Discovering Psychology #4: Placebo-like effects The person believes that the test/pill works I really did feel tingling Understanding Research: #2 (start at 20:19)
21 Really Arousal Detectors, not Lie Detectors But, 67% of American public believe they are effective Good for anything? Guilty knowledge test Seldom admissible in court Makes for good drama and ratings! 19. Do you think they should be used for hiring/firing? As evidence in a court case? Explain.
22 Detecting lies: microexpressions 20. Brief facial expression (1/25 th sec.); occurs when person either deliberately or unconsciously conceals an emotion being felt. Paul Ekman: The Role of Microexpressions Lie Detection (also consulted for the movie, Inside Out
23
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