social and emotional brain

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Joan Chiao# *Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of

1 NIPS International Symposium Social iland cognitive ii brain Cross cultural imaging study of social and emotional brain Tetsuya Iidaka*, Tokiko Harada*, Joan Chiao# *Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry #Northwestern University, Department of Psychology December 16, 2010 Okazaki, Japan 1

2 Self Construal Style How people construe themselves and their relationship to the world Collectivism Individualism Chiao and Blizinsky, 2010; Hofstede,

3 Cultural differences in self construal style (Markus and Kitayama, 1991) Collectivism East Asian culture? They think that people are highly interconnected to one another, and describe themselves in relation to specific social context or situations. Individualism Western culture? They think that people are independent of each other and have stable personality. mother X X X X X friends self X X X X X X X X X X X father X X X X X X X colleagues siblings X X X X X friends mother self X X X X X X X X X X X fth father X X X X X X X colleagues siblings (a) Collectivistic culture (b) Individualistic culture 3

4 Self Construal Style (SCS) Questionnaire e (Singelis, 1994) Interdependent style (12 items) e.g.) If my brother or sister fails, I feel responsible. It is important for me to maintain harmony within my group. Even when I strongly disagree with group members, I avoid an argument. Independent style (12 items) e.g.) I enjoy being unique and different from others in many respects. I act the same way no matter who I am with. I d rather say No directly, than risk ikbi being misunderstood. d Answer: from 1 (do not agree) to 7 (strongly agree) point scale SCS is determined by Interdependent Independent (mean score) A positive value indicates Collectivism (COL) A negative value indicates Individualism (IND) 4

5 SCS questionnaire in four ethnicities Mean SCS S Caucasian a Japanese Japanese American e Korean IND COL 1.0 * CO OL IND COL 0.5 Caucasian Japanese Japanese American Korean IND Caucasian (n= 22), Japanese (n=24), Japanese American (n=16), Korean (n=20) ANOVA: F(3,78) = , p = 0.049, 049 Caucasian vs. Japanese American, p = (Bonferoni correction) 5

6 Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the self e.g., Q1: Are you honest? A1: Yes/No; Q2: Is Japanese PM honest? A2: Yes/No Amodio & Frith, 2005, Nature Neuroscience Reviews 6

7 Exp. 1: Neural basis of individualistic and collectivistic views of self 12 Caucasians 12 Japanese Chiao, Harada, Iidaka et al., Human Brain Mapping,

8 Aims and predictions Aims: To examine whether the cultural values of individualism and collectivism modulate neural activity within MPFC during processing of general and contextual self judgments. Individualistic Context non dependent(general) Collectivistic Context dependent (Contextual) Predictions: Individualistic persons would elicit greater MPFC activation for General condition and collectivistic person would elicit greater MPFCactivationfor Contextualcondition condition. 8

9 Methods Subjects Japanese subjects (n=12, M/F, 7/5, mean age, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (3T Siemens Allegra) Caucasian subjects (n=12, M/F, 7/5, mean age; Northwestern University Hospital (3T Siemens Trio) fmri parameter TR=2000ms, TE=25ms, FA=70 deg, 34 slices, 4mm slice thickness Spatial resolution 3 x 3mm in plane Image g data analysis SPM2, random effects model Questionnaire Self Construal Style (Singelis, 2004) 9

10 fmri experiment Japanese version Nagoya ハイ / イイエハイ / イイエハイ / イイエ English version Chicago yes/no yes/no yes/no 10

11 Self Judgment Task (fmri) Individualistic Collectivistic Control General Contextual t Font Is this statement accurate? 24 items for each condition Yes or No 11

12 Cultural specificity in MFPC response during self judgments p< 0.05 for SVC Note: No significant difference in activation between Japanese and Caucasian groups. 12

13 Self construal and MPFC 13

14 Cultural perspective Discussion Utility of self report behavioral measures of individualismcollectivism and neural assays Self construal style score does not differ between the ethnic groups. Individual difference is more important than group difference. Neuroscience perspective Culturemay shape neural representations of self. Degree of activation in MPFC to general vs. contextual traitscorrelates with degree of individualistic vs. collectivistic self construal style. 14

15 Exp. 2: Dynamic cultural influences on neural representation of the self 15 IND PRIME Ai Asian AmericansA i 15 COL PRIME Asian Americans Chiao, Harada, Iidaka, et al, J Cog Neurosci,

16 Aims and predictions Aims: To investigate whether priming of individualism and collectivism in bicultural individuals affects neural activity within MPFC during self judgments. Cultural priming task: Read a story and write an essay Individualistic primegroup Collectivistic prime group Predictions: Bicultural persons who were exposed to different cultural lenvironments would be prone to priming by these procedures and show differential activity within the MPFC 16

17 Methods Subjects Asian American subjects (n=30, M/F, 12/18, mean age, Northwestern University Hospital (3T Siemens Trio) Procedure 2 cultural priming tasks Sumerian Warrior Story (read a story) Friends and Family Task (write an easy) fmri parameter TR=2000ms, TE=25ms, FA=70 deg, 34 slices, 4mm slice thickness Spatial resolution 3 x 3mm in plane Image data analysis SPM2, random effects model Questionnaire Self Construal Style (Singelis, 2004) 17

Cultural lpi Priming i Task k1: Sumerian Warrior

General chooses warrior because he is a family

18 Cultural lpi Priming i Task k1: Sumerian Warrior Story IND PRIME Approximately: 5 min COL PRIME General chooses warrior based on his personal achievements and merit. General chooses warrior because he is a family member and will bring honor to the family. Do you admire the general s decision? Yes, No, Maybe 18

Write a short essay about what you have in common with friends and family members.

19 Cultural lpi Priming i Task k2: Fi Friends and Family Task Approximately: 5 min IND PRIME COL PRIME Wit Write a short essay about what makes you unique from friends and family members. Write a short essay about what you have in common with friends and family members. Manipulation check 4 raters read the essays and rated the uniqueness and similarity using a scale from 1 (not at all) to 7 (very much). 19

20 Cultural Priming Task 1: Sumerian Warrior Story Cultural Priming Task 2: Friends and Family Task IND-PRIME COL-PRIME IND-PRIME COL-PRIME ent % agreem agree maybe don't agree ANOVA: n.s. Rating uniqueness ICC = 0.91 similarity Indicates that the prime was similarly effective in both priming conditions. Indicates that the prime was effective in bringing participants to each cultural value. 20

21 SlfJ Self Judgment Task k(fmri) General Contextual t Font Is this statement accurate? 24 items for each condition Yes or No 21

22 Cultural priming in MFPC and PCC response during self judgments Significant conditionby priming interaction in MPFC and PCC SVC: p< 0.05 No significant behavioral differences 22

23 Cultural priming in MFPC and PCC response during self judgments General Contextu ual General Contextua al 23

24 Discussion Cultural lperspective Cultural traits, such as self construal style, are dynamic, and can exert influence on short time scales. However, cultural priming task does not cause behavioral differences in self judgment task. Neuroscience perspective Reveals that cultural priming elicits modulation of neural response. Self construal style modulates MPFC activation during self relevant processing. 24

25 General ldiscussioni Cultural perspective Individual difference ofself construalstylestyle is larger than group difference between ethnicities. Cultural l priming i task kis effective in bringing bi i the participants i t to each cultural value. Neuroscience perspective MPFC activity is related with cultural value and modulated by cultural priming. Emotional attention bias and its neural correlates are altered by priming of cultural value. 25

Neural Basis of Individualistic and Collectivistic Views of Self

r Human Brain Mapping 00:000 000 (2009) r Neural Basis of Individualistic and Collectivistic Views of Self Joan Y. Chiao, 1 * Tokiko Harada, 1 Hidetsugu Komeda, 2 Zhang Li, 1 Yoko Mano, 2 Daisuke Saito,