The 1st Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sports Science 2017

Transcription

1 511 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAINING GUIDED IMAGERY IN LOWERING ANXIETY ON ATHLETES Donie 1, Prima Aulia 2, Argantos 1, 1 Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Padang 2 The faculty of education. Universitas Negeri Padang Donie17.fik.unp.ac.id Abstract Objectives: This research aims to understand the effectiveness of our training guided imagery in lowering anxiety on athletes PPLP of West Sumatera.This research involving 2 variables, namely anxiety and guided imagery. Anxiety is an emotional state unpleasant characterized the existence of a feeling of fear, nervous and tense, as well as a sense of doubt or not dare to matters concrete and things are not clear. Guided imagery is a technique that uses imagination and visualization to help reduce stress and foster relaxation.this research involving 40 athletes PPLP of West Sumatera. Methods: The research is using the quantitative approach with type of research experiments. A design research experiments used is pre-test post-test control group design by using 2 groups that are control groups and experiment groups. Instrument gatherer the data used was scale anxiety sports ( SKO ) developed [1], this scale consisting of 22 items questions developed based on four dimensions anxiety sports the motor dimensions, affective dimensions, somatic dimensions and cognitive dimension. The analysis data used was data analysis non parametric by using the Mann-Whitney technique. Great influence treatment seen by counting effect size. The calculation of the Mann-Whitney gets the result 0.00 with significance. The results of the calculation of effect size of Results: The whole result of the calculation is indicated that there are significant differences between the experimentation and the control group in a reduction of anxiety. Conclusions: It means guided imagery effective to lower anxiety athletes PPLP of West Sumatera, with an influence in the large. Keywords: Guided Imagery, Anxiety, Athletes, INTRODUCTION For Indonesian, sports play the role of good multi function as a media to increase in Indonesian human resources, as a struggle in the before and after independence, and as forming the nation character, capable of being the identity and capable of being raised states and dignity Indonesian equal to the other. Realized that accomplishments optimal sport is a system that involves the input, processes and the output. Input is course of athletes, especially for young athletes or potential athletes. All also must agreed to produced a good achievement; they did not be done instantly but needed process to achieve. The productive ages to get potential athletes are in the elementary school and junior high school age. Associated with the development of sports education, one of the efforts by the government is to build coaching student sports centre known as a central PPLP (training and exercise sport for students). PPLP as a forum to gather athletes with high interest in sports with high potential/talent to develop by using various benchmarks, and the athletes who are acceptable also be the members of PPLP. PPLP are the combination between sports education and sports achievement. Athletes who become members and training in PPLP is an athlete who have interest, talent/potential has been selected or selected closely and potentially large be elite athletes in each sport fields. In West Sumatera, PPLP as a nursery and training for potential athletes, have a big contribution for sport, especially for athletes who had a good performed at the national level and the potential athletes of West Sumatera. Even in the event of PON XVIII at 2012 most of the alumnus of PPLP has become the backbone of sport team from west Sumatera. The ability of an athlete to win medals whether it was the gold, silver and bronze medals that influenced by several factors. Those factors include physical, technique, tactics and psychological

2 512 factors. In general, physical factors that among other cardiovascular endurance, durability strength, muscular strength, flexibility, speed, agility and power and others. Techniques factor is the basic ability of the athlete on the field of sports, while tactics factors on an athlete is the ability of interpretive or resources of an athlete. The third factors above can be developed by means of regular practice and structured (Sukirno, 1990). The next factor is psychological factors that have the same important of all three factors above. The psychological aspects that must be considered include stress with pressure or burden received by athletes; anxiety to face the matches, fear of defeat, nervous when will fight. One of the psychological aspects that come to the athlete is a feel of anxiety. The anxiety problem caused by external factors, the problems that come from outside of the athletes themselves, for example the opponents, referee, the audience, and environment. The internal factor that comes to the athletes is the problems derived from an athlete itself, for example emotional problems, motivation, intelligence, anxiety, excessive stress. All of the problems above will impact to the athlete. Anxiety is fear of unpleasant accompanied by heightened tensions of physiological. Anxiety will be compounded if someone feel cannot stand for doubt of self ability. Singer (Gunarsa, 1996) define anxiety is a reaction from fear against of a situation. Anxiety is a feeling of worry about fear or the perception of something threatening. Relating to sport, anxiety often comes to the athletes when they will face a game. Cox (2002) revealed that anxiety to face the game that is as a condition of the negative emotions increasing in line with how some of the athletes interpreted and assess the situation of the game. Gunarsa (1996) explained that the perception or response of the athlete in assessing the situation and conditions to face the game, before the match or approaching the matches will be had different repercussions. When an athlete considers a situations and condition of the game as a threatened condition they will feel stress and anxiety. Amir in 2004 explained that anxiety will occurred to the athlete when they face the game because there are so many things that they thought if they lost the game. Anxiety also came out due to think the things undesired is going to happen, bad performance, looking at great the opponent and lost the game (Satiadarma, 2000). Anxiety that appears would disrupt the athletes in a match, so we needed special handling (intervention) by a psychologist to reduce the anxiety of the athletes, by decrease the anxiety of course would bring a positive impact on an athlete. One intervention that can be done in order to decrease anxiety is by doing relaxation. Relaxation is one technique in therapy developed by Jacobson and Wolpe to reduce tension and anxiety. There are some kinds of techniques of relaxation; one of them is Guided Imagery. Guided imagery behavior is intervention to overcome anxiety, stress and pain (Yung et al, 2001). Guided imagery is a relaxation method to imagine a beautiful place and events. METHODS The Participant A population that involved as a source of data in this research was an athlete, especially an athlete of PPLP Sumbar. Population as a whole of an object research and which can be the objects in research is human, animals, herbs, air, symptoms value, the attitude life, and many more that have in common characteristic. Sampling is a process systematic to selected subject which will be part of research. The sample of the technique in this research using simple random sampling, where all the members of the population has the same opportunity to become the subject of study. This research involves about 40 athletes of PPLP West Sumatera. The Measurement Anxiety on athlete of PPLP Sumbar is measured using scale anxiety sports (SKO) developed by Amir in This scale consist of 22 items questions developed based on four dimensions anxiety of sports; the motor dimensions, affective dimensions, somatic dimensions and cognitive dimension. SKO have a high reliability with score 0,856 it means a measuring instrument it has high reliability.

3 513 The Procedure This research is research used a quantitative approach with experiment research type. The type of the experiment research chosen because researchers want to know the manipulation of behavior individual observed. The Designs of the experiment will be used are pre-test, post-test, and control group design which use 2 groups as a group of experimentation and the control group. The intervention that will be giving called guided imagery. This research carried out in three stages with 3 meeting for the provision of intervention and a meeting for evaluation. Before the intervention, the researchers will identify the subject of study and doing interview with the PPLP. After obtaining the subject of study, researchers divide the group into 2 as a group of experimentation and the control group. The next step is given the tool of measuring anxiety to look at the anxiety level of the subject. After a series of the identification process done, the step was taken then is to initiate intervention. The Statistical Analysis The analysis data technique used was Mann-Whitney. Mann-Whitney used if we only doing experiment by using 2 groups and with different participants in each group. In addition, will be conducted the calculation of effect size in order to know the influence level of treatment. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Result Based on the calculations that have done, the researchers got the significance (sig.) of 0.00 it means less than 0.05 (sig < 0,05). It will show that there are significant differences in the anxiety between the experiment and the control group. Furthermore, it means that guided imagery effective to lower anxiety in athletes PPLP of West Sumatera. Based on calculations by effect size, it get 0,75 value. Based on the categories designed by Cohen (1992, in Field & Hole, 2008), the value of treatment that given to this research in the treatment group had great influence. It means that guided imagery had a huge impact to lower anxiety in athletes PPLP of West Sumatera. Discussion This research aims to understand the effectiveness of our training guided imagery in lowering anxiety on athletes PPLP of West Sumatera. Based on the results of the data analysis from the calculation of effect size, a whole analysis shows that the decrease result in anxiety to athletes PPLP of West Sumatera after participating the training session of guided imagery. The size of the influence or the effects of treatment given, included in a moderate degree of treatment that has an effect to a group of large experiment based on the categories made by Cohen (Field, 2005). This research is in line with research conducted by Aprianto with theme the effectiveness of techniques by guided relaxation imagination and deep breath to decrease the anxiety in patients presurgery that concludes there are differences between the effectiveness of techniques by guided relaxation imagination and deep breath to decrease the anxiety patients pre-surgery at RSUD Ra Kartini Jepara. Between the effectiveness of techniques by guided relaxation imagination and deep breath, the most effective technique is guided relaxation imagination because in this therapy obtained the larger difference compared with the deep breath technique. Townsend (1977) said a lot of benefit we can get by using guided imagery; one of them is reduce anxiety. Research conducted by Sarsito (2015) said that the effect of imagery guided on the anxiety. The research takes a sample in patients of hemodialisa at the hospital of PKU Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Similar research conducted by Hidayati (2010) for client insomnia age years stated that some declining anxiety at women in Ketawanggede Malang. Relaini ( 2015 ) did a research on the sufferers of cervical cancer. In the research, researchers want to know the level of anxiety before and after therapy treatment given to the sufferers. Therapy treatment given in the form of guided imagery. Anxiety levels on the subject of this research before given treatment are at medium category. After having the treatment, 57 percent of the subject of this research not experiencing anxiety and were provided by experienced anxiety at a low level with score 43%.

4 514 Other research was also carried out by Ni Nengah in 2013 who take a sample from a pregnant women. Research take location in the work area of Puskesmas Meninting Kecamatan Batu Layar at Lombok Barat Regency of Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, this provides intervention of exercise relaxation guided imagery and music. The results of the study states that is the exercise relaxation guided imagery in the intervention, where there was a decrease in the score of anxiety compared to the control group. The decline in a score of anxiety also experienced by the athletes PPLP of West Sumatera who get intervention of training guided imagery. Guided imagery relaxation is intervention behavior to overcome anxiety, stress and pain (Yung et al, 2001). Guided imagery is a method of relaxation to imagine a place and the chain associated with a sense of relaxation. Imaginary that allows clients enter a state or experience relaxation (Kaplan & Sadock. 2010). Guided imagery stressed that client to imagine about something that can make them feels comfortable and soothing. The use of guided imagery not can focus on many things in one time hence clients should be imagined one imagination that very strong and exciting (Brannon & Feist, 2000). Guided imagery is techniques that uses imagination and visualizes helping reduce the stress and foster relaxation. In line with the paragraph before, on this research the subject of study were required to collect a comfortable sitting position, set the breath, wondering where can make they are more comfortable and those they care about. When they were done, most of the subject of study imagine are at their house and in the rooms. Some others imagine other places like a beach. The people that they are thinking about are parents, friends, and their own family. They had been obliged to free their imaginations. With imagine a convenient place and call the loved ones is expected to push the subject of research achieved a state of relaxes and make them more relaxes. Techniques of relaxation guided imagery will form in a that they will receive as recitative by various the senses, then in imagine that something is beautiful, feelings are feel calm. Tension and the uncomfortable feelings are brought, so cause of a body to relax and comfortable (Smeltzer & Bare, 2001). Relaxation response is more dominant on the nervous system parasympathetic, in order to reduce nerve of the tense. Parasympathetic nervous serves control function heart rate to make the body relax. According to Simon (in Hidayati, 2007) in technique guided imagination, cortex visual of the brain that process imagination have strong ties with the nervous system autonomous, that controls movement involuntary of them: pulse, breathing and response physical to stress and help secretes the hormone of endorphin (substance this could cause its analgesic effects comparable to inflicted morphine in doses mg/kg BB) there are the process of relaxation and anxiety decline. The results of the study and data obtained at the athletes PPLP of West Sumatera above, according to the theory Smeltzer & Bare, in 2001 that the anxiety of someone are caused by circumstances of physical, age, the environment and situation. While the ability of an athlete in building medal whether it is gold medals, silver and bronze influenced by several factors. Among other things these factors are physical factor, technique factors, tactics factors and psychological factors. In general, physical factors include endurance cardiovascular, endurance power, strength, flexibility, speed, agility and power. The technique factor is around the basics of owned by an athlete on the certain sports, while the tactics on the athletes is the ability of everyone to interpretive or power. Psychological factors of athletes were a crucial. Aspects of Psychological must be considered, includes stress with pressure or burden received by athletes, anxiety, the fear of defeat, nervous when will fight and other forth. One of the most frequent psychological appear and disturbing the athlete to face the match is a feeling of anxiety. The anxiety problems experienced by the athletes as a problem caused by external factors, the problems that come from outside of themselves, for examples the presence of an opponent, the referee, the audience, and the environment. The problems which arise out of the internal factor, the problems that originated from inside of themselves, for examples emotion, motivation, intelligence, high anxiety, and excessive stress. All of those problems will have an influence to achievement of the athletes.

5 515 The feeling of anxiety is a feeling of fear unpleasant accompanied by heightened tensions of physiological. Anxiety will compounded if someone feel cannot stand to face their ability and feeling doubt about the ability of themselves (Davison & Kring, 2006). Anxiety is feeling worry about fear or the perception about what is threatening. Cox (2002)revealed that anxiety is the condition of distress experienced by the athletes, that is as a condition from the negative emotions increasing in line with how does one athletes interpretation and assess the situation of the match. The anxiety feelings that came at improper time would affect to the athletes in a match, so we needed intervention from the professional or a psychologist to reduce the anxiety, by decrease the anxiety feeling of the athlete would have some positive effect to the athlete. One intervention that can be done in order to lower anxiety is relaxation. Relaxation is one technique in behavior therapy developed by Jacobson and Wolpe to reduce tension and anxiety. There are some kinds of techniques of relaxation; one of them is guided imagery. From the research that has been done, we can see that the anxiety feeling of the athletes PPLP of West Sumatera having decreased by given guided imagery exercise. In other words it can said that guided imagery is effective when given to the athletes. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Based on the whole results that have been implemented in this research, it can be drawn the conclusion that the anxiety will be decreased on the athletes PPLP of West Sumatera after giving training guided imagery. It means that the training guided imagery effective in lowering anxiety on the athletes PPLP of West Sumatera. The suggestions from this research : (1) Need to equip coaches with the knowledge and skills in conducting guide imagery in a effort to optimum performance improvement.(2) needs to reseach the development of guide imagery in the world of sports coaching for relaxation purposes in the implementation of techninique, tacticts and strategies in an effort to improve the achiement. REFERENCE Amir, N Sports Development Tools Measuring Anxiety. Jurnal Penelitian dan evaluasi Pendidikan. Aprianto, D. (-). Efektifitas Teknik Relaksasi Imajinasi Terbimbing dan Nafas Dalam terhadap Penurunan Kecemasan Pada Pasien Pre Operasi. Semarang: Ilmu Keperawatan STIKES Telogorejo Semarang. Brannon Linda & Feist, Jess. (2000). Health psychology: an introduction to behavior and health. United States of America: Matrix Production Inc. Cox, R.H Sport Psychology: Concepts and Applications. New York: Mc Graw-Hill Companies, Inc Davison, G.C, Neale,J.M & Kring, A.M Psikologi Abnoral. Jakarta: Rajawali Press Field, A.,2005. Discovering Statistic Using SpSS. Sage Publication Gunarsa, S. D., Satiadarma, M. P. dan Soekasah, M. H. R Psikologi Olahraga: Teori dan Praktik. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. Hidayati, F Pengaruh Teknik Guided Imagery terhadap Penurunan Kecemasan pada Klien Wanita dengan Gangguan Tidur (Insomnia) Usia Tahun di Kelurahan Tawang Gede Kecamatan Lowokwaru Malang. Malang: FKUD. Kaplan & Sadock Sinopsis psikiatri ilmu pengetahuan perilaku klinis, jilid 2.Tangerang: Bina Rupa Asara Publisher.Smeltzer, C.S. & Bare, B.G Buku Ajar Keperawatan Medikal Bedah Bunner and Suddart. Vol.1 Edisi 8. Jakarta: EGC

6 516 Nengah, N.A.M Pengaruh Latihan Relaksasi Guided Imagery And Music (GIM) pada Kelas Ibu terhadap Derajat Kecemasan Ibu Hamil Menghadapi Persalinan Pertama: Studi di Puskesmas Meninting Kabupaten Lombok Barat, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Jurnal Kesehatan Prima, 8(1): Reliani Teknik Guided Imagery terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan Penderita Kanker Serviks: The Sun, 2 (1): Sarsito Pengaruh Guide Imagery terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan pada Pasien Hemodialisa di RS PKU Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Surakarta: Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Muhammadiyah. Satiadarma, M. P Dasar-dasar Psikologi Olahraga. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan. Smeltzer, C.S. & Bare, B.G Buku Ajar Keperawatan Medikal Bedah Bunner and Suddart. Vol.1 Edisi 8. Jakarta: EGC. Yung AR, Phillips LJ, Yuen HP, McGorry PD. Risk factors for psychosis in an ultra high-risk group: psychopathology and clinical features. Schizophr Res. 2004;67(2-3):