Relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership style on male coach's Karate Federation I.R.I

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1 International Journal of Sport Studies. Vol., 4 (2), , 2014 Available online at http: ISSN ; Science and Research Publications Relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership style on male coach's Karate Federation I.R.I Shahab Hasibi 1, Ali Dejvakh 2, Mohammad Bagher Forghani 3* 1- M.A Sports Management, Department of Youth and Sports, Babol, Iran 2- M.A Sports Management Student, PE Teacher, Education Office, Babol, Iran 3- M.A Sports Management, PE Teacher, Education Office, Babol, Iran *Corresponding author: Mohammadbagher.forghani@gmail.com Abstract The purpose of this study was to Relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership style on male coaches Karate Federation I.R.I. The research method was descriptive correlational research. Population study, 1677 cases of male coaches in the league Karate Federation Islamic Republic of Iran. Sample and a simple random sample of 313 people were based on Morgan. Gathered data, Sybryashryng Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire was a Likert scale of five values (α=0.85) and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire bass and Olive (α=0.87) was used. The data from the test for normality Kolmogroff-Smirnov hypothesis test and Pearson correlation test was used P 0.05 significance level. Data analysis revealed a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership styles. Also, all emotional intelligence subscales correlated with transformational leadership style there are transformative in their only motivation scale transformative leadership style is irrelevant. Overall findings indicated that the relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership is male coach's karate. Key Words: emotional intelligence, leadership style transformative coach, karate 181 Introduction Nowadays, management science researcher found power and influence of emotion in human behavior. They are to discover and explain emotions status and sensations in activities, behavior's and human movement. One of the most important characteristics in which could help managers in answering changes is emotional intelligence (Hebert, 2011). Emotion control skill and other s sensation is one of important aspects in management science. Witness's shows emotional intelligence is the basic factor in better performance, higher productivity, good work groups and unique leadership. It seems organization success is due to having capabilities like self-awareness, empathy, self-confidence, and motivation. Gloeman studies showed 90%difference among organization's general and salient managers performance is related to their emotional intelligence. He stated, don t imagine intelligence quotient and technical skills are nor very important, in reverse, their role as a basic capacities and talents are very important (Goleman, 1998). Till now, there have been so many dimensions for emotional intelligence. One of best known models is Golemen 5-dimensions model in clades: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, social skills. In one hand, transformational leadership is one of newest approaches to leadership in which there has been so little research in these eras. Transformational leadership style theory is one of theoretical framework in the world and has been considered by Burns (1978) and Bass (1985) based on Bass theory (1985), Bass and Avolio (1990) in which is developed theory of Burns (1978), transformative leadership is formed by four dimensions of idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individual consideration and intellectual stimulation (Rahim and et al., 2006). Transformative leaders take attention of follower to collective targets and in order to stimulate employer s high level motive, pursue them in following organizational targets (Bass and Steidlmeier, 1999). Bass and

2 Avolio (1998) believes when leader develops employer s interests, acknowledge them for accepting mission and motivate them for seeing their interest future, transformative leadership has formed (Stone et al., 2004). In recent years, there have been so many attentions to testing new transformative leadership management pattern. Whereas, only in 1990 and 1995 more than 100 thesis and research has been done in different universities about the content of transformative leadership. Bass has stated: leaders could lead followers to more than expectation performance by the aid of behavioral characteristic of transformative leadership (Hymphreys and Einstein, 2003). Keivanloo et al. (2010) has examined emotional intelligence relation to leadership style among 240 men coach of sport teams in 9 Islamic Azad universities. Research findings shows, there is positive and meaningful and positive relation among emotional intelligence and transformative leadership style. Research findings shows by increasing emotional intelligence in coaches, their tendency to transformative leadership style increases, too. Research result of Mandel and Feravani (2003) and Banihashemian (2005) shows highest amount of emotional intelligence belongs to women, but Goleman (1998) is not agreeing to this theory in which women does have higher emotional intelligence and state his reason that every gender does have more skill in some emotional intelligence capability. Shaebanibahar et al. (2010) have studied relation among leadership style and emotional intelligence of sport teams coach participating in the 9 th cultural-sport Olympiad of boy university students in the country and found there is direct meaningful correlation among humanity leadership style and emotional intelligence (r=0.296, p<0.05). Research findings shows coach leadership style leading to humanity by increasing emotional intelligence, age and coaching past record. Bashiry et al. (2011) in a study by the topic of relation among emotional intelligence and coach efficiency of sport coach has reached to these results: scale and subscale of coach emotional intelligence variable are in relation to scale and subscale of coach efficiency variable. Also, the amount of emotional intelligence is correct anticipator of coach efficiency. At last, it has been explicit those coach having higher emotional intelligence, are more efficient in coaching, too. Rahimi et al. (2011) have reached to these results in a study by the topic of measuring the amount of cultural intelligence of selected federation managers in country and determining it s relation to transformative leadership style: result showed managers does have cultural intelligence as a whole. The result of Pearson correlation test showed there is meaningful relation among cultural intelligence and leadership style and behavior to leadership style. One-way variance analysis test result showed there is meaningful difference among knowledge and leadership style to the level of selected sport federation education. Kroskal-Valise test result showed there is no meaningful difference among research variables and work past record and management. Research result emphasize on requirement of attention to manager s cultural intelligence in organizational efficiency and positive relation among cultural intelligence and transformative leadership style. Bohannon (2010) in a research by the topic of the relation of emotional intelligence and transformative leadership in middle level managers in Gary life Texas company has found there is positive and meaningful relation among emotional intelligence and transformative leadership style and high level of emotional intelligence in managers could develop transformative leadership style behavior's. Leader could make organization influential and satisfy followers by training emotional intelligence skills and increasing transformative leadership behaviors. Igoki et al. (2011) examined emotional intelligence concept in transformative leadership in Kenia universities. The result showed emotional intelligence is meaningful in transformative leadership whereas individual's by higher level of emotional intelligence has more tendencies in transformative leadership. In addition, emotional intelligence four subscales have has meaningful relation to all transformative leadership subscales. Hebert (2011) in a research on the relation among emotional intelligence and transformative leadership style and efficiency in school managers has found positive correlation among emotional intelligence and transformative leadership style. Managers are more capable in developing influential leadership by acquiring knowledge of their weakness and authority points in emotional intelligence eras along with improving transformative leadership style. Evaluating the relation among emotional intelligence and transformative leadership style depends on theories and applicable measuring instrument. In past decades, there have been so many theories and researches in transformative leadership. (Avolio et al., 1998; Boss and Avolio ; Brown, 1978; Stone et al., 2004; Robins, 2002; De Cramer and Vandick, 2007). Emotional intelligence researches are in new stages and researches about relation among transformative leadership and emotional intelligence are very few. (Brown and Moshavi, 2005; Sayeed and Shankar, 2009; Weinberger, 2004). It requires more research on understanding the relation among transformative leadership and emotional intelligence. (Carwright and Pappas, 2008; Hayashi and Evert, 2006; Hymphrey, 2002). The object of this research is to acquire knowledge about existing and method of interaction of emotional intelligence to transformative leadership. Better understanding of this relation leads to 182

3 improving readiness in leadership education programs and improving leadership efforts, because managers try to develop their own skills and these skills does have relation to emotional intelligence. On the one hand, the result of Polychroniou (2009), Yaghobi et al. (2009), Abedi and Moradi (2005) research shows balancing relation of some elements of emotional intelligence including concord, self-knowing, motivation, social skill to transformative leadership. But, Weinberger (2004) in a study on determining individual indicator so emotional intelligence and transformative leadership does not reach to areolation among these two structures. He has pointed; theories and emotional intelligence measurement are in preliminary stage and requires more experimental research. Because the relation of emotional intelligence and leadership style in coaches in sport eras has been less in attention and in other hand, more attention to determining emotional intelligence in different eras and determining transformative management as a successful management style in today's organization's and also by existing discrepancy in researches about emotional intelligence influence, it s relation to individual transformative leadership, this research tries to describe dimensions of emotional intelligence in men sport coaches, transformative leadership style and in other hand, answer to this question: is there any relation among emotional intelligence and leadership style in studied society? Emotional intelligence helps coaches to interact efficiently to other sensations and recognize sport men requirements and motivate them efficiently. Also, according to transformation and reconstruction requirements in sport eras by coaches and tendencies and increased attention in the method of coach's communication method to sportsmen, so, determining the relation of emotional intelligence to transformative leadership among sport coaches is very important. Also, by examining past studies especially in emotional intelligence era and transformative leadership in sport coach has been less in attention and there is more requirements in doing research in this eras. So, we determine the relation of emotional intelligence and transformative leadership style in karate federation men coaches in Islamic republic of Iran. We hope to apply study result in developing their targets in their programs, too. Materials and Methods This study is applicable from target view and descriptive in how to acquire required datum of correlation research type. Statistical society of this research includes all karate men coach member of federation in Islamic republic of Iran on In order to determine the volume of research sample based on men karate coach in Islamic republic of Iran federation and feasible to research targets, we have used of Morgan proposed table. In this research, sample has been selected randomly.in this sampling, we get to every member of society equal possibility to be selected in sample. Because research statistical society is about 1677 persons, the number of required sample is based on Morgan table and about 313 persons. This research has been determined by field method and by the aid of 3questionnaires in which has been used spontaneously for every individual. Personal information questionnaire in acquiring determined targets, this questionnaire includes visual variables like age, education level, education field, marriage status, coaching cart degree, coaching past record, championing past record in leading teams. Syberyashring emotional intelligence questionnaire (1986) has been settled in five-chooser scale of Likert. This test have has 34questions. These test questions are related to emotional intelligence dimensions in which every score would be accounted separately. This dimension includes: self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, empathy, social skills. Every tested would have separated score in which five score is related to every indicator and 1score as a whole. This questionnaire's scores extent is from 34 to 170 and this questionnaire has been customized by Mansouri (2000) (α=0.85) the third instrument in this research is Bass and Avolio multi-factors questionnaire (2000) in which measures transformative leadership style, interactive and avoidance (Bass and Avolio, 2000). This questionnaire includes 20 question for evaluating transformative leadership indicator, interactively (Moughli, 2001; Narrated by Amirkabiri et al, 2005) and has been designed in five-chooser scale of Likert (1, never, 2: seldom, 3: sometimes, 4: almost, 5: always) in which examine the method of individual leadership method. Gathered information has been categorized and described by descriptive statistical method including frequency, percentage, central tendency indicator, discrepancy indicator, table and statistical diagram. In this study, we have used of alpha Cronbach method for measuring questionnaire inner stability and stability coefficient. Also, in inference statistic part, we have used of Klomogrove-Smirnove test for determining data's variance neutrality in distribution and homogeneity. After determining homogeneity by Pearson test, we analyzed statistical data's. Meaningful level (α=0.95) for all analysis has been determined by SPSS 19 statistical software. 183

4 Results Participant s age mean is 29.34±6.99 respectively. Also, they have mean past record in sport about 10.33±2.31 years and coaching sport record is about 5.63± %single, 52.1%have master degree, 66.1%are educated in physical education, 5.11% have has national and international coaching cart and 11.18% have has championship record in international level team or global team. Table 1: Descriptive indicators of emotional intelligence and its subscales variable N Mean ± SD Max Min self-awareness ± self-regulation ± self-motivation ± concord ± social skill ± emotional intelligence ± Table 2: Descriptive indicators of transformational leadership and its subscales variable N Mean ± SD Max Min inspirational motivation ± ideal influence ± intellectual stimulation ± individual attention ± transformative leadership ± Table 3: self-awareness and its sub-collection and transformative leadership variable N Correlation sig coefficient Self-awareness and transformative leadership Self-regulation and transformative leadership Self-motivation and transformative leadership Concord and transformative leadership Social skill and transformative leadership Emotional intelligence and transformative leadership Based on research findings: There is meaningful relation among emotional intelligence and transformative leadership style in karate men coaches. There is meaningful relation among self-awareness and transformative leadership style in karate men coach. There is meaningful relation among concord and transformative leadership style. There is meaningful relation among social skills and transformative leadership style. There is no meaningful relation among self-regulation and transformative leadership style. Discussion and Conclusion The main object of this study is to determine this relation among emotional intelligence and transformative leadership style in karate federation men coach in Islamic Republic of Iran. The status of emotional intelligence existing in coaches indicates the mean emotional intelligence score in is intermediate level( of 165)and among subscales including self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, concord and social skill, concord indicator is the least mean score to other emotional intelligence indicator(21.81 from 30 score) in which this result is not compatible to Abedi and Moradi (2004) on a production company s manager, Besharat (2004) on Tehran university student, Banihashemian (2005) on high school manager and Polychronoive (2009) on 184

5 organizational managers in Greece. The cause of non-conformity is possibly related to studied statistical society in these studies. The result of examining research general thesis showed there is meaningful relation among emotional intelligence and transformative leadership style in karate federation men coaches (r=0.002, p<0.01). It means the being emotional intelligence, the more is their tendency to using transformative leadership style. Acquired findings is in direction of all researches has been done in this eras. On comparing to other studies has been done, Gardner and Stoog (2002), Abedi and Moradi (2004), Yaghobi et al (1998) and Polychroniue (2009), has acquired to positive relation among emotional intelligence and transformative leadership. This topic does have conformity to Goleman (1998, 2005) saying about leadership and Hygse studies (2002). Also, findings does have conformity to Mortazavi (2000), Banihashemian (2002), Yaghobi et al (2005), Keivanloo et al (2006), Shabanibahar et al (2010), Bashiri et al (2012), Barling et al (2000), Goleman et al (2003), Liban and Zolavaf (2004), Hayashi and Eivert (2006), Kerr et al (2006), Sayeed and Shanker (2009), Bohanun (2011), Eigogi et al (2011), Hebert (2011), Cao et al (2011). The result of researches indicates by increasing emotional intelligence in coaches, their tendency to transformative leadership style increases and emotional intelligence is a goose anticipator for coach s leadership style. Leaders by high level of emotional intelligence in understanding emotionare able to correctly understand increases in follower s expectation. It is related to sub indicator of inspirational motivation of transformative leadership. According to concept of ideal influence, leaders are able to understand and manage their emotions and presenting self-control and as a result present some models of leadership for followers and acquire their confidence and respect. They found, the ability to audit their inner emotions and others have has meaningful correlation to attitude and ideal behaviors of transformative leadership. By emphasizing on other emotions, leaders by higher emotional intelligence recognize the amount of employee expectation increases in which is a sign of inspirational motivation. Goleman et al (2003) know leader emotional intelligence a factor in creating culture in special working environment. Their researches showed high level of emotional intelligence creates a space in which forms information contribution, confidence, healthy risk taking and learning. In reverse, low level of emotional intelligence creates an environment full of fear and stress. Because feared or nervous employees could have high level of productivity in short-term, their organization could acquire well result and outcomes, but this result and outcomes does have short duration, too. They aren't compatible to Shabanlale result (2007), Weinberger (2004), Palmer et al (2001), Moudasir and Sink (2008). All subscales of emotional intelligence except self-regulation do have meaningful relation to transformative leadership style. Palmer et al (2001) stated inspirational motivation indicators and personal attention of transformative leadership does have meaningful relation to audit and managing own emotion and others. The ability to audit and manage emotions is the basic characteristic in which indicates influential transformative leadership personal attention. Keivanloo et al. (2010) in determining emotional intelligence relation to leadership style in 240 men coach of sport teams in 9 Azad Islamic university stated there is positive and meaningful relation among emotional intelligence and transformative leadership style.also, there is negative and meaningful relation among emotional intelligence and leadership interactive style. Examining age, past record, and the type of education filed influence on emotional intelligence and leadership style showed increasing age and past record would strengthen this relation. In one hand, this correlation is only meaningful in coaches having degree except physical education. The result of research shows by increasing emotional intelligence in coaches, their tendency to transformative leadership style increases, too. Igoki et al (2011) has stated the concept of emotional intelligence is meaningful in transformative leadership. Whereas individual by high level of emotional intelligence does have higher tendency to transformative leadership. In addition there is meaningful relation among four subscales of emotional intelligence to all subscale of transformative leadership. In other hand, Hebert (2011) has observed positive correlation among emotional intelligence and transformative leadership style. Managers know more of their weakness and strength in emotional intelligence along with improving transformative leadership style is able to develop influential leadership skills. Mortazavi (2002) showed gender variable is very important in determining the amount of relation among emotional intelligence and transformative leadership. He reports this relation in men more than women. Perhaps this difference is related to men and women difference in the amount of emotional intelligence and the amount of applying transformative leadership style. Carless (1998) studies, Mendel and Feravani (2003), Banihashemian (2006) represent different results. Goleman (1998) showed any gender have has more skill in some emotional intelligence capabilities. Therefore, it seems in order to examine this relation more in men, it is better to pay their relation to transformative leadership according to result has been acquired from descriptive datum about emotional intelligence subscales in which researcher would mention to them in future work. In future hypothesis, we have paid attention to the relation among emotional intelligence subscale and leadership style. The result shows coaches four subscale of emotional intelligence relation (self-awareness, selfmotivation, concord, social skill)to managers transformative leadership style subscale except self-regulation subscale in which does not have meaningful relation to leadership style. 185

6 Testimonies shows emotional intelligence is necessary factor for better performance, higher productivity, good working group and exceptional leadership. It seems organizational success is due to having capabilities like self-awareness, concord, self-confidence, and motivation (Rabinz, 2002). The result shows there is conformity to past research in this era like Barling et al (2000), Gardner and Stook (2002), Side and Shanger (2009), Igoki et al (2011), Cao et al (2011). Also, polychetiue research (2009), Yaghobi et al (2009), Abedi and Moradi (2005), has shown equilibrium relation of some emotional intelligence elements like concord, selfawareness, motivation, social skills to transformative leadership. But, Weinberger (2004), the same as first hypothesis, in this study on determining emotional intelligence indicator and transformative leadership could not reach to meaningful relation among these two structures. Also, Moudasir and sink (2008)in the same study, however, has introduced emotional intelligence as an strengthening factor in organizational allegiance behavior, but reached to a result in which emotional intelligence is not the only factor in understanding transformative leadership and could not reach to considerable results in the relation of emotional intelligence and transformative leadership and organizational allegiance behavior among managers and audits. One of current result shows self-awareness subscale does have relation to transformative leadership style. This result is accountable according to Goleman definition in which knows self-awareness as a ground and basic of other emotional intelligence indicators. Goleman has mentioned those who have higher level of selfawareness, could meet their requirements by knowing better their weakness and strength and are exact in their affairs, their hope is in real and accept a responsibility in which is in their capability limit. Also, these peoples are sincere to their own and other and know well, how any sensation and feelings is influential on them, these people does have self-confidence. Hebert (2011) has indicated managers by higher knowledge's, use of transformative leadership style, but there is no relation to other style of leadership. Barling et al (2000) has shown in their research, three dimensions of transformative leadership (ideal influence, inspirational stimulation and self-attention) changes according to emotional intelligence. Leaders, who recognize their own emotions and manage them and present self-control and delay, acquire their follower's confidence and respect. This is similar to ideal influence in which is of transformative leadership subscale. In Salivan and Kent research (2003) motivation influence has been presented as an anticipator in sport coach leadership style. Self-confidence factor or coaches knowing their own capability in creating motivation, educating technique, game strategy and making positive characteristic in sportsmen and also using past experience, leadership skills and supporting through society of basic skills is the requirement of a coach influencibility. Also, of different emotional intelligence definition, those who have higher level of emotional intelligence are more capable in knowing other s sensation and their own and applying correct emotions in confronting to stress and managing relations and self-motivation and others. In examining other result of this research, it has been determined social skill indicator and all transformative leadership subscale and concord indicator does have the least meaningful relation to inspirational stimulation and self-attention. Those leaders having more emotional capacity show better performance and evaluation from direct audit and inferior groups. Emotional intelligence does have positive correlation to concord capability, social adaptation, and satisfaction from life and decreases oneself problems and is the ground of improving social relation (Besharat, 2005). Polycherniue research result (2009) and Igoki (2011) is the same as concord subscale relation and social skill to transformative leadership and has conformity to research result. Emotional intelligence self-regulation indicator does not have any relation to any transformative leadership indicator. Of researches none conform to it, we could mention to Garner and Sting (2002), Hayashi and Evert (2006), Igoki (2011) in which any of them has pointed to emotional intelligence relation to transformative leadership. Perhaps, the cause of this nonconformity is the difference among leadership role in coaches and other managers. So, when coach see his self in against spectators judgment, pressure from club in getting result and existing stress in celebrating games, these does have negative influence on controlling emotions, whereas companies managers, industry and offices,.are in relation to special stress and emotion's different from sport teams coaches. Therefore, the difference of research sample is influential factor in this regard. It seems, it requires more research for presenting the difference of leadership role in managing level, also there is some emotional intelligence subscale by fewer amounts or more among coaches and should pay attention to the difference of managers leading role in different environment. In general, the result of research shows higher level of emotional intelligence in karate men coach, present more transformative leadership behavior in them. Manager s one of important duties in league karate games is ti train champion and best one, increasing coaches emotional intelligence could transform coaches education style and make available the ground for developing champions education in national and international level. In this regard, we propose karate federation recognize transformative coaches by the aid of transformative leadership indicator and promote them and present their behavioral pattern to other coaches and make the ground of great transformation in training karate champion in international games. 186

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