SECTION TWO SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
|
|
- Noel Simmons
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 SECTION TWO SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Q1. Assume that we have developed advanced methods of artificial fertilization that allow us to create embryos from the combined genetic material of either two sperm cells or two egg cells (rather than from the combined genetic material of one sperm and one egg cell). Using these methods, would it be possible a. For two men to have a daughter? (2 points) b. For two women to have a son? (2 points) (very briefly justify your answers no points for only yes or no ) This is pretty straight-forward: a) YES: sperm cells contain either an X or a Y chromosome, thus a combination of two X-sperms - resulting in an XX (female) child - is possible; b) NO: egg cells always contain an X chromosome (never a Y), so no XY (male) combination is possible. However, I also accepted as an alternative b) YES: although egg cells always contain an X chromosome, they might contain an additional (translocated) SRY gene, which would trigger male development in an XX male. Note, though, that this argument is somewhat problematic: according to this logic, the person carrying the additional SRY gene would also be an XX male, not (as requested) a woman! So anyone producing this answer got only 1 point (out of 2) for correctness, but then got 1 further point for out-of-the-box thinking. Q2. Why are negative feedback loops important in homeostasis? (3 points) Again, a fairly straight-forward question: Homeostasis = keeping the organism s internal environment within a critical range - if it shifts too far in either direction, it must be brought back to set point (i.e., too much of X: downregulate; too little of X: up-regulate); Negative feedback loop (NFL) = an arrangement whereby a system uses its own output to down-regulate its behaviour (i.e., presence of output reduces output production); Therefore: NFLs can be used in homeostatic processes as that component that down-regulates the system (something else is needed to up-regulate it). Most answers were considerably more condensed than this one. However, full marks were given as long as they got the crucial point across that NFLs are only one component of homeostasis (i.e., they are not the same as homeostatic processes, nor are they on their own sufficient to implement homeostatic processes). Generally, no points were given for variants of "because homeostatic processes need negative feedback loops", no matter how technically-sounding this was presented (e.g., "because negative feedback loops enable oscillating behaviour, or "negative feedback loops allow the system to remain within a critical range etc.). Note that the question asked why are NFLs important for homeostasis. Therefore, any answer that boils down to because they are important for homeostasis fails to add any information!
2 Q3. Draw a flow-chart (i.e., labelled boxes and arrows) showing the sexual development from conception to puberty of a. a normal human male (4 points) b. a chromosomally male human with complete androgen insensitivity (4 points) A purely knowledge-based question: a) See lecture handout 3, page 13 (right-hand side) b) An adaptation of the same graph as follows: 1. Up to and including the stage testes release androgens, everything is the same as in (a) including release of MIH hence, Müllerian duct degenerates instead of developing into (part of the) internal female reproductive organs; 2. Androgens released by the testes are not recognized by the body, therefore: Wolffian duct degenerates instead of developing into (part of the) internal male reproductive system; Testosterone is transformed into DHT (recall: this is done by an enzyme, not by testosterone receptors, so is not affected by the disorder) DHT is still a form of testosterone, so won t be recognized by the urogenital tissue either hence, urogenital groove develops according to female default; 3. At puberty, the body of course still follows the female default, thus: Breasts develop, Although there is, of course, no ovulation (seeing as the person has testes, not ovaries); 4. So overall, the outcome is an infertile woman (not a person with intersex appearance, as the question specifically stated complete AIS). Q4. Draw a flow-chart (i.e., labelled boxes and arrows) showing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as resulting from a positive feedback loop. (4 points) This was discussed only briefly in lecture 5, as the negative flip-side of the social bonding through stress model: stress triggers adrenaline release adrenaline improves memory - particularly strong or vivid memories of a negative event might then trigger renewed adrenaline release... Thus anyone getting this answer right demonstrated that they can use (not merely regurgitate) the information learned in the lecture (alternatively, they demonstrated good memory of Year 1, where this example was discussed in more detail).
3 Q5. In the general population it is widely believed that boys are better than girls at math and physics, and genetically determined differences in male versus female brains are claimed to be the reason for this perceived discrepancy. Is it possible to reconcile this position with the finding that although girls in mixedsex schools tend to get lower grades in math and physics than boys, girls in single-sex schools tend to do just as well as their male peers? (4 points; briefly justify your answer no points for only yes or no ) There s no right or wrong answer here the question assesses your ability to argue coherently within a psychobiological / evolutionary framework. NO. - Let s assume that the only difference between the two situations (single vs. mixed-sex schools) is the presence of boys. - If math skills are genetically determined, then the presence or absence of such an unrelated factor could not affect them. - Therefore, the finding that it does affect them suggests that gender differences in math skills are not genetically determined. - (Maybe gender stereotypes create gender differences: girls in mixed schools are constantly reminded that they are expected to be bad at math, which makes them perform poorly even though they could do better.) *** OR *** YES. - One could argue that the two types of schools (single- vs. mixed-sex schools) are likely to differ not only in the presence or absence of opposite-sex pupils, but also in other, relevant aspects (particularly, in the amount or intensity of math and physics teaching). - Let s assume that everyone gets the same amount of math and physics teaching, except for girls in single-sex schools, who receive more. - If this is the case, then the fact that they do as well in math and physics as boys simply means that they need more training to achieve the same performance. - This would be entirely consistent with the assumption that girls are genetically predisposed to be less good at math than boys are. Either answer would have received full marks (although the first one is better than the second one, as it makes fewer additional assumptions: for the second argument to work, you have to make the additional assumptions that the schools differ in other, relevant aspects. This assumption was not specified in (or required by) the question! However, this is fine as long as you re being explicit about it. In contrast, no points were awarded for answers based on (variants of) We already know for a fact that girls brains are genetically determined to do less well in certain tasks, therefore, it has to be the case that... : whatever else is said (whether it s a YES or a NO answer), it cannot possibly rescue this, because this is a circular argument (hence, a non-argument)! In case you wonder why, this is the reason: - How do we know about brains and their skills, genetically determined or not? Brains aren t like cars: we can t just take them apart and look how they work! - That leaves us with only one other way: we observe how people perform various tasks. o It s important to be perfectly clear about this: we know nothing about someone s brains except what we learn from their task performance! o Or to be more precise: we know nothing about how people s brains work, we can only make reasonable assumptions, based on their task performance.
4 - Which means that we cannot discount some task performance just because it doesn t fit with our prejudice! - But this is exactly what the above argument does. It basically claims that even if girls do as well as boys, we still know that they don t do as well as boys hardly a sensible argument! Similarly, no points for YES, because genetically determined sex differences need to be activated through social learning. Why no points for this? Because it translates to Girls are genetically determined to be inferior, but if they aren t taught that they re inferior, they will fail to be inferior. Again, an argument that really makes no sense. Q6. Draw a graph representing the relationship between cognitive performance (yaxis) and dopamine levels (x-axis). (4 points) Another straight-forward knowledge-based question: the relationship is represented by an inverted u-shaped curve:
5 Q7. During particularly stressful times, we often suffer from sleep problems: we find it hard to fall asleep, and the sleep we do manage to get is never very deep. This seems to be a maladaptive behaviour, depriving us of rest when we need it most. Could it nevertheless reflect an evolutionary beneficial adaptation? (If so, how, if not, why not?) (5 points) Like Q5 above, this one invited you to speculate, and to produce a good argument. In addition, you should have picked up on some of the features discussed in the sleep lecture. Full marks would have been given, for instance, for something like: Yes, it could reflect an evolutionary beneficial adaptation. - In our evolutionary past, stress might mostly have come in the form of a predator being close. - If a predator is close, being vigilant is more important than being well-rested. - If stress prevents us from going into slow-wave sleep, then this would mean that we are more likely to sense (hear, smell) an approaching predator, and to respond appropriately. - Specifically, it would reduce the likelihood of entering REM sleep (during which we might be particularly unresponsive to our environment, as we are experiencing vivid dreams while being effectively paralyzed). - However, sacrificing sleep for increased vigilance can only be a short-term solution, as in the long run, continued sleep deprivation is likely to result in physical and cognitive impairment (and possible death). Few people seemed to have fundamental problems with this question, so I assume that no further explanation or clarification is necessary. Q8. In four or fewer sentences, provide an evolutionary argument for the origins of altruism. (5 points) And one final straight-forward knowledge questions: Altruism can evolve based on kin selection and reciprocity. Kin selection means to help those to whom we are closely genetically related: through their reproductive success, our shared genes are passed on to the next generation. Reciprocity involves helping individuals who can help us in return, thus increasing our own reproductive success (this works at the group level as well, as groups that help one another can outcompete groups where the individuals compete internally).
Why Is It That Men Can t Say What They Mean, Or Do What They Say? - An In Depth Explanation
Why Is It That Men Can t Say What They Mean, Or Do What They Say? - An In Depth Explanation It s that moment where you feel as though a man sounds downright hypocritical, dishonest, inconsiderate, deceptive,
More informationLet s Talk About Hormones!
Let s Talk About Hormones! This lesson was created by Serena Reves and Nichelle Penney, with materials from the BCTF and The Pride Education Network. Hormones are responsible for the regulation of many
More informationPaper Airplanes & Scientific Methods
Paper Airplanes & Scientific Methods Scientific Inquiry refers to the many different ways in which scientists investigate the world. Scientific investigations are done to answer questions and solve problems.
More informationAudio: In this lecture we are going to address psychology as a science. Slide #2
Psychology 312: Lecture 2 Psychology as a Science Slide #1 Psychology As A Science In this lecture we are going to address psychology as a science. Slide #2 Outline Psychology is an empirical science.
More informationDelusions of Gender: The Real Science Behind Sex Differences
What is important about gender differences is not whether they arise from social structure or from brain structure, a misleading distinction, but that they are not inevitable, and they can be changed.
More informationInterviewer: Tell us about the workshops you taught on Self-Determination.
INTERVIEW WITH JAMIE POPE This is an edited translation of an interview by Jelica Nuccio on August 26, 2011. Jelica began by explaining the project (a curriculum for SSPs, and for Deaf-Blind people regarding
More informationBeattie Learning Disabilities Continued Part 2 - Transcript
Beattie Learning Disabilities Continued Part 2 - Transcript In class Tuesday we introduced learning disabilities and looked at a couple of different activities that are consistent and representative of
More informationChapter 7: Descriptive Statistics
Chapter Overview Chapter 7 provides an introduction to basic strategies for describing groups statistically. Statistical concepts around normal distributions are discussed. The statistical procedures of
More informationHuman Molecular Genetics Prof. S. Ganesh Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Human Molecular Genetics Prof. S. Ganesh Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Module - 02 Lecture - 06 Let us test your understanding of Pedigree
More informationFunctionalist theories of content
Functionalist theories of content PHIL 93507 April 22, 2012 Let s assume that there is a certain stable dependence relation between the physical internal states of subjects and the phenomenal characters
More informationSex! Woo Hoo! Finally something interesting!
Sex! Woo Hoo! Finally something interesting! Males: born with Primary Sex Characteristics like a penis, testes, a scrotum, and a prostate Females: Primary Sex Characteristics include a vagina, a uterus,
More informationIntroduction to Research Methods
Introduction to Research Methods 8-10% of the AP Exam Psychology is an empirical discipline. Psychologists develop knowledge by doing research. Research provides guidance for psychologists who develop
More informationSexual Feelings. Having sexual feelings is not a choice, but what you do with your feelings is a choice. Let s take a look at this poster.
Sexual Feelings It may be your first instinct to deny that your child will ever have sexual feelings. You may even do everything in your power to suppress those feelings if they do surface. You won t succeed
More informationFor EXtra Special BoYs
For EXtra Special BoYs A Guide to 47,XXY, Klinefelter syndrome Acknowledgements This is an official publication of axys association for X and Y variations. Additional information available at www.axysinfo.org.
More informationUnit 8.1: Human Chromosomes and Genes
Unit 8.1: Human Chromosomes and Genes Biotechnology. Gene Therapy. Reality or fiction? During your lifetime, gene therapy may be mainstream medicine. Here we see a representation of the insertion of DNA
More informationDefining Sex and Gender & The Biology of Sex
Defining Sex and Gender & The Biology of Sex Today: -Defining Sex and Gender -Conception of a Child -Chromosomes -Defects in Chromosomes Often we hear the terms sex and gender used in our society interchangeably,
More informationFLASH CARDS. Kalat s Book Chapter 11 Alphabetical
FLASH CARDS www.biologicalpsych.com Kalat s Book Chapter 11 Alphabetical alpha-fetoprotein alpha-fetoprotein Alpha-Fetal Protein (AFP) or alpha-1- fetoprotein. During a prenatal sensitive period, estradiol
More informationWhat is Down syndrome?
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS PRIMARY What is Down syndrome? People have Down syndrome because they have an extra chromosome. Our bodies are made up of millions and millions of cells and each cell usually
More informationLecture 15 (Nov 16 th ): Hormones and Sexual Behavior Lecture Outline. 4) Gender Phenotype : Organizing Effects of Sex Hormones in Utero and Anomalies
Lecture 15 (Nov 16 th ): Hormones and Sexual Behavior Lecture Outline 1) Organs / Glands / Hormonal Communication 2) Sex Hormones: Male vs. Female 3) Genetic Gender (XX, XY) 4) Gender Phenotype : Organizing
More informationAPPENDIX N. Summary Statistics: The "Big 5" Statistical Tools for School Counselors
APPENDIX N Summary Statistics: The "Big 5" Statistical Tools for School Counselors This appendix describes five basic statistical tools school counselors may use in conducting results based evaluation.
More informationChapter 7 DEVELOPMENT AND SEX DETERMINATION
Chapter 7 DEVELOPMENT AND SEX DETERMINATION Chapter Summary The male and female reproductive systems produce the sperm and eggs, and promote their meeting and fusion, which results in a fertilized egg.
More informationChapter 15: Mixed design ANOVA
Chapter 15: Mixed design ANOVA Labcoat Leni s Real Research The objection of desire Problem Bernard, P., et al. (2012). Psychological Science, 23(5), 469 471. There is a concern that images that portray
More informationOkami Study Guide: Chapter 16 1
Okami Study Guide: Chapter 16 1 Chapter in Review 1. Human sexuality includes sex, gender, and sexual behavior. Determining sex at birth includes chromosomal, gonadal, hormonal, and anatomical factors.
More informationIn this chapter we discuss validity issues for quantitative research and for qualitative research.
Chapter 8 Validity of Research Results (Reminder: Don t forget to utilize the concept maps and study questions as you study this and the other chapters.) In this chapter we discuss validity issues for
More informationTopic 13 Sex. Being Male and Female
Topic 13 Sex Being Male and Female Reproduction Asexual (1 individual): more efficient, low genetic variation Sexual: prevalent (2 sexes, separate or not) High genetic variation, need 2 Approaches: External
More informationMCDB 1041 Class 17 Human Sex Determination
MCDB 1041 Class 17 Human Sex Determination Learning goals: Distinguish how "phenotypic" sex is different from "gonadal" sex Describe how hormones are involved in the development of different ductal systems
More information17. Sex. Being Male and Female
17. Sex Being Male and Female Reproduction Asexual: more efficient (Only 1 sex) Low genetic variation Sexual: prevalent (2 sexes, separate or not) High genetic variation Need 2 members of the same species
More informationSpeak Out! Sam Trychin, Ph.D. Copyright 1990, Revised Edition, Another Book in the Living With Hearing Loss series
Speak Out! By Sam Trychin, Ph.D. Another Book in the Living With Hearing Loss series Copyright 1990, Revised Edition, 2004 Table of Contents Introduction...1 Target audience for this book... 2 Background
More informationClass VIII Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence Science
Question 1: What is the term used for secretions of endocrine glands responsible for changes taking place in the body? Hormones are chemical substances which are secreted by endocrine glands. They are
More informationMARK SCHEME for the May/June 2011 question paper for the guidance of teachers 9699 SOCIOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level and GCE Advanced Level MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2011 question paper for the guidance of teachers 9699 SOCIOLOGY 9699/23
More informationIs it possible to give a philosophical definition of sexual desire?
Issue 1 Spring 2016 Undergraduate Journal of Philosophy Is it possible to give a philosophical definition of sexual desire? William Morgan - The University of Sheffield pp. 47-58 For details of submission
More informationCBT+ Measures Cheat Sheet
CBT+ Measures Cheat Sheet Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen (CATS). The CATS has 2 sections: (1) Trauma Screen and (2) DSM5 sx. There are also impairment items. There is a self-report version for ages
More informationBASIC VOLUME. Elements of Drug Dependence Treatment
BASIC VOLUME Elements of Drug Dependence Treatment Module 2 Motivating clients for treatment and addressing resistance Basic counselling skills for drug dependence treatment Special considerations when
More informationWhy Sex??? Advantages: It limits harmful mutations Asexual: all offspring get all mutations. Sexual: There is a random distribution of mutations.
Reproduction Why sex??? Why Sex??? Asexual reproduction is quicker, easier, and produces more offspring per individual. Bacteria do it. Dandelions do it. Unisexual whiptail lizards do it. With sexual reproduction
More informationIntentionality. Phil 255
Intentionality Phil 255 Dan Dennett Intentional systems are ascribed intentional sentences Known as a supporter of instrumentalism about beliefs Student of Ryle s Dennett seems to present a kind of so$ened
More informationControlling Worries and Habits
THINK GOOD FEEL GOOD Controlling Worries and Habits We often have obsessional thoughts that go round and round in our heads. Sometimes these thoughts keep happening and are about worrying things like germs,
More informationXY CHROMOSOME MAKES WHAT EPUB
31 March, 2018 XY CHROMOSOME MAKES WHAT EPUB Document Filetype: PDF 244.84 KB 0 XY CHROMOSOME MAKES WHAT EPUB Is there really scientific evidence that everyone alive descended from one woman? In women,
More informationPsychology study guide chapter 4
Psychology study guide chapter 4 Behavior genetics Study how heredity and environment contribute to human differences Genes Building blocks of heredity and development Part of DNA in nucleus Chromosomes
More informationSexual Development. 6 Stages of Development
6 Sexual Development 6 Stages of Development Development passes through distinct stages, the first of which is fertilization, when one sperm enters one ovum. To enter an ovum, a sperm must undergo the
More informationRecording Transcript Wendy Down Shift #9 Practice Time August 2018
Recording Transcript Wendy Down Shift #9 Practice Time August 2018 Hi there. This is Wendy Down and this recording is Shift #9 in our 6 month coaching program. [Excuse that I referred to this in the recording
More informationComensana, McGrath Perceptual Reasons
Comensana, McGrath Perceptual Reasons Brian T. Miller September 20, 2017 1 Interested specifically in perceptual evidence. Two main theories Phenomenalism perceptual reasons are facts about experiences
More informationThe Truth About Fitness, Weight Loss and Improving Athletic Performance by Kevin Quinlan
The Truth About Fitness, Weight Loss and Improving Athletic Performance by Kevin Quinlan First of all, let me set your mind at ease I m NOT trying to sell you anything here! The purpose of this report
More informationThis is a large part of coaching presence as it helps create a special and strong bond between coach and client.
Page 1 Confidence People have presence when their outer behavior and appearance conveys confidence and authenticity and is in sync with their intent. It is about being comfortable and confident with who
More informationAssignment 4: True or Quasi-Experiment
Assignment 4: True or Quasi-Experiment Objectives: After completing this assignment, you will be able to Evaluate when you must use an experiment to answer a research question Develop statistical hypotheses
More informationCross-Dressing or Crossing-Over: Sex Testing of Women Athletes
Cross-Dressing or Crossing-Over: Sex Testing of Women Athletes Maureen Knabb, Department of Biology, West Chester University, and Joan Sharp, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University Caster s Story
More informationSexual Reproduction. For most diploid eukaryotes, sexual reproduction is the only mechanism resulting in new members of a species.
Sex Determination Sexual Reproduction For most diploid eukaryotes, sexual reproduction is the only mechanism resulting in new members of a species. Meiosis in the sexual organs of parents produces haploid
More informationTake new look emotions we see as negative may be our best friends (opposite to the script!)
Tony Robbins - emotions Take new look emotions we see as negative may be our best friends (opposite to the script!) How do people deal? 1. They avoid them try not to feel them. a. Rejection 2. I ll endure
More informationmylotus Frequently Asked Questions on the mylotusfertility.cn website
mylotus Frequently Asked Questions on the mylotusfertility.cn website Translation Document for CHINA ENGLISH CHINESE Frequently asked questions (FAQ): A. What is mylotus? 1. What does mylotus consist of?
More informationIT S A WONDER WE UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER AT ALL!
It s a Wonder we Understand Each Other at All! Pre-Reading 1 Discuss the following questions before reading the text. 1. Do you think people from different cultures have different communication styles?
More informationWhen Your Partner s Actions Seem Selfish, Inconsiderate, Immature, Inappropriate, or Bad in Some Other Way
When Your Partner s Actions Seem Selfish, Inconsiderate, Immature, Inappropriate, or Bad in Some Other Way Brent J. Atkinson, Ph.D. In the article, Habits of People Who Know How to Get their Partners to
More informationWhy we get hungry: Module 1, Part 1: Full report
Why we get hungry: Module 1, Part 1: Full report Print PDF Does Anyone Understand Hunger? Hunger is not simply a signal that your stomach is out of food. It s not simply a time when your body can switch
More informationWhy do Psychologists Perform Research?
PSY 102 1 PSY 102 Understanding and Thinking Critically About Psychological Research Thinking critically about research means knowing the right questions to ask to assess the validity or accuracy of a
More informationGenetics 1 by Drs. Scott Poethig, Ingrid Waldron, and. Jennifer Doherty, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Copyright, 2011
Genetics 1 by Drs. Scott Poethig, Ingrid Waldron, and. Jennifer Doherty, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Copyright, 2011 We all know that children tend to resemble their parents in appearance.
More informationThe Scientific Method
The Scientific Method Prelab Thoroughly explore the website Understanding Science: How Science Really Works at http://undsci.berkeley.edu. Answer the following five questions based on your textbook and
More informationHow do genes influence our characteristics?
Genetics Supplement 1 This activity will focus on the question: How do genes contribute to the similarities and differences between parents and their children? This question can be divided into two parts:
More information11. SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION. Germinal cells, gonocytes. Indifferent stage INDIFFERENT STAGE
11. SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION INDIFFERENT STAGE Early in pregnancy, (within 10-15 % of the pregnancy s expected length) a genital ridge is formed in the sides of the embryonic tissue, ventral to the mesonephros
More informationAutism. Jane Neil-MacLachlan
Autism Jane Neil-MacLachlan 27.4.15 Why me? Who am I? formerly lead clinician with an NHS Adult Autism Diagnostic Service Why do I do what I do?- Because I found so many women with AS which had never been
More informationThe Fallacy of Taking Random Supplements
The Fallacy of Taking Random Supplements Healthview interview with Dr. Paul Eck Healthview: We can see from our conversations that you are totally against people taking random supplements even if people
More informationAutism & intellectual disabilities. How to deal with confusing concepts
Autism & intellectual disabilities How to deal with confusing concepts dr. Gerard J. Nijhof Orthopedagogue / GZ-psychologist PhD, Free University Amsterdam Private practice contact@gerardnijhof.nl +31
More informationWriting Reaction Papers Using the QuALMRI Framework
Writing Reaction Papers Using the QuALMRI Framework Modified from Organizing Scientific Thinking Using the QuALMRI Framework Written by Kevin Ochsner and modified by others. Based on a scheme devised by
More informationRecognizing Ambiguity
Recognizing Ambiguity How Lack of Information Scares Us Mark Clements Columbia University I. Abstract In this paper, I will examine two different approaches to an experimental decision problem posed by
More informationChapter 18 Development. Sexual Differentiation
Chapter 18 Development Sexual Differentiation There Are Many Levels of Sex Determination Chromosomal Sex Gonadal Sex Internal Sex Organs External Sex Organs Brain Sex Gender Identity Gender Preference
More informationExplaining the Rationale for Trauma-Focused Work: Why it s Good to Talk
Explaining the Rationale for Trauma-Focused Work: Why it s Good to Talk David Trickey Consultant Clinical Psychologist Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families Memories of traumatic events
More informationNormal enzyme makes melanin (dark pigment in skin and hair) Defective enzyme does not make melanin
Genetics Supplement (These supplementary modules, a Genetics Student Handout, and Teacher Preparation Notes with suggestions for implementation are available at http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/sci_edu/waldron/#genetics.
More informationMaking comparisons. Previous sessions looked at how to describe a single group of subjects However, we are often interested in comparing two groups
Making comparisons Previous sessions looked at how to describe a single group of subjects However, we are often interested in comparing two groups Data can be interpreted using the following fundamental
More informationChildren s Ideas. Children s Ideas Page 1
Children s Ideas Children come to science instruction with a diverse set of ideas about natural objects and events and how things work. These ideas are fairly tenacious after all, they were developed based
More informationHelping Your Asperger s Adult-Child to Eliminate Thinking Errors
Helping Your Asperger s Adult-Child to Eliminate Thinking Errors Many people with Asperger s (AS) and High-Functioning Autism (HFA) experience thinking errors, largely due to a phenomenon called mind-blindness.
More informationLast Lecture. Cont. Being Social, Chapter 3 Evolution of Human Behavior, Chapter 14
Last Lecture Cont. Being Social, Chapter 3 Evolution of Human Behavior, Chapter 14 Is there a reason to be social? What are the benefits of sociality? 1. Cooperation, both benefit 2. Postponed cooperation
More informationSEARLE AND FUNCTIONALISM. Is the mind software?
SEARLE AND FUNCTIONALISM Is the mind software? 1 Materialist Theories of the Mind The Identity Theory Each type of mental property is identical to a certain type of physical property. (E.g. pain is just
More informationIN SUMMARY HST 071 NORMAL & ABNORMAL SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION Fetal Sex Differentiation Postnatal Diagnosis and Management of Intersex Abnormalities
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology HST.071: Human Reproductive Biology Course Director: Professor Henry Klapholz IN SUMMARY HST 071 Title: Fetal Sex Differentiation Postnatal Diagnosis
More informationIntelligence as the Tests Test It
Boring. E. G. (1923). Intelligence as the tests test it. New Republic, 36, 35 37. Intelligence as the Tests Test It Edwin G. Boring If you take on of the ready-made tests of intelligence and try it on
More informationChapter 1. Dysfunctional Behavioral Cycles
Chapter 1. Dysfunctional Behavioral Cycles For most people, the things they do their behavior are predictable. We can pretty much guess what someone is going to do in a similar situation in the future
More informationThe Evolution of Cooperation
Cooperative Alliances Problems of Group Living The Evolution of Cooperation The problem of altruism Definition of reproductive altruism: An individual behaves in such a way as to enhance the reproduction
More informationProblem Situation Form for Parents
Problem Situation Form for Parents Please complete a form for each situation you notice causes your child social anxiety. 1. WHAT WAS THE SITUATION? Please describe what happened. Provide enough information
More informationHow to Remember Your Dreams
How to Remember Your Dreams Do you have trouble recalling your dreams? You are not alone. In fact, I constantly hear this from clients, readers, and radio show listeners. Many people think that dreams
More information21 Masks of the Ego. Introduction to the Ego
21 Masks of the Ego Introduction to the Ego Everything came from the creation. In the beginning, there was nothing, or the void there was only God; only oneness. And God wanted to exist and interact with
More informationDifficult Conversations
Difficult Conversations Corban Sanchez Academic Advisor NACADA Conference 2011 Douglas Stone, Bruce Patton, and Sheila Heen of the Harvard Negotiation Project Moving Toward a Learning Conversation Normal
More informationFIGURE 1-The Cognitive Model. Core belief. I m incompetent. Intermediate belief. If I don t understand something perfectly, then I m dumb
FIGURE 1-The Cognitive Model Core belief I m incompetent Intermediate belief If I don t understand something perfectly, then I m dumb Situation Automatic thoughts Reactions Reading this book This is too
More informationSubliminal Messages: How Do They Work?
Subliminal Messages: How Do They Work? You ve probably heard of subliminal messages. There are lots of urban myths about how companies and advertisers use these kinds of messages to persuade customers
More informationHANDOUTS FOR MODULE 7: TRAUMA TREATMENT. HANDOUT 55: COMMON REACTIONS CHECKLIST FOR KIDS (under 10 years)
HANDOUTS FOR MODULE 7: TRAUMA TREATMENT PARENT SESSION 1 HANDOUT 52: COMMON REACTIONS TO TRAUMA AND STRESS HANDOUT 53: MY CHILD S TRAUMA HISTORY CHILD SESSION 1 HANDOUT 54: PREVALENCE GRAPHICS HANDOUT
More informationSleep Management in Parkinson s
Sleep Management in Parkinson s Booklet 1 Introduction An introduction to Sleep Management in Parkinson s Sleep disturbances are commonly experienced by those with Parkinson s, and by the relatives and
More informationPhysiological Mechanisms of Lucid Dreaming. Stephen LaBerge Sleep Research Center Stanford University
Physiological Mechanisms of Lucid Dreaming Stephen LaBerge Sleep Research Center Stanford University For those of you here who aren t familiar with the general approach we have been using in our research
More informationparalyzed*, and he had to learn to walk with crutches*. That same year, the
!! In 1949, a four-year-old boy contracted polio*. The disease left his legs " paralyzed*, and he had to learn to walk with crutches*. That same year, the young child also learned to play the violin. His
More informationDavid Trickey Consultant Clinical Psychologist & Trauma Specialist, Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families
David Trickey Consultant Clinical Psychologist & Trauma Specialist, Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families Explaining the rationale for trauma-focused work: Why it s good to talk. If a traumatic
More informationSo, the next step is to follow the chain of logic backwards and ask Why are we competitive? Or rather, How did competitive behavior evolve?
A friend, appalled by the killings perpetrated in so many parts of the world in the name of religion, questioned how such behavior could have become a part of our makeup as a species. What was the route
More information100 TOEIC GRAMMAR QUESTIONS. by Jeffrey Hill
100 TOEIC GRAMMAR QUESTIONS by Jeffrey Hill 1 Look, it..! a) s raining b) rains c) has rain d) rain 1 Look, it..! a) s raining b) rains c) has rain d) rain 2 She..me last week. a) phones b) has phoned
More informationVery Short Notes. Short Notes. 1 placebo definition 2 placebo effect definition
Chapter 5 The Placebo Effect Notes and Transcript When you make a speech or presentation, you want to know the material very well, even if you have notes and a transcript to look at. You can learn the
More informationRiccardo Manzotti, Is the apple red?
Riccardo Manzotti, 2017 www.consciousness.it, riccardo.manzotti@gmail.com Is the apple red? what and where are colors? neuroscientists claim we live in a colorless world, I will show you that colors are
More informationHearing on SJR13 -- Proposes to amend the Nevada Constitution by repealing the limitation on the recognition of marriage.
Written statement of Lauren A. Scott- Executive Director Equality Nevada. 1350 Freeport Blvd, #107 Sparks, Nevada 89431 Testimony and Statement for the Record of Hearing on SJR13 -- Proposes to amend the
More informationSubliminal Programming
Subliminal Programming Directions for Use Common Questions Background Information Session Overview These sessions are a highly advanced blend of several mind development technologies. Your mind will be
More informationADDITIONAL CASEWORK STRATEGIES
ADDITIONAL CASEWORK STRATEGIES A. STRATEGIES TO EXPLORE MOTIVATION THE MIRACLE QUESTION The Miracle Question can be used to elicit clients goals and needs for his/her family. Asking this question begins
More informationEvolutionary Psychology (Psych 459) Midterm Exam Winter 2010
Evolutionary Psychology (Psych 459) Midterm Exam Winter 2010 A. Seminar papers Answer any 6 of the following 7 questions 1. Both Silverman et al 2007 and New et al 2007 tested a hypothesis about sex differences
More informationSection 4 Decision-making
Decision-making : Decision-making Summary Conversations about treatments Participants were asked to describe the conversation that they had with the clinician about treatment at diagnosis. The most common
More informationGCSE EXAMINERS' REPORTS
GCSE EXAMINERS' REPORTS SOCIOLOGY SUMMER 2016 Grade boundary information for this subject is available on the WJEC public website at: https://www.wjecservices.co.uk/marktoums/default.aspx?l=en Online Results
More information15.301/310, Managerial Psychology Prof. Dan Ariely Recitation 8: T test and ANOVA
15.301/310, Managerial Psychology Prof. Dan Ariely Recitation 8: T test and ANOVA Statistics does all kinds of stuff to describe data Talk about baseball, other useful stuff We can calculate the probability.
More informationB1 Revision You and Your Genes. You and Your Genes (B1) Revision for Exam
B1 Revision You and Your Genes You and Your Genes (B1) Revision for Exam What makes us all different? Organisms inherit information from their parents. This controls how they develop, so children look
More informationMartin Ritzén. bioscience explained Vol 7 No 2. Girl or boy: What guides gender development and how can this be a problem within
Martin Ritzén Professor emeritus, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Girl or boy: What guides gender development and how can this be a problem within sport? Introduction During the 2009 athletics
More informationMotivation IV Sexual Motivation Sexual Reproduction Reproduction is necessary for the survival of the species. Some organisms (e.g., bacteria) reprodu
Motivation IV Sexual Motivation Sexual Reproduction Reproduction is necessary for the survival of the species. Some organisms (e.g., bacteria) reproduce asexually. Sexual reproduction allows the genes
More informationThe 5 Things You Can Do Right Now to Get Ready to Quit Smoking
The 5 Things You Can Do Right Now to Get Ready to Quit Smoking By Charles Westover Founder of Advanced Laser Solutions Copyright 2012 What you do before you quit smoking is equally as important as what
More information58. Translarna drug Policy for use. The Hon. Member for Douglas South (Mrs Beecroft) to ask the Minister for Health and Social Care:
58. Translarna drug Policy for use The Hon. Member for Douglas South (Mrs Beecroft) to ask the Minister for Health and Social Care: What his policy is regarding the use of the drug Translarna? The President:
More information