Discovering Psychology 2e Don H. Hockenbury & Sandra E. Hockenbury Worth Publishers

Transcription

1 Discovering Psychology 2e Don H. Hockenbury & Sandra E. Hockenbury Worth Publishers Overall Changes New, more pedagogical layout and design. Chapter outline, Concept Reviews, and Advanced Organizers are more prominent and easier to use Updated throughout, with many examples of new research, new prologues, new boxes, new discussions, new Concept Reviews Over 500 new references, most from the late 1990s or 2000 Revised and expanded supplements package, including the 2nd edition of the Scientific American Frontiers Teaching Modules with faculty guide written by Don & Sandy Hockenbury; enhanced and improved Discovering Psychology Web Companion site, Student Activity CD-ROM List of Changes in Chapters 1 through 14 Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Methods New Prologue: Wired for Wolfgang? Added more historical material on Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener and structuralism Added coverage of Margaret Floy Washburn Reorganized presentation of contemporary psychology More thorough presentation of psychological perspectives Added coverage of the evolutionary perspective Reorganized discussion of methodology: descriptive methods now precedes experimental methods Expanded discussion of survey research and random selection New cross-cultural examples of naturalistic observation Completely revised section on the experimental method using 1999 study on the Mozart Effect to illustrate experimental process and concepts Refined definitions of independent and dependent variables New example of placebo control group using study conducted aboard the space shuttle Added coverage of natural experiments New Science Versus Pseudoscience Box: What is a Pseudoscience? Discusses the characteristics of a pseudoscience and provides students with a framework for developing scientific thinking skills Updated In Focus Box 1.4 on research using nonhuman animals Revised and updated chapter Application: "Evaluating Mass Media Reports about Psychology"

2 Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 2nd Edition Changes Page 2 Chapter 2: Biological Foundations of Behavior Added definition of neuroscience New figure showing relationship of glial cells to neurons Description of myelin's role in multiple sclerosis Updated research on effects of neurotransmitters, including role of GABA in regulating sleep/wake cycles Added contemporary example of role of dopamine in Parkinson s disease (Michael J. Fox) Expanded coverage of discovery and importance of endorphins Added coverage of role of the adrenal glands in human stress response New Science Versus Pseudoscience Box 2.1, Phrenology: The Bumpy Road to Scientific Progress Updated discussion of brain-imaging techniques, including new CAT scan image and new functional MRI scan showing nicotine s effect on the brain. New section, The Developing Brain: New Neurons Throughout Life? presents current research findings on neurogenesis in the adult primate brain, including photo showing new neurons in adult human hippocampus New In Focus Box, The Puzzle of the Left-Hander New, more detailed summary figure showing specialized abilities of cerebral hemispheres Revised and updated chapter application on enriched environments and structural plasticity of the brain Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception Revised figure explaining the basic processes of sensation and perception New Science Versus Pseudoscience Box: "Subliminal Perception" (Discusses psychology s long-standing interest in subliminal perception; contrasts scientific findings on subliminal perception with pseudoscientific claims of producing profound behavioral changes using subliminal tapes and subliminal messages in advertising.) Reorganized section on the retina, rods and cones, and the blind spot Expanded presentation of brain structures involved in vision, including a new figure that shows the neural pathways from the eye to brain and optic chiasm New figure depicting olfactory system, with more detail on structure of olfactory receptor cells and brain structures involved in olfaction Updated and revised In Focus Box 3.2, Do Pheromones Influence Human Behavior? highlighting the latest research findings on human pheromones Updated discussion on taste receptors, incorporating 2000 research on the discovery of a new basic taste receptor (umami, or glutamate) New discussion of bottom-up processing and top-down processing in perception Reorganized discussion of perceptual principles Reorganized and updated discussion of perceptual illusions, incorporating 2000 research on the moon illusion Reorganized section on the effects of experience on perceptual interpretations Revised Culture and Human Behavior Box: "Culture and the Müller-Lyer Illusion: The Carpentered World Hypothesis"; also added photo

3 Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 2nd Edition Changes Page 3 Chapter 4: Consciousness and Its Variations New Prologue: A Scream in the Night New coverage of research suggesting that humans may have photoreceptors in the skin New coverage of circadian rhythms in the blind Updated Science Versus Pseudoscience Box on Biorhythms Versus Circadian Rhythms New material in In Focus Box 4.3, What You Really Want to Know About Sleep" Added new research on physical effects of inadequate sleep Reorganized section on sleep disorders, with increased coverage of insomnia Added 1998 National Sleep Foundation Survey on prevalence of sleep disorders Added coverage of treatments for insomnia, including stimulus control New findings on genes involved in narcolepsy Added new sections on The Brain During REM Sleep and REM and Memory Consolidation ; presented new neuroscience research on brain areas active during REM sleep and the importance of REM sleep to memory consolidation and skill learning New research on gender, culture, and dream content New neuroscience findings on why dreams are not remembered Added coverage of Allan Hobson s recent revision of the activation-synthesis model of dreaming Added discussion of cognitive approach to explaining dreaming (research by David Foulkes and William Domhoff). Updated Critical Thinking Box 4.4., Hypnosis: A Special State of Consciousness?, including new research by Kirsch and Lynn, 1998; Woody & Sadler, 1998; and Kihlstrom, Added material on defining drug abuse, including cultural and ethnic influences on norms of drug use New data on the dangers and prevalence of binge-drinking among college students New table on behavioral effects of blood alcohol levels Added material on caffeine and nicotine s effects on the brain Added new findings on role of anandamide and THC receptors in brain and skin Chapter 5: Learning Chapter completely reorganized so that it better reflects the way most instructors teach learning. All aspects of classical conditioning, including cognitive and evolutionary aspects, are presented in a continuous fashion. Same for operant conditioning. New section, From Pavlov to Watson: The Founding of Behaviorism Added new research on effectiveness of classical conditioning techniques in advertising in In Focus Box 5.1, "Watson, Classical Conditioning, and Advertising" Expanded coverage on Edward L. Thorndike and the Law of Effect Observational Learning is now a separate, main section Added coverage of new research demonstrating observational learning in nonhuman animals Numerous minor revisions throughout the chapter to clarify explanations.

4 Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 2nd Edition Changes Page 4 Chapter 6 Memory Reorganized section on Long-Term Memory New figure depicting the role of sensory and short-term memory in the memory system model, illustrating maintenance and elaborative rehearsal Added new section: Implicit and Explicit Memory: Two Dimensions of Long-Term Memory New figure showing the types of long-term memory, including implicit and explicit Condensed discussion of the context effect in memory Updated information about the role of memory distortion in eyewitness identification resulting in wrongful convictions Updated and revised Critical Thinking Box 6.2, Recovering Repressed Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse Added photographs of Karl Lashley and Richard Thompson; new photo of Eric Kandel Updated discussion of the biological basis of memory New section: Implicit and Explicit Memory in Anterograde Amnesia, with specific reference to H. M. New section on infantile amnesia: Infantile Amnesia: Parallels with H. M.? New section on Brain Structures Involved in Memory updated and expanded discussion, presenting new information about the role of the prefrontal cortex in memory New figure depicting brain structures involved in human memory Expanded and updated discussion of Alzheimer s disease Chapter 7 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence Added more references to Prologue ( Mr. And Ms. Fix-It ) throughout chapter discussion Updated Critical Thinking Box 7.1, The Persistence of Unwarranted Beliefs Reorganized description of the characteristics of language Added material to Culture and Human Behavior Box 7.2, The Effect of Language on Perception regarding new research on the linguistic relativity hypothesis Updated research on animal cognition and language in nonhuman species Reorganized section on Measuring Intelligence more concise Updated In Focus Box 7.3, Does A High IQ Score Predict Success in Life? An update of Howard Gardner s theory of Multiple Intelligences: includes his 1998 research adding a new intelligence (Naturalist); and new examples. Revised description of Sternberg s triarchic theory of intelligence, using Sternberg s new terminology and examples from the Prologue Added new material explaining current thinking on gene-environment interaction New figure on genetics, environment, and IQ scores, with more complete data Updated research on the "Flynn effect" Added new material on effect of culture on intelligence testing Added new material on Claude Steele s research on stereotype threat and testing In the chapter Application, A Workshop on Creativity, incorporated new research on extrinsic motivation and creativity

5 Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 2nd Edition Changes Page 5 Chapter 8 Motivation and Emotion New introduction defines motivation more clearly and discusses the relationship between motivation and emotion Updated research on gender and eating disorders New Culture and Human Behavior Box, "Evolution and Mate Preferences: Why There's Just 'No Security" With Mick" Revised In Focus Box, Everything You Wanted To Know About Sexual Fantasies Added new material on sexual orientation, including relationship of cross-gender behavior in childhood to homosexual orientation in adulthood Updated research on sexual behavior of American adults, including new data on incidence of adultery Added new 1999 findings on prevalence of sexual problems in general population Updated research on culture and achievement motivation Revised Culture and Human Behavior Box, Who s More Emotional Men or Women?, incorporating new research on gender differences in emotional expression Added new research on relationship of self-efficacy to work-related performance Application on Bridging the Gender Gap During Emotional Conflict is updated and revised Chapter 9 Lifespan Development New Prologue Revised description of influence of genes on development More concise discussion of criticisms of Piaget s theory of cognitive development Added photo of Renee Baillargeon New Culture and Human Behavior Box on Conflict Between Adolescents and Their Parents in different cultures and among members of different ethnic groups New figure on historical trends regarding median age at first marriage incorporating the latest census data Updated figure on the structure of American families and households, incorporating the latest census data Chapter 10 Personality Expanded discussion of Karen Horney's theory of personality New examples in Critical Thinking Box 10.1, Freud Versus Rogers on Human Nature and Critical Thinking Box 10.2, Freud Versus Bandura on Human Aggression Added new cross-cultural research on trait theories and the five-factor model of personality Updated and more concise discussion of the trait-situation interaction New Science Versus Pseudoscience Box 10.5, "Graphology: The 'Write' Way to Assess Personality?"

6 Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 2nd Edition Changes Page 6 Chapter 11 Social Psychology Updated research throughout chapter New figure showing the components of attitudes New section on nonconscious prejudice More concise presentation of principles of persuasion in chapter Application Chapter 12 Stress, Health, and Coping Added formal definition for the biopsychosocial model Added material on updates to Social Readjustment Rating Scale Added new material on gender and daily hassles Added new research on "bad hair days" and stress New research findings on chronic stress and susceptibility to infection Added new example of positive reappraisal coping strategy (Christopher Reeve) Chapter 13 Psychological Disorders Numerous research updates throughout chapter Introduction includes new material on the distinction between normal and abnormal behavior Revised and updated In Focus Box 13.1, "Are People With a Mental Illness as Violent as the Media Portray?" Revised summary table describing key diagnostic categories in DSM-IV New research on gender differences in prevalence of major depression Added PET scans showing brain areas activated in bipolar disorder Reorganized and more concise presentation of dissociative disorders New section on Personality Disorders, with detailed coverage of antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder New example of major depression (Kurt Cobain) Added new research findings on the viral infection explanation of schizophrenia Chapter 14 Therapies Revised Table 14.1, Who s Who Among Mental Health Professionals, to include additional categories Added new research on effectiveness of psychotherapy Updates on biological therapies section, including new atypical antipsychotic medications Updated description of lithium and its mechanism of action Updated discussion of new SSRIs