Job Demands And Its Effects On Health: A Study On Indian Loco-Pilots (Railway Drivers)

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1 IOSR Journal O Humanities An Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume, Issue, Ver. (May 07) PP 7-3 e-issn: , p-issn: Job Demans An Its Eects On Health: A Stuy On Inian Loco-Pilots (Railway Drivers) Rajesh Ranjan, T. Prasa Fellow (Ph.D. Scholar), Associate Proessor, National Institute o Inustrial Engineering (NITIE), Mumbai Abstract: Inian railway rivers (loco-pilots) are working in an environment over which they have no control whatsoever an are an atmosphere that wrecks their scheules, isrupts their home lie, makes social activities an regular breaks very har to plan. This research stuy aim to assess the job emans an its various eect on health (or ex; sleeping troubles, burnout, stress, epressive symptoms an job satisaction) ace by the Inian railway rivers (loco-pilots) using the COPSOQ (Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire). Moerating eects o personality trait (in this stuy it is sel eicacy) between job emans an its various eect on health also in out. Sleeping troubles, burnout, stress, epressive symptoms an job satisaction are projecte as intene outcomes o job eman. Keywors: Railway river, job eman, sleeping trouble, burnout, stress, job satisaction, sel eicacy. I. INTRODUCTION OF RAILWAY DRIVERS (LOCO-PILOTS) The railway river is expose to a emaning psychosocial work environment, which inclues solitary work, limite opportunities or social contact an a heavy responsibility or operating the train (in terms o both saety an ahering to the timetable) (Ranjan, R. an Prasa, T., 03). Job o railway river is perceive as very stressul, an stress is here the result o conlict emans on river, an low level o control by river on these emans an circumstances, or example time pressure, long shits, responsibility or security o passengers or instance (Dorn, 003). II. JOB DEMANDS Job emans have been eine as those aspects o work that require sustaine physical or psychological eort or skills (Bakker an Demerouti, 007). Job emans are not always negative, but may become stressors when they require a high egree o eort, in which case they can be associate with costs such as burnout or epression (Schaueli an Bakker, 004). III. JOB STRESS AND JOB SATISFACTION Varca (999) argue that stress is eine as the perception o a iscrepancy between environmental emans (stressors) an iniviual capacities to ill these emans. Stress oten shows high issatisaction among the employees, job mobility, burnout, poor work perormance an less eective interpersonal relations at work (Mansor et al., 003). Karasek (979) evelope a moel that preicts the mental strain o a job, base on the work emans an the ecision latitue. The main ining rom this stuy is that a combination o low ecision latitue an high job emans results in heavy mental strain. Over the time this leas to job issatisaction. Sullivan an Bhagat (99) conclue that relationship between job stress an job satisaction are inversely relate. This means a higher level o job stress will cause a lower level o job satisaction. IV. JOB STRESS OF LOCO-PILOTS (RAILWAY DRIVERS) IN INDIA For Railways rivers operating on long istance routes, overnight stays in various locations will be necessary. Furthermore, it can be stressul, as elays an hazars on the track are not uncommon. His cab o the train shoul be relatively comortable but it may be quite col, hot an noisy (Singh Ravi Kant, 008). Railway rivers (loco-pilots) in Inia are working in an environment over which they have no control whatsoever an are an atmosphere that wrecks their scheules, isrupts their home lie, makes social activities an regular breaks very har to plan. Report o Research Designs an Stanar Organization (RDSO), (997) reveale higher level o stress in railway river s job in comparison to other job categories like assistant station masters, train examiners an oice clerks. DOI: / Page

2 Job Demans An Its Eects On Health: A Stuy On Inian Loco-Pilots V. BURNOUT Burnout is commonly eine as the negative consequences o exposure to chronic job stress an is closely relate to epression (Shirom, et al., 00). VI. THE MODERATING VARIABLE: PERSONALITY TRAITS (SELF EFFICACY) Banura s (977) sel-eicacy theory proposes that i a person has high sel-eicacy (i.e. belie to his/her ability in executing a course o action) this will not invoke his/her negative cognitive thoughts. Application o this theory in a occupational stress moel shows that i a person has high sel-eicacy (i.e. belie to his/her ability to manage emotions) this will eectively ecrease his/her job stressors, an increase his/her emotional health an lower level o psychological stress. VII. CONCEPT OF HEALTH The concept o health was eine by the Worl Health Organization (WHO) in 948 as a state o complete physical, mental, an social well-being an not merely the absence o isease or inirmity. During the Ottawa Charter or Health Promotion conerence in 98, the WHO attempte to provie a einition o health promotion optimal health is a balance o physical, emotional, social, spiritual, an intellectual health. WHO has propose that mental health is a state o well-being in which the iniviual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses o lie, can work prouctively an ruitully, an is able to make a contribution to his or her community (WHO, 00). Poor mental health has a signiicant impact on amily an/or job satisaction. VIII. Propose Moel Fig; : Propose moel This moel is base on the structure o DCS (Deman-Control-Support moel, Karasek an Theorell 990). This moel proposes that job emans are all propose to have main eect relationships on burnout, stress, sleeping troubles, epressive symptoms an job satisaction. It is also propose that iniviual ierences (personality trait-sel eicacy) may moerate the relationship between job emans an outcomes (eects on health). Karasek (979), notiie job emans as a ivision o all potential work stressors, particularly psychological stressors involve in accomplishing the work loa, stressors relate to unexpecte tasks an stressors o job relate personal conlict. Accoring to Karasek an Theorell (990), psychological emans have both a quantitative an a qualitative component. The psychological emans as a matter o workloa, or how har, ast an much an employee works. This work inclues, ealines, prouctivity (units per hour), reporting (number per week), as well as conlicting emans.personality traits (sel eicacy) are oun to be a moerator between job emans an its various eect on health. It was suggeste that iniviuals with higher sel eicacy will be able to cope up with obstacles in a better way as compare to those who have lower sel eicacy. So it can be assume that iniviuals with higher sel eicacy will be able to hanle emans (job an amily) in a better way. Overall this stuy presents an integrate moel or escribing the relationships between job emans an its various eect on health ace by the railway rivers (loco-pilots) in Inia. Moerating aects o personality trait (sel eicacy) between variables were also in out. IX. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This stuy uses escriptive survey esign. Data was collecte by using Copenhagen psychosocial Questionnaire-II (long version). A pilot survey was conucte to test the reliability an valiity through a COPSOQ-II ille by the participants. IX. Sampling Design This stuy aopte a cluster-ranom sampling approach. The samples or this pilot-stuy were Inian railway s rivers working in Gaya uner Mugalsarai Division, ECR-Hajipur an Chhapra uner Varanasi Division, NER-Gorakhpur. Questionnaire was personally istribute among them. IX. Measurement o the Job Demans an its Various Eect on Health DOI: / Page

3 Job Demans An Its Eects On Health: A Stuy On Inian Loco-Pilots For measuring job emans, the COPSOQ-II scale inclues our scales- quantitative emans, emotional emans, emans or hiing emotions an work pace were use. For measuring health eects, the COPSOQ-II scale inclues ive scales - sleeping troubles, burnout, stress an epressive symptoms) an job satisaction (single scale) were use. For measuring sel eicacy sel eicacy (single scale) were use. The scales are base on the long version o the COPSOQ-II (Kristensen et al., 00). In most cases the questions have ive response options. In these cases the weights are: 0,, 0, 7, an 00. The scale value is calculate as the simple average. The irection o the score ollows the label o the scale; that is, a high score inicates high emans, an so on. X. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The statistical analysis was carrie out with the help o SPSS-programme (Statistical Package or Social Science). Initially, the emographic ata was isplaye an the reliability analysis with Cronbach's alpha coeicient was perorme to ientiy the reliability o this survey an Pearson correlation an Regression analysis was perorme to ientiy the relationship between variables. X. Demographic Variables The emographic questions use to unerstan the characteristics o the participants. Participants were aske to report emographic inormation incluing age, esignation, eucation, salary, uration in present job, place o posting, marital status, time spent in work an househol tasks per week an general health perception etc.researcher approache 0 Loco-pilots; out o which 9 (%) Loco-pilots (railway rivers) respone. All the participants o this stuy are male, as very ew emales (about 0 women train rivers) are employe as railway s rivers in Inia (Surekha Yaav joine in 98 is the irst women river o Inian railway). Out o 9 railway rivers 0 (.%) responent is Assistant Loco Pilot, (3%) responents are Assistant Loco Pilot Goos, (%) responents are Assistant Loco Pilot Passenger, 3 (%) responents are Loco Pilot Goos, 08 (8.7%) responents are Loco Pilot Passenger, 7 (8.%) responents are Loco Pilot Mail an 8 (9.%) responents are Loco Pilot Shunting an 0 (.%) responents are Crew-controller. Amongst the responents 0 (.%) is in age o <= 0 years, (.3%) are in between age group -30 years, 4 (.%) are in between age group 3-3 years, (7.4%) are in between age group 3-40 years, 8 (9.%) are in between age group 4-4 years, (3%) are in between age group 4-0 years an 0 (.%) are in between age o >= 0 years. Out o 9 responents 03 (3.3%) are working as railway river in between rom 0- years, (7.%) are in between rom -0 years, (7.4%) are in between rom - years, (.3%) are in between rom -0 years an 33 (3.9%) are rom more than 0 years. Amongst the responents 0 (.%) is complete Matric, (7.) are complete ITI, 0 (.%) are complete both ITI an Intermeiate, (3.9) are complete Diploma in Engineering, 0 (.4%) are complete both ITI an Diploma in Engineering, 0 (.%) are complete Grauation, 3 (34.8%) are complete both ITI an Grauation, 0 (.%) is complete Post-Grauation an 0 (.%) are complete both ITI an Post-Grauation. All the 9 responents (00%) are oun to be marrie. Amongst the responents (.8%) are tol they always miss out quality time with amily an riens because o pressure o work, (3%) responents are tol they oten miss out quality time with amily an riens because o pressure o work, 34 (37%) response as sometimes miss out quality time with amily an riens because o pressure o work, 0 (.7%) response as rarely miss out quality time with amily an riens because o pressure o work an 0 (.4%) response as never miss out quality time with amily an riens because o pressure o work. X. Descriptive Statistics o the Variables The ille questionnaire ata was analyze using the Statistical Package or Social Science (SPSS 0 version) sotware. Table- explores the escriptive statistics o ierent variables uner stuy. Table -: Summary: Descriptive Statistics o the variables Sr. Variable No. o Minimum Maximum Mean St. Deviation No Items Quantitative Demans Work Pace Emotional Demans Demans or Hiing Emotions Sleeping Troubles Burnout Stress Depressive symptoms Job satisaction Sel eicacy Total=40 DOI: / Page

4 Job Demans An Its Eects On Health: A Stuy On Inian Loco-Pilots It can be inerre rom table-, that the mean value o emotional emans is 97.83, which inicates that most o the responents are oun to be high emotional emans. The mean value o emans or hiing emotions is.77, which inicates that most o the responents are oun to be high emans or hiing emotions. The mean value o quantitative emans is 33.70, which inicates that most o the responents are oun to be low quantitative emans. The mean value o work pace is 30.43, which inicates that most o the responents are oun to be low work pace. It can be inerre rom table-, that the mean value o sleeping troubles is 98.4, which inicates that most o the responents are oun to be some sleeping troubles. The mean value o burnout is 3.9, which inicates that most o the responents are oun to be some burnout. The mean value o epressive symptoms is 8.30, which inicates that most o the responents are oun to be some epressive symptoms. The mean value o job satisaction is 44.7, which inicates that most o the responents are oun to be lower job satisaction. The mean value o personality trait (sel-eicacy) is 3.0, which inicates that most o the responents are oun to be very high sel- eicacy. X.3 Cronbach s Alpha (α) Reliability Analysis o Scales The ille ata was teste or Cronbach s Alpha (α) reliability with a sample o 9 Inian railway rivers responents. Table-: Summary: Cronbach s Alpha Reliability (α) Analysis Sr. No Scale No. o Items Cronbach s Alpha Values o Original Scales Cronbach s Alpha Values rom the current stuy Quantitative Demans Work Pace Emotional Demans Demans or Hiing Emotions Sleeping Troubles Burnout Stress Depressive symptoms Job satisaction Sel eicacy Total=40 X.4 Correlation Analysis between Variables The coeicient o correlation expresses the egree o linear relationship between the variables. The closer to zero (0) the coeicient, the less the relationship; the closer to one (), the greater the relationship. A negative (-) sign inicates that the variables are inversely relate an i there is no sign, it inicates that the variables are positively relate. To obtain an iea o relationships between all research variables, Pearson correlation coeicients were compute, an are presente in table-3. Table-3: Correlation between Variables Sr Pearson Correlation Quantitative Demans Work Pace.4 3 Emotional Demans Demans or Hiing Emotions Sleeping Troubles Burnout Stress Depressive symptoms Job satisaction Sel eicacy -.8 (Sig. p=0.0) (N=9) X.4. Correlations between Quantitative emans an other Variables The Pearson correlation value shown in above table-3 reveals positive correlation between quantitative emans an work pace, sleeping troubles, burnout, stress an epressive symptoms. It inicates DOI: / Page

5 Job Demans An Its Eects On Health: A Stuy On Inian Loco-Pilots that, when quantitative emans increases or more then work pace, sleeping troubles, burnout, stress an epressive symptoms also increases or more. At the same time negative (inverse) correlation between quantitative emans an sel-eicacy with coeicient value o r= -.8 ecreases the quantitative emans an hence ecreases the work pace, sleeping troubles, burnout, stress an epressive symptoms. It inicates that negative (inverse) correlation between quantitative emans an sel-eicacy worke as moerator between quantitative emans an work pace, sleeping troubles, burnout, stress an epressive symptoms. The Pearson correlation value shown in above table-3 reveals negative (inverse) correlation between quantitative emans an emotional emans, emans or hiing emotions an job satisaction. It inicates that, when quantitative emans increases or more then emotional emans, emans or hiing emotions an job satisaction ecreases. At the same time negative (inverse) correlation between quantitative emans an sel-eicacy with coeicient value o r= -.8 ecreases the quantitative emans an hence increases the emotional emans, emans or hiing emotions an job satisaction. It inicates that negative (inverse) correlation between quantitative emans an sel-eicacy worke as moerator between quantitative emans an emotional emans, emans or hiing emotions an job satisaction. X.4. Correlations between Work pace an all other Variables The Pearson correlation value shown in above table-3 reveals positive correlation between work pace an quantitative emans, sleeping troubles, burnout, stress an epressive symptoms. It inicates that, when work pace increases or more then quantitative emans, sleeping troubles, burnout, stress an epressive symptoms also increases or more. At the same time negative (inverse) correlation between work pace an seleicacy with coeicient value o r= -.4 ecreases the work pace an hence ecreases the quantitative emans, sleeping troubles, burnout, stress an epressive symptoms. It inicates that negative (inverse) correlation between work pace an sel-eicacy worke as moerator between work pace an quantitative emans, sleeping troubles, burnout, stress an epressive symptoms. The Pearson correlation value shown in above table-3 reveals negative (inverse) correlation between work pace an emotional emans, emans or hiing emotions an job satisaction. It inicates that, when work pace increases or more then emotional emans, emans or hiing emotions an job satisaction ecreases. At the same time negative (inverse) correlation between work pace an sel-eicacy with coeicient value o r= -.4 ecreases the work pace an hence increases the emotional emans, emans or hiing emotions an job satisaction. It inicates that negative (inverse) correlation between work pace an sel-eicacy worke as moerator between work pace an emotional emans, emans or hiing emotions an job satisaction X.4.3 Correlations between Emotional emans an other variables The Pearson correlation value shown in above table-3 reveals positive correlation between emotional emans an emans or hiing emotions. It inicates that, when emotional emans increases or more then emans or hiing emotions also increases or more. Whenever emotional emans ecreases or becomes low, positive correlation between sel-eicacy with coeicient value o r= 0.33 an emotional emans increase the emotional emans an hence increases the emans or hiing emotions. It inicates that positive correlation between emotional emans an sel-eicacy worke as moerator between emotional emans an emans or hiing emotions. The Pearson correlation value shown in above table-3 reveals negative (inverse) correlation between emotional emans an quantitative emans, work pace, sleeping troubles, burnout, stress an epressive symptoms. It inicates that, when emotional emans ecreases or low then quantitative emans, work pace, sleeping troubles, burnout, stress an epressive symptoms increases. At the same time positive correlation between emotional emans an sel-eicacy with coeicient value o r= 0.33 increases the emotional emans an hence ecreases the quantitative emans, work pace, sleeping troubles, burnout, stress an epressive symptoms. It inicates that positive correlation between emotional emans an seleicacy worke as moerator between emotional emans an quantitative emans, work pace, sleeping troubles, burnout, stress an epressive symptoms. X.4.4 Correlations between Demans or hiing emotions an other variables The Pearson correlation value shown in above table-3 reveals positive correlation between emans or hiing emotions an emotional emans. It inicates that, when emans or hiing emotions increases or more then emotional emans also increases or more. The Pearson correlation value shown in above table-3 reveals negative (inverse) correlation between emans or hiing emotions an quantitative emans, work pace, sleeping troubles an burnout. It inicates that, when emans or hiing emotions ecreases or low then quantitative emans, work pace, sleeping troubles an burnout increases. DOI: / Page

6 Job Demans An Its Eects On Health: A Stuy On Inian Loco-Pilots X. Regression Analysis The goal o linear regression is to in the causal relationship between the variables. Regression analysis escribes the value o the responents in terms o R (Correlation Co-eicient) an R (co-eicient etermination). R an R can vary rom 0 to. Values near mean strong causal relationship between variables, while values near 0 mean there is very little relationship between variables. X.. Regression Analysis o Sleeping troubles on Job Demans with Moerating variable Sel eicacy Moel Summary Mo el R R Ajuste R St. Error o the Estimate Statistics. a. b R F Chang e a. Preictors: (Constant), Demans or hiing emotions, Work pace, Emotional emans, Quantitative emans. b. Preictors: (Constant), Demans or hiing emotions, Work pace, Emotional emans, Quantitative emans, Personality (Sel eicacy). Depenent Variable: Sleeping troubles Moel (without the Moerator) It is oun rom the moel summary R (0.), R (0.30) an F (7.9) value explains that there is causal relationship between preictors inepenent variables (job emans) an epenent variable (sleeping troubles). These value inicates that the correlation between preictors job emans an sleeping troubles is signiicant an the linear regression o sleeping troubles on emans at work is also signiicant. It means sleeping troubles is cause-an-eect o job emans. Moel (with the Moerator) The change R (0.0) an F (.94) value rom moel summary inicating that there is potentially signiicant moeration between job emans an sleeping troubles on personality trait (sel eicacy) an hence the propose moel is signiicant. X.. Regression Analysis o Burnout on Job Demans with Moerating variable Sel eicacy Moel Summary Mo el R. 0 a. b R Squar e Ajuste R St. Error o the Estimate R Statistics F Chang e a. Preictors: (Constant), Demans or hiing emotions, Work pace, Emotional emans, Quantitative emans. b. Preictors: (Constant), Demans or hiing emotions, Work pace, Emotional emans, Quantitative emans, Personality (Sel eicacy). Depenent Variable: Burnout Moel (without the Moerator) It is oun rom the moel summary R (0.0), R (0.3) an F (0.0) value explains that there is causal relationship between preictors inepenent variables (job emans) an epenent variable (burnout). These value inicates that the correlation between preictors job emans an burnout is signiicant an the linear regression o burnout on job emans is also signiicant. It means burnout is cause-an-eect o job emans DOI: / Page

7 Job Demans An Its Eects On Health: A Stuy On Inian Loco-Pilots Moel (with the Moerator) The change R (0.0) an F (.03) value rom moel summary inicating that there is potentially signiicant moeration between job emans an burnout on personality trait (sel eicacy an core sel evaluation) an hence the propose moel is signiicant. Mo el X..3 Regression Analysis o Stress on Job Demans with Moerating variable Sel eicacy Moel Summary R R Ajuste R St. Error o Statistics the Estimate. R F Chang e a b a. Preictors: (Constant), Demans or hiing emotions, Work pace, Emotional emans, Quantitative emans. b. Preictors: (Constant), Demans or hiing emotions, Work pace, Emotional emans, Quantitative emans, Personality (Sel eicacy). Depenent Variable: Stress Moel (without the Moerator) It is oun rom the moel summary R (0.), R (0.39) an F (.7) value explains that there is causal relationship between preictors inepenent variables (job emans) an epenent variable (stress). These value inicates that the correlation between preictors job emans an stress is signiicant an the linear regression o stress on job emans is also signiicant. It means stress is cause-an-eect o job emans. Moel (with the Moerator) The change R (0.0) an F (.) value rom moel summary inicating that there is potentially signiicant moeration between job emans an stress on personality trait (sel eicacy) an hence the propose moel is signiicant. X..4 Regression Analysis o Depressive symptoms on Job Demans with Moerating variable Sel eicacy Moel Summary Mo el R R Ajuste R St. Error o the Estimate Statistics. 7 a. 8 b R F Chang e DOI: / Page a. Preictors: (Constant), Demans or hiing emotions, Work pace, Emotional emans, Quantitative emans. b. Preictors: (Constant), Demans or hiing emotions, Work pace, Emotional emans, Quantitative emans, Personality (Sel eicacy). Depenent Variable: Depressive symptoms Moel (without the Moerator) It is oun rom the moel summary R (0.7), R (0.3) an F (8.3) value explains that there is causal relationship between preictors inepenent variables (job emans) an epenent variable (epressive symptoms). These value inicates that the correlation between preictors job emans an epressive symptoms is signiicant an the linear regression o epressive symptoms on job emans is also signiicant. It means epressive symptoms is cause-an-eect o job emans. Moel (with the Moerator) The change R (0.0) an F (0.3) value rom moel summary inicating that there is potentially signiicant moeration between job emans an epressive symptoms on personality trait (sel eicacy) an hence the propose moel is signiicant..0.0

8 Job Demans An Its Eects On Health: A Stuy On Inian Loco-Pilots X.. Regression Analysis o Job satisaction on Job Demans with Moerating variable Sel eicacy Moel Summary Mo el R Ajuste R St. Error o the Estimate Statistics. 3 a. 4 b R Squa re R F DOI: / Page a. Preictors: (Constant), Demans or hiing emotions, Work pace, Emotional emans, Quantitative emans. b. Preictors: (Constant), Demans or hiing emotions, Work pace, Emotional emans, Quantitative emans, Personality (Sel eicacy). Depenent Variable: Job satisaction Moel (without the Moerator) It is oun rom the moel summary R (0.3), R (0.3) an F (.) value explains that there is causal relationship between preictors inepenent variables (job emans) an epenent variable (job satisaction). These value inicates that the correlation between preictors job emans an job satisaction is signiicant an the linear regression o job satisaction on job emans is also signiicant. It means job satisaction is cause-aneect o job emans. Moel (with the Moerator) The change R (0.0) an F (0.9) value rom moel summary inicating that there is potentially signiicant moeration between job emans an job satisaction on personality trait (sel eicacy) an hence the propose moel is highly signiicant. XI. FINDING AND DISCUSSION OF THE STUDY The inings o this stuy reveal that correlation exists in between variables o job emans an its various eect (or ex; burnout, stress, sleeping troubles, epressive symptoms an job satisaction). Moerating eects o personality trait (in this stuy it is sel eicacy) between job emans an its various eect on health also exists. However, there was no irect correlation oun between many variables o this stuy, but these variables are inirectly correlate with those variables have no irect correlation. For ex; sel-eicacy was not irectly correlate with sleeping troubles an burnout; but correlate through stress. Because sel-eicacy was irectly correlate with stress an stress was correlate with sleeping troubles an burnout. In this way it was oun that variables o this stuy were correlate with each other either irectly or inirectly. The inings rom this stuy suggest that contening with stressul situations in the workplace is a common occurrence or the Inian loco pilots (railway rivers) leaing to eterioration in their quality o work an lie. These are the important reasons to assume that sleepiness an stress reuce a railway river s mental capacity when work loa reach its peak. In particular irregular an night work is a urther stress actor or the loco-pilots ue to its negative eects on various aspect o their lives, in particular as concerns:. Disturbances o the normal biological rhythms, beginning with the sleep/wake cycle;. Negative eects on health an well-being, incluing troubles with the igestive unction, nervous system (sleep eicit, anxiety, epression) an cariovascular systems (heart iseases); 3. Social problems, resulting rom iiculties in maintaining the usual relationships both at the amily an social levels. XII. SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Following points are conclue rom the theoretical part o this paper. The aim o these points is to suggest possible solutions an tools how to improve work environment o loco pilots (railway rivers) in Inia, in orer to reuce the stress cause by ierent actors.. In orer to keep the employees on the track o success an retain them or the beneit o organization, the organization must chart out a proper career planning policy which ensures the employees about their career growth an recognition.. It is also suggeste that the management o organization must unertake stress auit at all levels o the organization to in out stressul areas o job to take necessary action or their elimination or overall.0.04

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