Relationship Between Moral Development And Ethical Judgement: Evidence From East Java

Transcription

1 Relationship Between Moral Development And Ethical Judgement: Evidence From East Java Nujmatul Laily, Sulastri, Sumadi Accounting Department, Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia Abstract: Auditor moral issue is an interesting topic for study. This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of auditor s moral development with ethical judgment. Theoretical approaches/models are used as guides for exploring the influence of moral reasoning of public accountants is Kolhberg s model of moral development (Kolhberg 1982). The study was conducted in the public accounting firm of East Java amounted 97 auditors. Data were collected by questionnaire and interview techniques. Data analysis using multiple regression and t-test (different test) to determine the effect of the level of auditor s moral development on ethical judgment. The result shows that level of moral development and auditor s experience have signifficant effect on ethical judgment but this research found that there is no correlation between gender, education, level/position of auditor, and age on ethical judgment. This research suggested to further research developing research model dan sample. Keywords: Moral Development, Ethical Judgment I. INTRODUCTION Auditor always in the spotlight of various parties because of corporate scandals that happened. Enron scandal that occurred in 2001 was one case of manipulation of financial statements made by the company. The Enron case involving the firm Arthur Anderson as the external auditor of the company Enron. In this case, Arthur Anderson violated the code of conduct that should be owned by an auditor: independence and integrity. Independence and integrity of an auditor will affect the quality of the audit. Brooks (1989), quoted by Ludigdo (2005) said that the quality of accounting services is a function of technical competence and judgment (judgment) where the consideration is dependent on the integrity of accountants who make decisions. In conducting the financial audit, which is one of the areas of expertise of accountants,

2 accountants are required to not only have the technical competence but also morally should be free of conflicts of interest (independent). With the competence and independence, the accountant will be able to make judgments and decisions concerning the proper object of the audit. Auditors are often faced with difficult decisions when faced with a dilemma situation. Dilemma situation arises as a consequence of conflict audit because the auditor is in a situation of decision-making related to the decision that ethical or unethical. The situation in the conflict audit formed because there are parties interested in the auditor's decision so that the auditor is faced with the choice of ethical and unethical decisions. Auditors expect that their behavior will not harm the company. This is because the auditor has to be compliance with a code of ethics that sometimes conflict and ethical dilemmas often faced by an auditor when faced with a difficult situation to decide. When auditors confronted with this conditions, moral considerations have a very important role in making decisions by looking at the consequences of his decision. Gafikkin and Lindawati (2012) stated that moral considerations are defined as arguments how individuals should act or give a reason to justify or criticize the behavior of why certain behavior is considered as good and another not. Furthermore, Gafikkin and Lindawati (2012) provides empirical evidence that moral development is a very important component and influence the moral judgment of an auditor. The results also found that the level of professionalism of an auditor is determined by the level of moral development. Because of that, moral development of individuals improve the effectiveness of the implementation of the code of ethics of auditors. The development of moral reasoning (cognitive moral development), often called moral conscience (moral reasoning, moral judgment, moral thinking) is a decisive factor which delivered to moral behavior in ethical decision making, so as to find an actual moral behavior can only be traced through reasoning. That is, the morally correct measurement not only observe the moral behavior that looks, but should look at the moral sense underlying the decision of moral behavior. By measuring the level of moral awareness will be able to know the level of moral (Jones, 1991). Kholberg (1969) examined the moral development of individuals and divide it into three (3) levels, namely pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional, known as cognitive moral judgment. Pre-conventional level is the lowest level that has

3 two stages / phases. This level suggests that an act was immoral or not correlated with reward and punishment system. In this case, an auditor who has a level of moral development on this level act / behave just to get a reward or to avoid punishment and this action is the lowest in the cognitive moral judgments. Furthermore, conventional level is moral development which is in the second level where the level is an action or behavior is no longer simply based on a system of reward and punishment but whether or not the actions of an auditor based on rules or norms applicable in a particular group and expectations of organization where the auditor is working while the postconventional level of moral development is the highest level at which a person's actions in this case the auditor said to be good or bad with attention to social fairness and believe and obey the choice he made based on ethical principles. Rasmundson and Windsor (2003), which examines the moral development of 174 auditors working on an international accounting firm found that the average respondent is at the pre-conventional level. At this level, whether or not the individual behavior based on reward or punishment. This indicates that most of the auditors who work at the firm acted as expected by the client and when faced with an ethical dilemma will prioritize her/his interest than another person / organization / community. Furthermore, Juarti (2010) also proved that moral reasoning is correlated with the quality of the audit. Gafikkin and Lindawati (2012) conducted on managers of a company both companies categorized as family owned companies (FOC), state owned companies (SOC) and Multinationals, or foreign-owned companies (Froc), in which this kind of research is a qualitative use a case study approach with a number of respondents as many as 15 managers provide empirical evidence that the level of professionalism of an auditor is determined by the level of moral development and moral development of individuals improve the effectiveness of the implementation of the code of ethics of auditors. This study will test the level of auditor s moral development in East Java on ethical decision making. II. METHOD This study focuses on whether there is any difference in the level of moral development of auditors to ethical judgment. The study was conducted at the Public

4 Accounting Firm (KAP) in East Java. The study population was auditor junior, senior, manager or partner in Public Accounting Firm (KAP) of East Java totaling 397 auditors. This study uses primary data obtained directly from the respondents. Data collection techniques using questionnaires and given directly to the auditor in public accounting firm in East Java, which totaled 397 auditors. Interviews are also conducted to obtain information / data that have not been covered in the questionnaire. Auditor moral development is measured using a questionnaire based on the level of moral development Kolberg (1969), which consists of three levels, namely preconventional, conventional and postconventional. Respondents were given the case and requested to provide a response to the case when ethical judgment is measured using the case of ethical dilemmas and auditors were asked to provide answers to the statements in the questionnaire. This study uses multiple regression which aims to examine the effect of the level of development of the ethical judgment. III. RESULT This study aims to examine the relationship between the level of moral development of auditors with ethical judgment. The results showed that only the auditor's level of moral development and work experience had an influence on ethical judgment. Results of hypothesis testing can be seen in table 5.8 below: Table 5.8 Hypothesis Testing Results Independent variable (Constant) Gender Age Education Work experience Moral development Position Dependent variable: ethical judgment Standardized coefficients Beta T Sig Description , ,074 Not significant -0,098-0,686 0,494 Not significant -0,220-1,555 0,124 Not significant 0, ,040 Significant 0, ,001 Significant -0,113 0,891 0,376 Not significant

5 Based on Table 5.8 revealed that only work experience of auditors and auditor's level of moral development are significant. It can be shown from the significant value that is smaller than p value of These results indicate that the level of auditor s work experience have an influence on the development of ethical judgment. However, this study failed to provide empirical evidence of the influence of gender, age, education and occupation of the ethical judgment. It is shown from the significant value that is greater than p value of 0.05 thus failing H0 rejected. To strengthen the results of the analysis using a different test. Different test (t-test) is used to determine whether two samples of unrelated having an average value that is different. Results of the analysis can be shown in table 5.9 below: Table 5.9 Test results Independent sample t-test Moral development Levene's Test for t-test for Equality of Means Equality of Keterangan Variances F Sig. t Df Sig. (2- tailed) Equal variances assumed 0,425 0,516-0, ,907 Equal variances not -0, ,910 assumed Based on Table 5.9 shows that the F count levene test for the moral development of 0,425 with probability 0.516> 0.05 so it can be concluded that have the same variance. Thus using a different test analysis assumed equal variance. Based on the results obtained by analysis of the significance probability value for the variable of moral development This indicates that the auditor moral development among male respondents and women did not differ significantly. This is in line with the opinion of Kholberg (1958) which states that every individual must pass through the stages of moral development is preconventional, conventional and postconventional that this result proved that the men and women have the same developmental stage. Furthermore, this study also examine whether there are differences in ethical decision making among respondents male and female. Hypothesis testing results shown in the table below 5:10.

6 Table 5.10 Results of the t test variable ethical judgment Ethical judgment Levene's Test for t-test for Equality of Means Equality of Keterangan Variances F Sig. T Df Sig. (2- tailed) Equal variances assumed 0,294 0, ,162 Equal variances not ,165 assumed Based on the table 5.10 shows that the F count levene test for ethical judgment is with probability 0.589> 0.05 so it can be concluded that have the same variance. Thus using a different test analysis assumed equal variance. Based on the results obtained by analysis of the significance probability value for the variable of moral development This shows that the ethical / auditor ethical decision making among respondents men and women did not differ significantly. This shows that men and women do not differ in making decisions when faced with a dilemma situation. IV. DISCUSSION This study aims to provide empirical evidence of the relationship between the level of moral development with the ethical judgment. The results showed that the level of moral development of auditors and auditors work experience significantly affect ethical judgment. This supports the theory of moral development proposed by Kholberg (1958). Kholberg divide the stages of moral development into three levels, namely level preconventional, conventional and postconventional. Each level indicate the level of individual moral development. Individuals who are at the level of moral development preconventional have the lowest since at this stage only basing individual behavior by only considering reward and punishment. Auditors who are at this level tend to choose the actions / behaviors that are safe for themselves when faced with a dilemma situation. In contrast to the conventional level, at this stage the individual not only consider himself when making decisions but also will consider the organization / work environment whether its actions will have an impact on the organizations / he works. Stages of the most high level of postconventional moral development is that, at this

7 stage an individual to behave in accordance with the principle of moral principles, ethics, code of professional ethics and norms that exist. At this stage, the auditor would consider ways and decisions that will be taken because the decision will have an impact on the community in which auditors at the level of moral development has heightened awareness of the consequences that will result from the decision. Based on the results of descriptive data analysis it appears that the majority of respondents (auditor) is in the postconventional level that is equal to 51.04%, amounting to 47.9% at the level of conventional, while only 1.04% was at preconventional. Results of the study proved that the level of moral development auditor's influence on decision-making when faced with a dilemma situation. The higher the auditor's stages of moral development indicates better and more wisely in ethical decision making. In addition, it also shows that the level of awareness of the auditor is also correlated with the stages of moral development proposed by Kholberg. Auditor with postconventional level has a high level of awareness for not doing things that are unethical and more sensitive in identifying actions unethical. This is supported by the results of research Jones (1991) which states that the development of moral reasoning (cognitive moral development), often called moral conscience (moral reasoning, moral judgment, moral thinking) is a decisive factor which delivered to moral behavior in ethical decision making, so that to find the real moral behavior can only be traced through reasoning. That is, the morally correct measurement not only observe the moral behavior that looks, but should look at the moral sense underlying the decision of moral behavior. By measuring the level of moral awareness will be able to know the level of moral. Results of analysis using the t test (t-test) also reinforces the findings of the research. Different test conducted to determine differences in moral development and decision-making for respondents male and female. The results showed that there was no significant difference between men and women in the development of moral and ethical decision making. This study proves that men and women have the same stages of moral development. These findings support the Kholberg s theory which states that each individual must be passed through the stages of moral development according to the theory that this will have an impact on the way of individuals make decisions which will be reflected in the behavior. The results also support research by Lindawati and

8 Gafikkin (2012) and Juarti (2010) who found that moral development is correlated with the professionalism and quality of the resulting audit. Research has also proved that the work experience influence on decision making. This shows that the higher the auditor's experience shows that the more often auditor faced with dilemma situations in which auditors will be more wise in making decisions. However, the study can not prove a correlation between gender, age, education, and occupation. It is indicating the that men and women have the same action / behavior when faced with dilemma situation. Age was also not proven to affect ethical judgment. The average age of respondents in this study is 27 years. This shows that the majority of respondents can be classified as young. These findings prove that a person's age is not a determining factor of an auditor can take decisions ethically or not. Education is also not proven to influence ethical decision making. The majority of respondents were undergraduate education. This indicates that the level of knowledge and experience of the auditor is still very low, it is supported with an average age of respondents was 27 years old so it can be said that the auditor's are less knowledge and experience in dealing with situations of stress from clients so there are possibilities of auditors rarely confronted in a dilemma situation. Position of auditor also not been shown to influence decision making. Not proven this hypothesis can be caused by several factors including, the majority of respondents who participated in this study was a junior auditor, the low contribution of junior auditor in decision-making because the work to audit is the work performed in groups (teams) so that any findings will be discussed with the senior auditor or partner where the decision is the result of discussions, the latter factor that a majority of auditors who participated in the study came from the small Public Accounting Firm (KAP) where Public Accounting Firm level positions in smaller Accounting Firm less well organized and unclear. V. CONCLUSION The results showed that the majority of auditors in East Java-sex male with an average level of education is an undergraduate (S1). The average work experience of auditors of 2.5 years and the average age is 27 years aduitor. Based on these characteristics it appears that most of the auditors in East Java still has a low work period that is based on the level of office / employment in KAP majority still occupying

9 the post of junior auditor auditor. The results also show that the level of moral development of auditors at the level of postconventional. Hypothesis testing results showed that the only variable levels of moral development of auditors and work experience had an influence on ethical judgment. However, studies have not proved the existence of a correlation between age, education, gender, and auditor positions with ethical judgment. REFERENCE Gaffikin, Michael dan Lindawati The Moral Reasoning of Public Accountants in the Development of a Code of Ethics: the Case of Indonesia, Issue 1 Australasian Accounting Business and Finance Journal Hogart, R.M A Perspective on Cognitive Research In Accounting, The Accounting Review 66 (2): Jamilah, S., Z. Fanani., dan G. Chandrarin Pengaruh Gender, Tekanan Ketaatan dan Kompleksitas Tugas tehadap Audit Judgment, Simposium Nasional Akuntansi 10 Makassar Januarti, indira Pengaruh Moral Reasoning Dan Skeptisisme Profesional Auditor Pemerintah Terhadap Kualitas Audit Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah. SNA Purwokerto Jones, T. M Ethical Decision by Individual in Organizations: An Issue- Contingent Model, The Academy of Management Review, 16 (2): Ludigdo, U Mengembangkan Etika di Kantor Akuntan Publik: Sebuah Perspektif untuk Mendorong Perwujudan Good Governance. Konferensi Nasional Akuntansi Ludigdo, U Paradoks Etika Akuntan.Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Rasmussen, W., et al Danish evidence of auditors' level of moral reasoning and predisposition to provide fair judgements. Journal of Business Ethics Trevino, L.K Ethical Making in Organizations: A Person-Situation Interactionist Model, The Academy of Management Rview, 11 (3):