B844; B842. z Greene, 2003 ž. ž rationalist model Ÿ q. Ÿ q z 2009, Vol. 17, No. 6, Advances in Psychological Science

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1 Ÿ q z 2009, Vol. 17, No. 6, Advances in Psychological Science ž * q Å Ã j q q q v u u p g n n n gpe i n q k p qvq p p g n q n d q k z o z n z g n B844; B842 ž t t ž Ÿ z Greene, 2003 ž p z ž p 18 qv x ž Å ž ž 20 Ÿ qv Kohlberg 1981 ž z ž z ½ Å ž z Ÿ u ž ž ž rationalist model Ÿ q ž ç žÿ q ž Ÿ æ Ÿ ¹ æ µ * v q IRT0710 ¹ luoyj@bnu.edu.cn q š Å š Dolan, 2002 ž Å q q Õ ž q u ž Å ž š ž ž ž ž 1 š ž ž 20 s ½ Å ž ž µ Å ž ž Â ž ž ž 1.1 ž djulie Mark q ê 1250

2 17 6 ž q Å y º ã Ÿ v t s w ž e t ž Ý y ž ž t Hadit 2001 ž moral dumbfounding Õ ž the social intuition model ž t ž ¹ Hadit Å t ž š Å ž ž Õ Ÿ q 1.2 ž µ ö ž š Å ž Ú u ž ã š ö Õ º Valdesolo & DeSteno, 2006 Wheatley Haidt 2005 z ž t ž š ž x ž š 4 Ÿ š Úµ ž µ ž ã ö š Schnall, Haidt, Clore, & Jordan, 2008 š ž š ž  ÕÅ š ž t 2 ž y   Åç ž p š š y œ ÿ ž x ž z u q u  ž 2.1 ÕŒ fmri VMPFC º VMPFC prosocial sentiments Ongur & Price, 2000 fmri ž ë VMPFC æ Moll, de Oliveira-Souza, Bramati, & Grafman, 2002 Harenski Hamann 2006 ž ž æ ž ž æ MPFC ž æ VMPFC Moll 2002 ž d Ö v e VMPFC y OFC æ

3 Ÿ q z 2009 ž Õ ž æ da e da e ž VMPFC æ da Œ Õe da Õe æ Heekeren, Wartenburger, Schmidt, Schwintowski, & Villringer, 2003 Õ ž Õ d Ÿ e VMPFC æ æ Œ d Ü e ã Moll, Eslinger, & de Oliveira-Souza, 2001 Õ u À ž VMPFC æ Ü Moll, et al., 2006 VMPFC ž æ Moll 2007 ž æ ž VMPFC æ ž ê æ ž ž ë ž d à ã Á e æ Berthoz, Gre`zes, Armony, Passingham, & Dolane, 2006 µ Ÿ s æ ž Kliemann, Young, Scholz Saxe 2008 ž Â ð ž ë ž ž ë µ ž ë š ž œ fmri t ž RTPJ æ RTPJ Åç s æ ž t ž ¼ ë ž Å ž t ž ¹ Åç Õ RTPJ æ Å Haidt ž ë ž ã æ ž ž Ÿ Á  Á t Á š ž ÕÅ ž 2.2 Á Ÿ q VMPFC Å VMPFC Á t Œ Barrash, Tranel, & Anderson, 2000; Ciaramelli, Muccioli, Ladavas, & di Pellegrino 2007; Mendez, Anderson, & Shapira, 2005 VMPFC Á Ü ÕŒ ž  VMPFC Á ž Anderson, Bechara, Damasio, Tranel Damasio 1999 Kohlberg ž Ý ž µ VMPFC Á žü ÕŒ

4 17 6 ž q Å Ú Ÿ ž VMPFC œ ž ž µ ž ž Å ã ž µ ž Koenigs 2007 VMPFC Á ž «µ Å Å ÕŒ VMPFC Á œ Å ÕŒ t  š De Quervain, et al., 2004; Kahneman, 2003; Tankersley, Stowe, & Huettel, 2007 Koenigs ž µ v ÕŒ š Ä VMPFC Á š Å ÕŒ Å VMPFC Á ž ã u ž u ¹ Anderson, Barrash, Bechara, & Tranel, 2006; Blair, & Cipolotti, 2000  VMPFC š ž ž VMPFC ž Ÿ 3 ž - š ž ž ž ÕÅ xõ Âu  3.1 ž Greene 2002, 2003, x ž z u ž ž ½ Å p ž ë Å ½ ž œ Œ ž s ž ž x Œ ž Å Œ ž š t ž š Greene ž  ž æ ž impersonal dilemma d 5 5 x x Ö «e ë Å v ž personal dilemma d 5 5 x på x Ö «¹ på e ë Å v µ æ p ž æ Ÿ ½ Å ž æ Å º Greene, Sommerville, Nystrom,

5 Ÿ q z 2009 Darley, & Cohen, 2001 ž ž µ µ Õ Greene, Nystrom, Engell, Darley Cohen 2004  ž ž ACC æ ACC æ ž p Botvinick, Braver, Barch, Carter, & Cohen, 2001; Pochon, Riis, Sanfey, Nystrom, & Cohen, 2008 Õ u ž DLPFC æ æ ç DLPFC æ Å ž t µ ž µ š Greene, Morelli, Lowenberg, Nystrom, & Cohen, 2008 Õ u ž ž µ Greene ž 3.2 ž - Greene Haidt 2002 ž ž VMPFC ž ž Ÿ emotional mental imagery see also Pujol, et al., 2008 ž ë STS ž DLPFC ž ½ Å d ž e ž Õ Haidt 2007 Wilson 1975 q q Ÿ q q ž ž - The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology Õ ž ž ž š žå ž Õ ž Haidt, 2008 u Ÿ ž Å Å ž ö Haidt ž z ž ž œ u 4 z q ž Å Â q Å ž ö š ž ž ž Å ž ž y q ž ž p y Œ ž Å u ž

6 17 6 ž q Å µ œ ž Œ Á ž  Huebner, Dwyer, & Hauser, 2009 y ž Å Å t ž t Å ž Ý Ÿ q p Ÿ æ ž Å ÕÅ 1 ¾ ž t ž ž 2 Å ž - ž v xx š š p 3 ž ž t Å ž u æ u Å z Haidt, 2007; Miller, 2008; Moll, de Oliveira-Souza, & Zahn, 2008 Anderson, S., Barrash, J., Bechara, A., & Tranel, D. (2006). Impairments of emotion and real-world complex behavior following childhood- or adult-onset damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, Anderson, S., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1999). Impairment of social and moral behavior related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex. Nature neuroscience, 2, Barrash, J., Tranel, D., & Anderson, S. W. (2000). Acquired personality disturbances associated with bilateral damage to the VMPFC region. Developmental Neuropsychology, 18(3), Berthoz, S., Gre`zes, J., Armony, J. L., Passingham, R. E., & Dolane, R. J. (2006). Affective response to one s own moral violations. NeuroImage, 31, Blair, R., & Cipolotti, L. (2000). Impaired social response reversal: a case of acquired sociopathy. Brain, 123, Botvinick,M.M.,Braver,T.S.,Barch,D.M.,Carter,C.S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychology Review, 108, Ciaramelli, E., Muccioli, M., Ladavas, E., & di Pellegrino, G. (2007). Selective deficit in personal moral judgment following damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, De Quervain, D. J. -F., Fischbacher, U., Treyer, V., Schellhammer, M., Schnyder, U., Buck, A., et al. (2004). The Neural Basis of Altruistic Punishment. Science, 305, Dolan, R. J. (2002). Emotion, cognition, and behavior. Science, 298(8), Greene, J. (2003). From neural 'is' to moral 'ought': what are the moral implications of neuroscientific moral psychology? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(10), Greene, J. (2007). Why are VMPFC patients more utilitarian? A dual-process theory of moral judgment explains. TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 11, Greene, J., & Haidt, J. (2002). How (and where) does moral judgment work? TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 6, Greene, J. D., Morelli, S. A., Lowenberg, K., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2008). Cognitive load selectively interferes with utilitarian moral judgment. Cognition, 107, Greene, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Engell, A. D., Darley, J. M., & Cohen1, J. D. (2004). The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron, 44, Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An fmri investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science, 293, Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: a social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), Haidt, J. (2007). The new synthesis in moral psychology. Science, 316, Haidt, J. (2008). Morality. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(1), Harenski, C. L., & Hamann, S. (2006). Neural correlates of regulating negative emotions related to moral violations. NeuroImage, 30, Heekeren, H. R., Wartenburger, I., Schmidt, H., Schwintowski, H. P., & Villringer, A. (2003). An fmri study of simple ethical decision-making. Neuroreport, 14, Huebner, B., Dwyer, S., & Hauser, M. (2009). The role of emotion in moral psychology. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(1), 1 6. Kahneman, D. (2003). A perspective on judgment and choice:

7 Ÿ q z 2009 Mapping bounded rationality. American Psychologist, 58, Kliemann, D., Young, L., Scholz, J., & Saxe, R. (2008). The influence of prior record on moral judgment. Neuropsychologia, 46, Koenigs,M.,Young,L.,Adolphs,R.,Tranel,D.,Cushman, F., Hauser, M., et al. (2007). Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgments. Nature, 446, Kohlberg, L. (eds). (1981). The philosophy of moral development: moral stages and the idea of justice. San Francisco: Harper and Row. Mendez, M., Anderson, E., & Shapira, J. (2005). An investigation of moral judgment in frontotemporal dementia. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 18, Miller, G. (2008). The roots of morality. Science, 320, Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Bramati, I. E., & Grafman, J. (2002). Functional networks in emotional moral and nonmoral social judgments. NeuroImage, 16, Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Eslinger, P. J., Bramati, I. E., Mourao-Miranda, J., Andreiuolo, P. A., et al. (2002). The neural correlates of moral sensitivity: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of basic and moral emotions. Neuroscience, 22, Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Garrido, G. J., Bramati, I. E., Caparelli-Daquer, E. M. A., Paiva, M. L. M. F., Zahn, R., et al. (2007). The self as a moral agent: Linking the neural bases of social agency and moral sensitivity. Social Neuroscience, 2(3-4), Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., & Zahn, R. (2008). The neural basis of moral cognition sentiments, concepts, and values. New York Academy of Sciences, 1124, Moll, J., Eslinger, P. J., & de Oliveira-Souza, R. (2001). Frontopolar and anterior temporal cortex activation in a moral judgment task: preliminary functional MRI results in normal subjects. Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 59, Moll, J., Krueger, F., Zahn, R., Pardini, M., de Oliveira- Souza, R., & Grafman, J. (2006). Human fronto mesolimbic networks guide decisions about charitable donation. PNAS, 103, Ongur, D., & Price, J. (2000). The organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats, monkeys, and humans. Cereb Cortex, 10, Pochon,J.-B.,Riis,J.,Sanfey,A.G.,Nystrom,L.E.,&Cohen, J. D. (2008). Functional imaging of decision conflict. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28(13), Pujol,J.,Reixach,J.,Harrison,B.J.,Timoneda-Gallart,C., Vilanova, J. C., & Pérez-Alvarez, F. (2008). Posterior cingulate activation during moral dilemma in adolescents. Human brain mapping, 29(8), Schnall,S.,Haidt,J.,Clore,G.L.,&Jordan,H.A.(2008). Disgust as embodied moral judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(8), Tankersley, D., Stowe, C. J., & Huettel1, S. A. (2007). Altruism is associated with an increased neural response to agency. Nature Neuroscience, 10, Valdesolo, P., & DeSteno, D. (2006). Manipulations of emotional context shape moral judgment. Psychology Science, 17(6), Wilson,E.O.(1975).Sociobiology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Wheatley, T., & Haidt, J. (2005). Hypnotic disgust makes moral judgments more severe. Psychological Science, 16, The Role of Emotion in Moral Judgment: Evidence from Cognitive Neuroscience XIE Xi-Yao LUO Yue-Jia (State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neurosciences and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing , China) Abstracts: The relationship between emotion and cognition in moral judgment is an important cognitive neuroscience research topic. This paper analyzed and integrated recent theories and empirical results about the effect of emotion on moral judgment, and introduced this effect from three aspects: accumulating evidence from behavior researches points to extraneous emotion can infect moral judgment, the association between emotional dysfunction and impairment in moral judgment, and the brain activation patterns in moral dilemmas in many neuroscientific studies. We focused on the neural mechanism underlying the effect of emotion on moral judgment, the interaction of the emotional processing and cognitive processing in moral judgment and the neural nature of this interaction. All the literatures in this article indicated the necessary role of emotion in moral judgment, revealed moral judgment resulted from the synergy of emotional processing and cognitive processing, and on the basis of all the evidence we proposed some new directions of the future research in this field. Key words: moral judgment; affective intuition; deliberate reasoning; interaction of emotion and cognition