; R395. (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004) (Cohen, Cimbolic, Armeli, & Hettler, 1998) (Helgeson, Reynolds, & Tomich, 2006)

Transcription

1 Ÿ q z 2010, Vol. 18, No. 1, Advances in Psychological Science š Ÿ * dg qÿ q ò z Ÿ u u, ÕÝ okg p e g n? n g g e p, pe s g, n e ; R395, Ÿ Ÿ,,,, ½ µ, µ Ÿ, µ ( qp p ) q º, Ÿ, Ÿ q, q (Helgeson, Reynolds, & Tomich, 2006), s Ÿ, Ÿ, Ÿ Õ,, Ÿ z, Tedeschi x æ œ z, Õ ç Õ (posttraumatic growth, PTG) (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996), t º µ Ÿ Õ Ü, yyguo@mail.ccnu.edu.cn (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004) Ü, s v, Ü, f v, (Cohen, Cimbolic, Armeli, & Hettler, 1998), v,,, «Õ,, (stress-related growth) Ý(benefit-finding) (perceived benefit) (changes in outlook) Ÿ æ (psychological thriving) (Linley & Joseph, 2004), Joseph Linley (2006) (growth following adversity) Tedeschi Calhoun µ, º,, s ; Ÿ æ, s u Ÿ (psychological distress) p u;, s Õ,,, µ 114

2 18 1 š Ÿ v Ÿ (heart attacks) ä v, SARS HIV/AIDS Á s, (Mehnert & Koch, 2007) æ (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996), œ d (McMillen & Fisher, 1998) Õ v (McMillen, 2004) t µ,,» q» (McMillen, Zuravin, & Rideout, 1995) y,, ç p, (Joseph, Linley, & Harris, 2005),, (Cohen, Hettler, & Pane, 1998), (resilience) (hardiness) (sense of coherence) Ý (making sense), Å, uÿ (psychological resilience) y,, (Yu & Zhang, 2007), º Ÿ, µ º, Ÿ Ü Ü,, Ü Ü, Ü, (Linley & Joseph, 2005), y,, u Õ (Westphal & Bonanno, 2007) 2 š 2.1 q, œ (Aslikesimci & Tulin, 2005; Park, Cohen, & Murch, 1996), Polatinsky Esprey (2000) q µ,,, ç, Ý œ (Lechner, et al., 2003), µ (Jaarsma, Pool, Sanderman, & Ranchor, 2006) ç (Maguen, Vogt, King, L. A., King, D. W., & Litz, 2006),, œ (Siegel, Schrimshaw, & Pretter, 2005),, f Ü ç (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006) q, t š, Õ (Calhoun, Cann, Tedeschi, & McMillan, 2000), (spirituality) Õ (Cadell, Regdhr, & Hemsworth, 2003) Õ, t Ý w (Proeeitt, Cann, Calhoun, & Tedeschi, 2007; Urcuyo, Boyers, Carver, & Antoni, 2005), µ, ã t, t» (Laufer & Solomon, 2006) Shaw, Joseph Linley (2005) 11 t (religion) u» t Œ Õ ; t ; t p (readiness to face existential questions) t Ÿ t (intrinsic

3 -116- Ÿ q z 2010 religiousness) Œ,  v Shakespeare-Finch Copping (2006) µ, p, (spirituality) t î Samuel, Cecilia Rainbow (2004) ð 188 µ,  2.2 (1), œ (Armeli, Gunthert, & Cohen, 2001) x Å, Å Ÿ (Goral, Kesimci, & Gencoz, 2006) ç (Maguen, et al., 2006), u (Barakat, Alderfer, & Kazak, 2006), q µ,, u, Œ,» Ý(Lechner, et al., 2003), µ Õ, Tomich Helgeson (2004) Åç, t y Ÿ ö, š, Õ (2),, µ Ö œ x (McMillen & Fisher, 1998), p, w (McMillen, Smith, & Fisher, 1997) 18, Å Ÿ, (Ickovics, et al., 2006), œ (Park, et al., 1996) µ, ; Åš, µ (3) ç (Park, et al., 1996; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996), Stanton, Bower Low (2006),,, Zoellner Maercker (2006),,, ç, 2.3, Õ (Park, et al., 1996; Zoellner, Rabe, Karl, & Maercker, 2008), p, ç (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006), Ÿ µ ç 8 Ö (Affleck, Tennen, Croog, & Levine, 1987), t t, Õ t» (Samuel, Kwung, & Jessie, 2008), š æ t Å Åš (Luszczynska, Mohamed, & Schwarzer, 2005), Ÿ æ Å (Abraido- Lanza, Guier, & Colon, 1998)» (Evers et al., 2001), (resilience) Õ, ç (Hooper, Marotta, & Lanthier, 2008), (perceived positive attributes) (Ransom, Sheldon, & Jacobsen, 2008) á (rumination soon after the event) Õ, (Taku, Calhoun, Cann, & Tedeschi, 2008), Õ (Weinrib, Rothrock, Johnsen, & Lutgendorf, 2006), æ (life meaningfulness) (Park, Edmondson, Fenster, & Blank, 2008),

4 18 1 š Ÿ µ, œ,, ¹,, (Davis, Wohl, & Verberg, 2007), ö, ö œ (Ransom et al., 2008),, œ» (wisdom), s t (Linley, 2003) 2.4 u µ œ, œ u (Karanci & Erkam, 2007; Schwarzer, Luszczynska, Boehmer, Taubert, & Knoll, 2006), Õ, Weiss (2004), œ, p», p Å, Å», ( ) (Manne et al., 2004), µ (Lev-Wiesel & Amir, 2003) Lechner Antoni (2004), œ z, s ç œ,, w (fatalistic coping strategies), œ (Aslikesimci & Tulin, 2005), Õ ç (Bellizzi & Blank, 2006), Ÿ Ü (Goral et al., 2006), w, (Morris, Shakespeare- Finch, & Scott, 2007), ç 12 (Sears, Stanton, & Danoff-Burg, 2003),,» (Widows, Jacobsen, Booth-Jones, & Fields, 2005),, š Õ Ÿ æ Å, Ÿ æ Å (Abraido-Lanza et al., 1998), 9, ç (Manne et al., 2004), Õ Õ, Õ, Ü œæ (thriving) (Norlander, Schedvin, & Archer, 2005), µ p µ 1 Ü ç (Thornton & Perez, 2006) µ, u,, ï, œ t, Œ, y á,, u,», z ý ¼º, Ÿ Ÿ Ü Ÿ Ü, Õ Õ,, 3 Ÿ Â, Ü, º (Siegeletal.,2005), (emotional distress) (Urcuyo et al., 2005),

5 -118- Ÿ q z 2010 Ü Õ (McCausland & Pakenham, 2003), ç 6 Ÿ (Park & Fenster, 2004), Ý Ÿ, æ Õ, Å (Pakenham, 2005), õ Ÿ, Ÿ (Danoff- Burg & Revenson, 2005), , Ý ç 3 º æ ½ ŸÜ (Schwarzer et al., 2006) Ÿ Õ Ý º, Ü (Mohr, Dick, Russo, Likosky, & Goodkin, 1999), Á º œ Õ (Mcgrath & Linley, 2006) p œ º (CES-D) Ryff Ÿ (Ryff s Well-Being Scales) œ (Cordova, Cunningham, Carison, & Andrykowski, 2001), æ (Thornton & Perez, 2006),, Ü Ÿ (Hobfoll et al., 2007) Ÿ,, Ÿ Õ, Ÿ p u, p»,» (Tedischi & Calhoun, 2004), Ÿ, Å z,  Ÿ p ;, Ÿ µ,, 1 5~8 x, Ý, Ý (Lechner, Carver, Antoni, Weaver, & Phillips, 2006),, Ÿ t ç µ (Helgeson et al., 2006) µ Ú(Tomich & Helgeson, 2004) Õ (Cordova et al., 2001) Ÿ 4 z ÕÅ, t, q Ý,,,,, q, î, Ý y w, (Sear et al., 2003), (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004), œ, Œ, ž, v, (Cadell, 2007) (self-perceived posttraumatic growth) (Zoellner & Maercker, 2006), Å,,,, µ (world assumptions),, x (Joseph & Linley, 2005), t t t,,, x, z, š, Ÿ

6 18 1 š Ÿ -119-, t u, Taylor (1983), Ÿ, t (Tedeschi, Calhoun, & Cann, 2007), s u(sumalla, Ochoa, & Blanco, 2009) Zoellner (2006) ç, µ, y,,,, (Maercker & Zoellner, 2004), Ý Ý ø, t, Å, Å (Cohen et al., 1998),, ç, y u,, ç(johnson et al., 2007) x ä, s¹ x, y Ý (global distress), º Ü (Helgeson, Reynolds, & Tomich, 2006), Joseph Linley (2006), Õ,, p,, x Õ,, ä Å, Å Õ z Õ, ÕÅ š,, Ä Ÿ, Å Â Abraido-Lanza, A. F., Guier, C., & Colon, R. M. (1998). Psychological thriving among Latinas with chronic illness. Journal of Social Issues, 54(2), Affleck, G., Tennen, H., Croog, S., & Levine, S. (1987). Causal attribution, perceived benefits, and morbidity after a heart attack: an 8-year study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(1), Armeli,T.,Gunthert,K.C.,&Cohen,L.H.(2001).Stressor appraisals, coping, and post-event outcomes: the dimensionality and antecedents of stress-related growth. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(3), Aslikesimci, F., Goral, S., & Gencoz. T. (2005). Determinants of stress-related growth: gender, stressfulness of the event and coping strategies. Current Psychology: Development Learning Personality Social, 24(1), Barakat, L. P., Alderfer, M. A., & Kazak, A. E. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in adolescent survivors of cancer and their mothers and fathers. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31(4), Bellizzi, K. M., & Blank, T. O. (2006). Predicting posttraumatic growth in breast cancer survivors. Health Psychology, 25(1), Cadell, S. (2007). The sun always comes out after it rains: understanding posttraumatic growth in HIV caregivers. Health & Social Work, 32(3), Cadell, S., Regdhr, C., & Hemsworth, D. (2003). Factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: a proposed structural equation model. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73(3), Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., Tedeschi, R. G., & McMillan, J. (2000). A correlational test of the relationship between posttraumatic growth, religion, and cognitive processing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(3), Cohen, L. H., Cimbolic, K., Armeli, S. R., & Hettler, T. R. (1998). Quantitative assessment of thriving. Journal of Social Issues, 54(2), Cohen, L.H., Hettler, T., & Pane, N. (1998). Assessment of posttraumatic growth. In R. Tedeschi, C. Park, & L. Calhoun (Eds), Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis (pp.23 42). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Cordova, M. J., Cunningham, L. L. C., Carison, C. R., & Andrykowski, M. A. (2001). Posttraumatic growth following breast cancer: a controlled comparison study. Health Psychology, 20(3), Danoff-Burg, S., & Revenson, T. A. (2005). Benefit-finding

7 -120- Ÿ q z 2010 among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: positive effects on interpersonal relationships. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28(1), Davis,C.G.,Wohl,M.J.A.,&Verberg,N.(2007).Profiles of posttraumatic growth following an unjust loss. Death Studies, 31, Evers, A.W. M., Kraaimaat, F. W., Lankveld, W. V., Jongen, P. J.H.,Jacobs,J.W.G.,&Bijlsma,J.W.J.(2001).Beyond unfavorable thinking: the illness cognition questionnaire for chronic diseases. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(6), Goral, F. S., Kesimci, A., & Gencoz, T. (2006). Roles of the controllability of the event and coping strategies on stress-related growth in a Turkish sample. Stress and Health, 22, Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K. A., & Tomich, P. L. (2006). A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), Hobfoll, E. H., Hall, B. J., Canetti-Nisim, D., Galea, S., Johnson, R. J., & Palmieri, P. A. (2007). Refining our understanding of traumatic growth in the face of terrorism: moving form meaning cognition to doing what is meaningful. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56(3), Hooper, L. M., Marotta, S. A., & Lanthier, R. P. (2008). Predictors of growth and distress following childhood parentification: a retrospective exploratory study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 17, Ickovics,J.,Meade,C.S.,Kershaw,T.S.,Milan,S.,Lewis,J. B., & Ethier, K. A. (2006). Urban teens: trauma, posttraumatic growth, and emotional distress among female adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), Jaarsma, T. A., Pool, G., Sanderman, R., & Ranchor, A. V. (2006). Psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the posttraumatic growth inventory among cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology, 15, Johnson,R.J.,Hobfoll,S.E.,Hall,B.J.,Canetti-Nisim,D., Galea, S., & Palmieri, P. A. (2007). Posttraumatic growth: action and reaction. Applied Psychology: an International Review, 56(3), Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2005). Positive adjustment to threatening events: An organismic valuing theory of growth through adversity. Review of General Psychology, 9, Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2006). Growth following adversity: theoretical perspectives and implications for clinical practice. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, Joseph, S., Linley, P. A., & Harris, G. J. (2005). Understanding positive change following trauma and adversity: structural clarification. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 10, Karanci, A. N., & Erkam, A. (2007). Variables related to stress-related growth among Turkish breast cancer patients. Stress and Health, 23, Laufer, A., & Solomon, Z. (2006). Posttraumatic symptoms and posttraumatic growth among Israeli youth exposed to terror incidents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(4), Lechner, S. C., & Antoni, M. H. (2004). Posttraumatic growth and group-based interventions for persons dealing with cancer: what have we learned so far. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), Lechner,S.C.,Carver,C.S.,Antoni,M.H.,Weaver,K.E., & Phillips, K. M. (2006). Curvilinear associations between benefit finding and psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), Lechner,S.C.,Zakowski,S.G.,Antoni,M.H.,Greenhawt, M.,Block,K.,&Block,P.(2003).Dosociodemographic and disease-related variables influence benefit-finding in cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology, 12, Lev-Wiesel, R., & Amir, M. (2003). Posttraumatic growth among holocaust child survivors. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 8, Linley, P. A. (2003). Positive adaptation to trauma: wisdom as both process and outcome. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(6), Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: a review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2005). The human capacity for growth through adversity. American Psychologist, 60(3), Luszczynska,A.,Mohamed,N.E.,&Schwarzer,R.(2005). Self-efficacy and social support predict benefit finding 12 months after cancer surgery: the mediating role of coping strategies. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 10(4), Maercker, A., & Zoellner, T. (2004). The Janus face of self-perceived growth: toward a two-component model of posttraumatic growth. Psychological Inquiry, 15, Maguen,S.,Vogt,D.S.,King,L.A.,King,D.W.,&Litz,B. T. (2006). Posttraumatic growth among gulf war I veterans: the predictive role of deployment-related experiences and background characteristics. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 11, Manne,S.,Ostroff,J.,Winkel,G.,Goldstein,L.,Fox,K.,&

8 18 1 š Ÿ Grana, G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth after breast cancer: patient, partner, and couple perspectives. American Psychosomatic Society, 66, McCausland, J., & Pakenham, K. I. (2003). Investigation of the benefits of HIV/AIDS caregiving and relations among caregiving adjustment, benefit finding, and stress and coping variables. Aids Care, 15(6), Mcgrath, J. C., & Linley, P. A. (2006). Post-traumatic growth in acquired brain injury: a preliminary small scale study. Brain Injury, 20(7), McMillen, J. C. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: what s it all about. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), McMillen, J. C., & Fisher, R. H. (1998). The perceived benefit scales: measuring perceived positive life changes after negative events. Social Work Research, 22(3), McMillen, J. C., Smith, E. M., & Fisher, R. H. (1997). Perceived benefit and mental health after three types of disaster. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(5), McMillen, C., Zuravin, S., & Rideout, G. (1995). Perceived benefit from child sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(6), Mehnert, A., & Koch, U. (2007). Prevalence of acute and post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid mental disorders in breast cancer patients during primary cancer care: A prospective study. Psycho-Oncology, 16, Mohr,D.C.,Dick,L.P.,Russo,D.,Likosky,W.,&Goodkin, D. (1999). The psychosocial impact of multiple sclerosis: exploring the patient s perspective. Health Psychology, 18(4), Morris, B. A., Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Scott, J. L. (2007). Coping processes and dimensions of posttraumatic growth. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 1. Retrieved November 16, 2008, from Norlander, T., Schedvin, H. V., & Archer, T. (2005). Thriving as a function of affective personality: relation to personality factors, coping strategies and stress. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 18(2), Pakenham, K. I. (2005). Benefit finding in multiple sclerosis and associations with positive and negative outcomes. Health Psychology, 24(2), Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., & Murch, R. L.(1996). Assessment and prediction of stress-related growth. Journal of Personality, 64(1), Park,C.L.,Edmondson,D.,Fenster,J.R.,&Blank,T.O. (2008). Meaning making and psychological adjustment following cancer: the mediating roles of growth, life meaning, and restored just-world beliefs. Journal of consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(5), Park, C. L., & Fenster, J. R. (2004). Stress-related growth: predictors of occurrence and correlates with psychological adjustment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(2), Polatinsky, S., & Esprey, Y. (2000). An assessment of gender differences in the perception of benefit resulting from the loss of a child. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, Proeeitt, D., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2007). Judeo-Christian Clergy and Personal Crisis: Religion, Posttraumatic growth and well being. Journal of Religion and Health, 46(2), Ransom, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Jacobsen, P. B. (2008). Actual change and inaccurate recall contribute to posttraumatic growth following radiotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(5), Samuel, M. Y. Ho., Cecilia, L. W., & Rainbow, T. H. Ho. (2004). Posttraumatic growth in Chinese cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncology, 13, SamuelM.Y.Ho.,KwungWingChu.,&Jessie,Yiu.(2008). The relationship between explanatory style and posttraumatic growth after bereavement in a non-clinical sample. Death Studies, 32, Schwarzer, R., Luszczynska, A., Boehmer, S., Taubert, S., & Knoll, N. (2006). Changes in finding benefit after cancer surgery and the prediction of well-being one year later. Social Science & Medicine, 63, Sears, S. R., Stanton, A. L., & Danoff-Burg, S. (2003). The yellow brick road and the emerald city: benefit finding, positive reappraisal coping, and posttraumatic growth in women with early-stage breast cancer. Health Psychology, 22(5), Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Copping A. (2006). A grounded theory approach to understanding cultural differences in posttraumatic growth. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 11, Shaw, A., Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2005). Religion, spirituality, and posttraumatic growth: a systematic review. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 8(1), Siegel, K., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Pretter, S. (2005). Stress-related growth among women living with HIV/AIDS: examination of an explanatory model. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28(5), Stanton, A. L., Bower, J. E., & Low, C. A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth after cancer. In L. G. Calhoun & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice (pp ). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Sumalla,E.C.,Ochoa,C.,&Blanco,I.(2009).Posttraumatic growth in cancer: reality or illusion. Clinical Psychology

9 -122- Ÿ q z 2010 Review, 29, Taku, K., Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2008). The role of rumination in the coexistence of distress and posttraumatic growth among bereaved Japanese university students. Death Studies, 32, Taylor, S. E. (1983). Adjustment to threatening events a theory of cognitive adaptation. American Psychologist, 38(11), Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), Tedeschi, R. G., Calhoun, L. G., & Cann, A. (2007). Evaluating resource gain: understanding and misunderstanding posttraumatic growth. Applied Psychology: an international review, 56(3), Thornton, A. A., & Perez, M. A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in prostate cancer survivors and their partners. Psycho-Oncology, 15, Tomich, P. L., & Helgeson, V. S. (2004). Is finding something good in the bad always good? Benefit finding among women with breast cancer. Health Psychology, 23(1), Urcuyo,K.R.,Boyers,A.E.,Carver,C.S.,&Antoni,M.H. (2005). Finding benefit in breast cancer: relations with personality, coping, and concurrent well-being. Psychology and Health, 20(2), Weinrib, A. Z., Rothrock, N. E., Johnsen, E. L., & Lutgendorf, S. K. (2006). The assessment and validity of stress-related growth in a community-based sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), Weiss, T. (2004). Correlates of posttraumatic growth in married breast cancer survivors. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), Westphal, M., & Bonanno, G. A. (2007). Posttraumatic growth and resilience to trauma: different sides of the same coin or different coins. Applied Psychology: an International Review, 56(3), Widows,M.R.,Jacobsen,P.B.,Booth-Jones,M.,&Fields, K. K. (2005). Predictors of posttraumatic growth following bone marrow transplantation for cancer. Health Psychology, 24(3), Xiaonan, Yu., & Jianxin, Zhang. (2007). Factor analysis and psychometric evaluation of the connor-davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) with Chinese people. Social Behavior and Personality, 35(1), Zoellner, T., & Maercker, A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology-a critical review and introduction of a two component model. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, Zoellner, T., Rabe, S., Karl, A., & Maercker, A. (2008). Posttraumatic growth in accident survivors: openness and optimism as predictors of its constructive or illusory sides. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(3), Posttraumatic Growth: Conception, Influential Factors and Relationships with Mental Health TU Yang-Jun, GUO Yong-Yu (School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, and Hubei Human Development and Mental Health Key Laboratory, Wuhan , China) Abstract: The term posttraumatic growth (PTG) refers to positive psychological change experienced as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life circumstances. Many factors, including demographics, characteristics of event, personality, cognition, social support, coping strategy, etc. will exert influences on PTG. Four possible explanations can be used to make clear the disagreements of relationship between PTG and psychological health. Future studies should pay more attention to the differences between PTG and some related concepts, try to find more new methods and new evidences to validate its effectiveness. Key words: growth; trauma; posttraumatic growth (PTG)