2016 PSYCHOLOGY ATTACH SACE REGISTRATION NUMBER LABEL TO THIS BOX. Part 1 of Section A

Transcription

1 PSYCHOLOGY External Examination 2016 FOR OFFICE USE ONLY SUPERVISOR CHECK ATTACH SACE REGISTRATION NUMBER LABEL TO THIS BOX QUESTION BOOKLET 1 8 pages, 8 questions RE-MARKED Wednesday 9 November: 1.30 pm Time: 2 hours Part 1 of Section A Examination material: Question Booklet 1 (8 pages) Question Booklet 2 (8 pages) Question Booklet 3 (11 pages) one SACE registration number label Approved dictionaries and calculators may be used. Instructions to Students 1. You will have 10 minutes to read the paper. You must not write in your question booklets or use a calculator during this reading time, but you may make notes on the scribbling paper provided. 2. This paper is in two sections: Part 1 of Section A is in Question Booklet 1; Part 2 of Section A is in Question Booklet 2; and Section B is in Question Booklet 3. Section A: Short-answer Questions (Questions 1 to 14) Answer Part 1 of Section A (Questions 1 to 8) in the spaces provided in Question Booklet 1. Write on page 8 of Question Booklet 1 if you need more space. Answer Part 2 of Section A (Questions 9 to 14) in the spaces provided in Question Booklet 2. Write on page 8 of Question Booklet 2 if you need more space. Section B: Extended-response Questions (Questions 15 and 16) Answer both questions in Section B in the spaces provided in Question Booklet There is no need to fill all the space provided; clear, well-expressed answers are required. If you delete part or all of an answer you should clearly indicate your final answer and label it with the appropriate question number. 4. In answers to questions on the topics you should use the psychological terms that are appropriate to the individual topics. 5. The allocation of marks and suggested allotment of time are as follows: Section A 80 marks 80 minutes Section B 40 marks 40 minutes Total 120 marks 120 minutes 6. Attach your SACE registration number label to the box at the top of this page. Copy the information from your SACE registration number label into the boxes on the front covers of Question Booklets 2 and At the end of the examination, place Question Booklets 2 and 3 inside the back cover of Question Booklet 1. SACE Board of South Australia 2016

2 STUDENT S DECLARATION ON THE USE OF CALCULATORS By signing the examination attendance roll I declare that: my calculators have been cleared of all memory no external storage media are in use on these calculators. I understand that if I do not comply with the above conditions for the use of calculators I will: be in breach of the rules have my results for the examination cancelled or amended be liable to such further penalty, whether by exclusion from future examinations or otherwise, as the SACE Board of South Australia determines. page 2 of 8

3 SECTION A: SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS (Questions 1 to 14) (80 marks) Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided. You should spend about 80 minutes on this section. Answers may be in note form. The allocation of marks is shown in brackets at the end of each question or at the end of each part of each question. Part 1 (Questions 1 to 8) (40 marks) 1. Ariel suffers from hay fever when she is exposed to the pollen of an Australian native plant, kangaroo grass. She sneezes and her eyes itch. Kangaroo grass flowers at the same time as the red roses that grow outside her bedroom window in Australia. Over the years, Ariel s hay fever worsened, and she sneezed and her eyes itched whenever she was near red roses. Her eyes even started to itch when she was near some other plants with large red flowers. She did not show any symptoms when she was near pink, white, or yellow roses. When Ariel s doctor performed a skin test, the results showed that she was allergic only to the pollen of kangaroo grass. (a) Identify the type of learning that has occurred. (1 mark) (b) For the scenario, identify the unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR), conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR). US: UR: CS: CR: (4 marks) (c) Name the process that led Ariel to experience hay fever symptoms when she was near plants, other than roses, that also had large red flowers. (1 mark) (d) Name the process that led Ariel to not experience hay fever symptoms when she was near pink, white, or yellow roses. (1 mark) page 3 of 8 PLEASE TURN OVER

4 (e) Ariel s family moved to Canada, where kangaroo grass does not grow. Over time, she noticed that her hay fever symptoms declined when she was near red flowers. Explain why, a year after arriving in Canada, Ariel no longer experienced hay fever symptoms when she was near red flowers. 2. Trish has a weekly dinner with her friends at their favourite restaurant. One evening she ate oysters. Although she had eaten oysters before, this time she experienced stomach pains and vomiting later that night. Trish continued her weekly visits to the restaurant with her friends, but she now always feels nauseous whenever she sees oysters. Explain why Trish feels nauseous whenever she sees oysters. 3. A young boy accompanied his mother to a doctor s appointment. He was given his favourite toy to play with, but he repeatedly pulled on his mother s sleeve and tried to interrupt. The mother then gave the boy her car keys, which he also liked to play with, but the boy pulled on his mother s sleeve more frequently. (a) Identify the component of operant conditioning demonstrated by the boy. (1 mark) (b) Justify your answer to part (a). page 4 of 8

5 4. Companies that make clothing use different methods to try to increase the productivity of their workers. (a) Company 1 provides extra training for all workers by showing them video recordings of the techniques used by its most productive workers. (i) Identify the type of learning that is likely to occur. (1 mark) (ii) Describe two factors that could influence this type of learning. (4 marks) (b) In Company 2, workers who produce fewer than the target number of items in a week have their pay reduced. Identify the relevant component of operant conditioning. (1 mark) (c) Company 3 hires all workers on one-month contracts that are not renewed unless the worker has produced the target number of items. Explain why this is an example of negative reinforcement. page 5 of 8 PLEASE TURN OVER

6 5. Optimism is a protective factor for a healthy mind. (a) Using the basic processes level of explanation, explain how people can become more optimistic. (b) Using the sociocultural level of explanation, explain how people can become more optimistic. 6. (a) Jonathon lives in the centre of a big city and refuses to go outside because of his intense fear of being bitten by a snake. Explain why this behaviour is classified as a phobia. (b) Describe one psychological intervention that could help Jonathon manage his phobia. (4 marks) 7. Using the biological level of explanation, explain why exercise is an effective strategy for managing depression. page 6 of 8

7 8. Two hundred people who had been diagnosed with depression were surveyed on their beliefs about the main causes of their own depression. Half of the participants were in Japan and half in Australia. The data are summarised in the table below. Reported beliefs about the main causes of depression Number of People Cause Japan Australia being a loner poor fitness day-to-day problems poor physical health 5 50 emotional instability loss of a loved one Use the data in the table to answer the following questions. (a) Identify the cause selected most often by both the Japanese and the Australian participants. (1 mark) (b) (i) There are two causes for which the Japanese and Australian participants have significantly different beliefs. Identify the level of explanation that explains the two causes. (1 mark) (ii) Suggest how cognitive-behavioural therapy for Japanese and Australian populations might need to differ when treating beliefs about the causes of depression. (4 marks) page 7 of 8 PLEASE TURN OVER

8 You may write on this page if you need more space to finish your answers to Part 1 of Section A. Make sure to label each answer carefully (e.g. 1(e) continued). page 8 of 8 end of question booklet

9 External Examination PSYCHOLOGY FOR OFFICE USE ONLY SUPERVISOR CHECK SEQ SACE REGISTRATION NUMBER FIGURES PSYCHOLOGY CHECK LETTER BIN QUESTION BOOKLET 2 8 pages, 6 questions RE-MARKED Wednesday 9 November: 1.30 pm 2 Part 2 of Section A Write your answers to Part 2 of Section A in this question booklet. SACE Board of South Australia 2016

10 SECTION A: SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS Part 2 (Questions 9 to 14) (40 marks) Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 9. Using a computer during the hours immediately before bedtime interferes with sleep duration. The intense light exposure from the computer screen is believed to be the cause of the interference. An investigation was conducted to explore the relationship between computer use before bedtime and sleep. The table below contains data reported by five adolescent students for one week. Student A B C D E Mean computer use before bedtime (hours) Mean sleep per night (hours) (a) On the grid below, plot the data from the table above to show the relationship between computer use before bedtime and hours of sleep Mean sleep per night (hours) Mean computer use before bedtime (hours) (2 marks) page 2 of 8

11 (b) Using the data provided, state the relationship between the mean hours of computer use before bedtime and the mean hours of sleep. (c) Explain one reason why the data from this investigation may have low reliability. (d) Another method of psychological investigation is the focus group. Describe the procedure for using a focus group to investigate the relationship between computer use before bedtime and sleep. (4 marks) (e) Using your knowledge of circadian rhythms, explain why using a computer before bedtime may affect sleep duration. page 3 of 8 PLEASE TURN OVER

12 10. (a) State two symptoms of sleep deprivation. Symptom 1: (1 mark) Symptom 2: (1 mark) (b) Describe one social issue that could be caused by sleep deprivation. 11. (a) Describe one feature, other than eye movement, that differs between REM sleep and non-rem sleep. (b) Describe one similarity between REM sleep and non-rem sleep. 12. Sunethra has been having trouble getting to sleep at night for the past 3 months. She constantly feels tired during the day and has noticed a dramatic drop in her school grades. (a) Suggest a possible sleep disorder that Sunethra is experiencing. (1 mark) (b) Name one psychological therapy that might help Sunethra with this disorder. (1 mark) page 4 of 8

13 13. Timothy made a booking for his driving test. (a) The night before his test, Timothy felt extremely stressed and anxious, and had a restless night s sleep. Explain one strategy that could have lowered Timothy s level of arousal before going to bed. (b) On the day of his test, Timothy remained worried about completing the test to the best of his ability. Using your knowledge of the relationship between arousal and task performance, explain how Timothy is likely to have performed on his test. (c) Describe how Timothy s health could be affected in the long term if he continues to experience high levels of stress. (4 marks) page 5 of 8 PLEASE TURN OVER

14 14. A national government is developing behavioural policies to cope with the possible accidental introduction of a life-threatening contagious disease to the country. To ensure that these policies are based on evidence, two investigations were conducted. (a) Investigation 1 Eight individuals who had leadership roles during life-threatening epidemics in different parts of the world were invited to participate in an open-ended questionnaire. They were asked to identify behaviours that contributed to successful outcomes when dealing with emergencies. A list of all the different answers was created and sent back to these participants, who were then asked to comment on the extent to which each behaviour contributed to successful outcomes. (i) Identify the qualitative research design used in Investigation 1. (1 mark) (ii) Explain one advantage of this research design that is not present in other qualitative designs. (2 marks) (iii) The researchers gained informed consent from participants and maintained the confidentiality of the participants information. Describe one other ethical consideration for Investigation 1. (2 marks) page 6 of 8

15 (b) Investigation 2 Two of the behavioural policies identified in the results from Investigation 1 were then tested with members of the general public. One hundred participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The participants believed that they were taking part in investigations testing the effectiveness of a marketing campaign. Both groups were led to believe that one of the participants had become very ill, and was now in a critical condition in hospital. Each group was then instructed to follow a different behavioural policy. (i) Identify the research design used in Investigation 2. (1 mark) (ii) Explain one disadvantage of the research design used in Investigation 2. (2 marks) (iii ) The researchers gained informed consent from participants and maintained the confidentiality of the participants information. Describe one other ethical consideration for Investigation 2. (2 marks) page 7 of 8 PLEASE TURN OVER

16 You may write on this page if you need more space to finish your answers to Part 2 of Section A. Make sure to label each answer carefully (e.g. 13(b) continued). page 8 of 8 end of question booklet

17 External Examination PSYCHOLOGY SEQ SACE REGISTRATION NUMBER FIGURES PSYCHOLOGY CHECK LETTER BIN QUESTION BOOKLET 3 11 pages, 2 questions Wednesday 9 November: 1.30 pm Section B Write your answers to Section B in this question booklet. Answer both questions. 3 SACE Board of South Australia 2016

18 page 2 of 11

19 SECTION B: EXTENDED-RESPONSE QUESTIONS (Questions 15 and 16) (40 marks) Answer both questions in this section. Write your answers in this question booklet: Question 15, on pages 4 to 7, is worth 20 marks. Question 16, on pages 8 to 11, is worth 20 marks. You should spend about 40 minutes on this section, 5 to 10 minutes planning and 30 to 35 minutes writing. Credit will be given for clear, well-expressed answers that are well organised and relevant to the questions. page 3 of 11 PLEASE TURN OVER

20 15. Research indicates that our body language influences how others think of us. Body language includes postures, gestures, eye movements, and facial expressions. Researchers have classified some body language as assertive or non-assertive, based on other people s perceptions. For example, the diagrams below show typical seated postures for each of these two types. Examples of seated postures Assertive Non-assertive A researcher was interested in determining whether our body language might influence how we think and feel about ourselves and how we behave. A class of students was instructed to practise one of the two types of posture for two minutes before a class discussion. Group A practised assertive postures and Group B practised non-assertive postures. The study revealed that Group A members felt more confident, acted in a more assertive manner, believed that they were more optimistic, and participated in class discussions more than Group B members. Consider a student who has practised the assertive posture: Explain the differences between impression formation and impression management. Describe the structure of the student s attitude towards participating in class discussions. Describe two functions that an attitude may serve towards participating in class discussions. Describe the bidirectional relationship between attitude and behaviour. (20 marks) page 4 of 11

21 page 5 of 11 PLEASE TURN OVER

22 page 6 of 11

23 page 7 of 11 PLEASE TURN OVER

24 16. Psychologists assess personality in a number of ways, based on the theories of personality they favour and the purpose of the assessment. Name two current personality assessment methods and then: describe the main purpose for which each of these methods is used describe one advantage of each method describe one disadvantage of each method discuss two reasons why these methods require ethical consideration. (20 marks) page 8 of 11

25 page 9 of 11 PLEASE TURN OVER

26 page 10 of 11

27 page 11 of 11 end of question booklet