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1 Supplementary Online Content Bosch X, Hernández C, Pericas JM, Doti P. Ghostwriting policies in high-impact biomedical journals: a cross-sectional study. JAMA Intern Med. Published online April 8, doi: /jamainternmed eappendix. Data Abstraction Form etable 1. Journals Included According to Medical Category and Impact Factor (2010) etable 2. Impact Factor of Journals With and Without Ghostwriting Policies, ICMJE Authorship Criteria and Medical Writer Policies etable 3. Characteristics of the Journals Included in the Study etable 4. ICMJE Authorship Criteria and Medical Writer Policies According to Misconduct PPB Guidelines Endorsement etable 5. Number of Journals (Percentage) With or Without Ghostwriting Policies According to Endorsement of Misconduct Definitions and Guidelines of Individual Editors Associations and ORI This supplementary material has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work.

2 e-appendix. Data Abstraction Form JOURNAL TITLE DATE ACCESSED IMPACT FACTOR (2010) MEDICAL CATEGORY EDITORIAL OFFICE SITE PUBLISHER ENDORSEMENT OF MISCONDUCT POLICY-PRODUCING BODY DEFINTIONS AND GUIDELINES ICMJE COPE ORI WAME CSE OTHER NO DOES THE JOURNAL MENTION THE TERM GHOSTWRITING? YES NO PROVIDE A DEFINITION OF GHOSTWRITING? YES NO HAVE A PROCEDURE TO DETECT GHOSTWRITING? YES NO HAVE PROCEDURES FOR RESPONDING TO GHOSTWRITING? YES NO DOES THE JOURNAL REQUIRE ICMJE AUTHORSHIP CRITERIA? YES NO DOES THE JOURNAL HAVE A MEDICAL WRITER POLICY? YES NO

3 etable 1. Journals Included According to Medical Category and Impact Factor (2010) * Journal Name Medical Category Impact Factor 1Circulation Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems 14 2J Am Coll Cardiol Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems Eur Heart J Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems Circ Res Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems Int J Cardiol Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems Nat Clin Pract Card Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems Basic Res Cardiol Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems Cardiovasc Res Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems JACC-Cardiovasc Inte Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems J Mol Cel Cardiol Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems Am Heart J Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems Circ-Cardiovasc Qual Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems Circ-Arrhythmia Elec Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems Circ-Cardiovasc Imag Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems Heart Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems Am J Resp Crit Care Critical Care Medicine Crit Care Med Critical Care Medicine Intens Care Med Critical Care Medicine Crit Care Critical Care Medicine Resuscitation Critical Care Medicine J Neurotrauma Critical Care Medicine Shock Critical Care Medicine J Trauma Critical Care Medicine Pediatr Crit Care Med Critical Care Medicine Neurocritical Care Critical Care Medicine Injury Critical Care Medicine J Crit Care Critical Care Medicine Burns Critical Care Medicine Am J Crit Care Critical Care Medicine Resp Care Critical Care Medicine Cell Metab Endocrinology and Metabolism Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism Antioxid Perox Sign Endocrinology and Metabolism Diabetes Care Endocrinology and Metabolism J Bone Miner Res Endocrinology and Metabolism Diabetologia Endocrinology and Metabolism J Clin Endocr Metab Endocrinology and Metabolism Free Radical Bio Med Endocrinology and Metabolism Psychoneuroendocrino Endocrinology and Metabolism Int J Obesity Endocrinology and Metabolism Endocrinology Endocrinology and Metabolism Mol Endocrinol Endocrinology and Metabolism 4.889

4 43Osteoporosis Int Endocrinology and Metabolism J Neuroendocrinol Endocrinology and Metabolism Bone Endocrinology and Metabolism Gastroenterology Gastroenterology and Hepatology Hepatology Gastroenterology and Hepatology Gut Gastroenterology and Hepatology J Hepatol Gastroenterology and Hepatology Am J Gastroenterol Gastroenterology and Hepatology Endoscopy Gastroenterology and Hepatology Gastrointestinal endosc Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clin Gastroenterol H Gastroenterology and Hepatology Inflamm Bowel Dis Gastroenterology and Hepatology Aliment Pharm Ther Gastroenterology and Hepatology Liver Int Gastroenterology and Hepatology J Gastroenterol Gastroenterology and Hepatology J Viral Hepatitis Gastroenterology and Hepatology Neurogastroent Motil Gastroenterology and Hepatology Helicobacter Gastroenterology and Hepatology Aging Cell Geriatrics and Gerontology Neuro Biol Geriatrics and Gerontology Age Geriatrics and Gerontology Mech Ageing Dev Geriatrics and Gerontology J Am Med Dir Assoc Geriatrics and Gerontology Rejuv Res Geriatrics and Gerontology J Gerontol A-Biol Geriatrics and Gerontology J Am Geriatr Soc Geriatrics and Gerontology Exp Gerontol Geriatrics and Gerontology Am J Geriat Psychiat Geriatrics and Gerontology Biogerontology Geriatrics and Gerontology Age Ageing Geriatrics and Gerontology Drug Aging Geriatrics and Gerontology J Nutr Geriatrics and Gerontology Int Psychogeriatr Geriatrics and Gerontology Blood Hematology Leukemia Hematology Arterioscl Throm Vas Hematology Haematol-Hematol J Hematology J Thromb Haemost Hematology Brit J Haematol Hematology Thromb Haemostasis Hematology J Leukocyte Biol Hematology J Cerebr Blood F Met Hematology Bone Marrow Transpl Hematology Am J Hematol Hematology Transfusion Hematology Vox Sang Hematology Biol Blood Marrow Tr Hematology 3.275

5 90Exp Hematol Hematology Lancet Infect Dis Infectious Diseases Clin Infect Dis Infectious Diseases Emerg Infect Dis Infectious Diseases AIDS Infectious Diseases Clin Microbiol Infect Infectious Diseases J Antimicrob Chemoth Infectious Diseases JAIDS Infectious Diseases Infect Immun Infectious Diseases Influenza Other Resp Infectious Diseases J Infect Infectious Diseases Antivir Ther Infectious Diseases Infect Cont Hosp Ep Infectious Diseases HIV Med Infectious Diseases J Viral Hepatitis Infectious Diseases Sex Transm Dis Infectious Diseases NEJM Medicine, General and Internal Lancet Medicine, General and Internal JAMA Medicine, General and Internal Ann Intern Med Medicine, General and Internal Plos Med Medicine, General and Internal Brit Med J Medicine, General and Internal Arch Intern Med Medicine, General and Internal Can Med Assoc J Medicine, General and Internal J Intern Med Medicine, General and Internal BMC Med Medicine, General and Internal Mayo Clin Proc Medicine, General and Internal Am J Med Medicine, General and Internal Ann Fam Med Medicine, General and Internal Ann Med Medicine, General and Internal Am J Prev Med Medicine, General and Internal Behav Brain Sci Neurosciences Nat Neurosci Neurosciences Neuron Neurosciences Ann Neurol Neurosciences Brain Neurosciences Acta Neuropathol Neurosciences J Neurosci Neurosciences Cortex Neurosciences Cereb Cortex Neurosciences Neurobiol Aging Neurosciences Neurotherapeutics Neurosciences J Neuroinflamm Neurosciences Sleep Neurosciences Mol Neurodegener Neurosciences J Cognitive Neurosci Neurosciences Obstet Gynecol Obstetrics and Gynecology 4.392

6 137Hum Reprod Obstetrics and Gynecology Gynecol Oncol Obstetrics and Gynecology BJOG-Int J Obstet Gy Obstetrics and Gynecology 2 140Menopause Obstetrics and Gynecology Am J Obstet Gynecol Obstetrics and Gynecology Ultrasound Obstet 142Gynecol Obstetrics and Gynecology Fertil Steril Obstetrics and Gynecology Placenta Obstetrics and Gynecology Reprod Sci Obstetrics and Gynecology Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology Int J Urogynecol J Obstetrics and Gynecology Maturitas Obstetrics and Gynecology Reprod Biomed Online Obstetrics and Gynecology Prenatal Diag Obstetrics and Gynecology Cancer Cell Oncology J Clin Oncol Oncology Lancet Oncol Oncology J Natl Cancer I Oncology EJC Suppl Oncology Cancer Research Oncology Clin Cancer Res Oncology J Pathol Oncology Ann Oncol Oncology Oncologist Oncology Breast Cancer Res Oncology Neuro-Oncology Oncology Neoplasia Oncology Carcinogenesis Oncology Mol Cancer Ther Oncology Pediatrics Pediatrics J Am Acad Child Psy Pediatrics J Pediatr-US Pediatrics Arch Pediatr Adol Med Pediatrics Dev Med Child Neurol Pediatrics Arch Dis-Child Fetal Pediatrics J Adolescent Health Pediatrics Pediatr Infect Dis Pediatrics Pediatr Allerg Imm-UK Pediatrics Pediatr Res Pediatrics Int J Pediatr Obes Pediatrics Arch Dis Child Pediatrics Acad Pediatr Pediatrics J Child Adol Psychop Pediatrics Matern Child Nutric Pediatrics Mol Psychiatr Psychiatry Am J Psychiat Psychiatry

7 183Arch Gen Psychiat Psychiatry Biol Psychiat Psychiatry Schizofrenia Bull Psychiatry Neuropsychopharmacol Psychiatry Psychoter Psychosom Psychiatry Brit J Psychiat Psychiatry World Psychiatry Psychiatry Bipolar Disord Psychiatry Psychol Med Psychiatry J Clin Psychiat Psychiatry J Psychiatr Neurosci Psychiatry J Clin Psychopharm Psychiatry J Neurol Neurosur Ps Psychiatry Thorax Respiratory System Chest Respiratory System Eur Respir J Respiratory System Am J Resp Cell Mol Respiratory System Am J Physiol-Lung C Respiratory System J Thorac Oncol Respiratory System Ann Thorac Surg Respiratory System J Thorac Cardiov Sur Respiratory System J Heart Lung Transpl Respiratory System Lung Cancer Respiratory System Resp Res Respiratory System J Cyst Fibros Respiratory System Tuberculosis Respiratory System Int J Tuberc Lung D Respiratory System Respiration Respiratory System Ann Rheum Dis Rheumatology Arthritis Rheum-US Rheumatology Arthrit Care Res Rheumatology Arthritis Res Ther Rheumatology Rheumatology Rheumatology Osteoarthr Cartilage Rheumatology J Rheumatol Rheumatology Lupus Rheumatology Scand J Rheumatol Rheumatology Joint Bone Spine Rheumatology Clin Exp Rheumatol Rheumatology BMC Musculoeskeletal 222Dis Rheumatology Mod Rheumatol Rheumatology Clin Rheumatol Rheumatology Rheumatol Int Rheumatology Eur Urol Urology and Nephrology J Am Soc Nephrol Urology and Nephrology Kidney Int Urology and Nephrology 6.105

8 229Am J Kidney Dis Urology and Nephrology Clin J Am Soc Nephro Urology and Nephrology J Sex Med Urology and Nephrology J Urology Urology and Nephrology Am J Physiol-renal Urology and Nephrology Nephrol Dial Transpl Urology and Nephrology Prostate Urology and Nephrology BJU Int Urology and Nephrology Urol Oncol-Semin Or Urology and Nephrology Neurourol Urodynam Urology and Nephrology Nephron Exp Nephrol Urology and Nephrology Am J Nephrol Urology and Nephrology Nat Chem Biol Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Nat Struct Mol Biol Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Embo J Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Curr Biol Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mol Syst Biol Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Eur Cells Mater Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Plant Cell Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Cell Death Differ Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Nucleic acid res Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Embo Rep Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mol Ecol Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Structure Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Acta Crystallogr D Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mol Cell Biol Biochemistry and Molecular Biology J Lipid Res Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Plos Biol Biology Faseb J Biology Philos TR Soc B Biology Bioscience Biology BMC Biol Biology P Roy Soc B-Biol Sci Biology Plos One Biology Biol Direct Biology Biol Letters Biology Bioelectrochemistry Biology J Biol Rhythm Biology Geobiology Biology J Exp Biol Biology J Math Biol Biology Cell Cell Biology Nat Cell Bio Cell Biology Moll Cell Cell Biology Dev Cell Cell Biology J Moll Cell Biol Cell Biology J Cell Biol Cell Biology 9.921

9 276Cell Res Cell Biology Cell Mol Life Sci Cell Biology Autophagy Cell Biology Faseb J Cell Biology Sci Signal Cell Biology Structure Cell Biology J Cell Sci Cell Biology Mol Cell Biol Cell Biology Mol Biol Cell Cell Biology Cell Stem Cell Cell and Tissue Engineering Cell Transpl Cell and Tissue Engineering Stem Cells Dev Cell and Tissue Engineering Tissue Eng Cell and Tissue Engineering J Tissue Eng Regen M Cell and Tissue Engineering Stem Cell Res Cell and Tissue Engineering Regen Med Cell and Tissue Engineering Cytotherapy Cell and Tissue Engineering Cell Repr Cell and Tissue Engineering Cell Mol Bio Eng Cell and Tissue Engineering Nat Genet Genetics and Heredity Genome Res Genetics and Heredity Gene Dev Genetics and Heredity Am J Hum Genet Genetics and Heredity Plos Genet Genetics and Heredity Hum Mol Genet Genetics and Heredity Oncogene Genetics and Heredity J Med Genet Genetics and Heredity Hum Mutat Genetics and Heredity Evolution Genetics and Heredity Mol Biol Evol Genetics and Heredity Genet Med Genetics and Heredity Hum Genet Genetics and Heredity DNA res Genetics and Heredity Epigenet Chromatin Genetics and Heredity Nat Immunol Immunology Immunity Immunology J Allergy Clin Immun Immunology J Autoimmun Immunology Mucosal Immun Immunology Allergy Immunology J Immunol Immunology Europ J Immunol Immunology Genes Immun Immunology Cancer Immunol Immun Immunology Clin Exp Allergy Immunology Biodrugs Immunology Immunobiology Immunology 4.114

10 323Eur J Inflamm Immunology 4 324Brain Behav Immun Immunology Nat Med Medicine, Research and Experimental J Exp Med Medicine, Research and Experimental J Clin Invest Medicine, Research and Experimental Mol Aspects Med Medicine, Research and Experimental EMBO Mol Med Medicine, Research and Experimental Mol Med Medicine, Research and Experimental J Mol Med Medicine, Research and Experimental Nanomed-Nanotechnol Medicine, Research and Experimental Hum Gene Ther Medicine, Research and Experimental Clin Sci Medicine, Research and Experimental J Cell Mol Med Medicine, Research and Experimental Gene Ther Medicine, Research and Experimental ALTEX-Altern Anim Ex Medicine, Research and Experimental Lab Invest Medicine, Research and Experimental Cancer Gene Ther Medicine, Research and Experimental Cell Host Microbe Microbiology Plos Pathog Microbiology J Infect Dis Microbiology Cell Microbiol Microbiology Environ Microbiol Microbiology Mol Microbiol Microbiology Antimicrob Agents Ch Microbiology J Clin Microbiol Microbiology Int J Antimicrob Ag Microbiology Appl Environ Microb Microbiology J Bacteriol Microbiology Comp Immunol Microb Microbiology FEMS Microbiol Ecol Microbiology Eukaryot Cell Microbiology Protist Microbiology J Pineal Res Physiology Chronobiol Int Physiology J Mammary Gland Biol Physiology J Physiology Physiology Am J Physiol-Endoc M Physiology J Gen Physiol Physiology 4.283

11 361J Appl Physiol Physiology J Cell Physiol Physiology Am J Physiol-Heart C Physiology Am J Physiol-Cell ph Physiology Cell Physiol Biochem Physiology Physiol Genomics Physiology Exp Physiol Physiology Pflug Arch Eur J Phy Physiology Am J Physiol-Reg I Physiology Nat Biotechnol Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology Stem Cells Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology Mol Ther Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology Genome Biol Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology Nano Medicine-UK Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology Metab Eng Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology Biosens Bioelectron Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology Plant Biotechnol J Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology Bioinformatics Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology Microb Cell Fact Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology Bioresource Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology BMC Genomics Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology Biotechnol Biofuels Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology Mol Plant Microbe In Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology Pharmacogen Gen Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology J Nucl Med Imaging Radiology Imaging Neuroimage Imaging JACC Cardiovasc Imag Imaging Hum Brain Mapp Imaging Eur J Nucl Med Mol I Imaging Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 4.757

12 392Invest Radiol 393Int J Radiot Oncol 394Med Image Anal 395Radiother Oncol 396J Cardiovasc Magn R 397Contrast Medi Mol I 398Clin Nucl Med 399IEEE T Med Imaging Imaging 4.67 Imaging Imaging Imaging Imaging Imaging 4.02 Imaging Imaging * As reported by the Institute for Scientific Information Journal Citation Reports (Thomson Reuters) (ref. No. 2)

13 etable 2. Impact Factor (IF) of Journals With and Without Ghostwriting (GW) Policies, ICMJE Authorship Criteria and Medical Writer Policies Policy Mean IF SD P Mention of GW Yes n= No n= Definition of GW Yes n= No n= Detection of GW Yes n= No n= Procedures for responding to GW Yes n=23 No n= ICMJE authorship criteria Yes n= No n= Medical writer policy Yes n= No n= SD denotes standard deviation; ICMJE, International Committee of Medical Journal Editors

14 etable 3. Characteristics of the Journals Included in the Study Variable Editorial office site o USA o Europe o Europe and USA o Canada o Other countries Type of contents o Clinical o Basic o Clinical and basic Publisher o Elsevier o Wiley-Blackwell o Springer o Nature o Lippincott WW o Oxford Journals o Mary Ann Liebert o Other Endorsement of misconduct policy-producing body guidelines o ICMJE o COPE o WAME o ORI o CSE o Other bodies * Ghostwriting policies o Mention of ghostwriting o Definition of ghostwriting o Detection of ghostwriting o Procedures for responding to ghostwriting Number of Journals n=399 (%) 220 (55.1) 132 (33.1) 23 (5.8) 10 (2.5) 14 (3.5) 123 (30.8) 162 (40.6) 114 (28.6) 90 (22.6) 59 (14.8) 29 (7.3) 28 (7.0) 23 (5.8) 21 (5.3) 7 (1.8) 142 (35.6) 159 (39.8) 157 (39.3) 44 (11.0) 32 (8.0) 6 (1.5) 21 (5.3) 67 (16.8) 38 (9.5) 16 (4.0) 23 (5.8) ICMJE authorship criteria 206 (51.6) Medical writer policy 71 (17.8) * Mainly professional societies such as British Cardiovascular Society, American Diabetes Association, and The Endocrine Society ICMJE denotes International Committee of Medical Journal Editors; COPE, Committee on Publication Ethics; WAME, World Association of Medical Editors; ORI, Office of Research Integrity; CSE, Council of Science Editors

15 etable 4. ICMJE Authorship Criteria and Medical Writer Policies According to Misconduct PPB Guidelines Endorsement Variable ICMJE Authorship Criteria n=206 (%) P Medical Writer Policy n=71 (%) P Endorsement of misconduct PPB guidelines Yes 153 (64.0) 60 (25.1) <.001 <.001 No 53 (33.5) 11 (6.9) ICMJE denotes International Committee of Medical Journal Editors; PPB, policyproducing body

16 etable 5. Number of Journals (Percentage) With or Without Ghostwriting Policies According to Endorsement of Misconduct Definitions and Guidelines of Individual Editors Associations and ORI Policy Any PPB ICMJE COPE ORI WAME CSE Other Bodies Mention 65 (97) (6.0) 5 (7.5) (n=67) (76.1) (70.1) (25.4) (17.9) No mention (9.6) 2 (0.6) 16 (4.8) (n=332) (52.4) (32.5) (33.1) (4.5) P <.001 <.001 <.001 < Definition (13.2) 3 (7.9) 2 (5.3) (n=38) (97.4) (78.9) (65.8) (28.9) No definition (0.8) 19 (5.3) (n=361) (56.0) (35.7) (36.6) (5.8) (10.8) P <.001 <.001 <.001 < Detection (75) 8 (50.0) 8 4 (25) 3 1 (6.3) (n=16) (100) (50.0) (18.8) No detection (0.8) 20 (5.2) (n=383) (58.2) (38.4) (38.9) (6.3) (10.4) P < < Procedures (13) 3 (13) 2 (8.7) (n=23) (100) (78.3) (78.3) (17.4) No (0.8) 19 (5.1) procedures (n=376) (57.6) (37.6) (37.1) (7.5) (10.9) P <.001 <.001 < PPB denotes policy-producing body; ICMJE, International Committee of Medical Journal Editors; COPE, Committee on Publication Ethics; ORI, Office of Research Integrity; WAME, World Association of Medical Editors; CSE, Council of Science Editors