Reviewers. Michelle L. Blesi, BA, AA, CMA (AAMA) Program Director/Instructor Medical Assistant Program Century College Coon Rapids, Minnesota

Transcription

1 Reviewers Michelle L. Blesi, BA, AA, CMA (AAMA) Program Director/Instructor Medical Assistant Program Century College Coon Rapids, Minnesota Candy Dailey, RN, MSN, CMA (AAMA) Director, MA Program Director Nicolet Area Technical College Crandon, Wisconsin Alexandra Dell Amore, RN Nursing Program Santa Fe Community College Santa Fe, New Mexico Gladys S. Gibbons, RN, BSN Instructor Allied Health/Nursing Programs Southeastern Technical College Swainsboro, Georgia Kris A. Hardy, CMA, RHE, CDF Medical Assistant Program Manager Brevard Community College Institute of Nursing Cocoa, Florida Geri Kale-Smith, MS, CMA Coordinator, Medical Office Programs Associate Professor Department of Health Careers Harper College Palatine, Illinois Brenda Frerichs Ramstad, CMA, BS, MS Regional Director of Regulatory Operations Career Education Corporation Sioux Falls, South Dakota Jackie Shrock, RN, BSN, MEd Practical Nursing Instructor Wayne Adult School of Practical Nursing Smithville, Ohio Karen Snipe, CPhT, MEd Program Director, Pharmacy Technician Department Head, Diagnostic & Imaging Services Trident Technical College Charleston, South Carolina Richard L. Witt, BS Instructor Special Health Initiatives Department Allegany College of Maryland Cumberland, Maryland Glenda H. Hatcher, CMA (AAMA), BSN, RN Medical Assisting Instructor/Program Director Department of Allied Health and Medical Assisting Southwest Georgia Technical College Thomasville, Georgia Dianna Johnston, MSN, RN Nursing Outreach Coordinator Nursing Department Eastern Idaho Technical College Idaho Falls, Idaho ix

2 Contents in Brief UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY 1 CHAPTER 1 History of Pharmacology 3 CHAPTER 2 Basics of Pharmacology 13 CHAPTER 3 Patient Safety in Medication Administration 25 CHAPTER 4 Regulations 43 CHAPTER 5 Prescriptions and Labels 65 UNIT 2 CALCULATIONS 77 CHAPTER 6 Basic Review of Mathematics 79 CHAPTER 7 Measurement Systems 109 CHAPTER 8 Dosage Calculations 123 UNIT 3 ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICATIONS 147 CHAPTER 9 Enteral Medications and Administration 149 CHAPTER 10 Parenteral Medications and Administration 161 UNIT 4 CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRUGS 203 CHAPTER 11 Integumentary System Medications 205 CHAPTER 12 Musculoskeletal System Medications 217 CHAPTER 13 Nervous System Medications 229 CHAPTER 14 Eye and Ear Medications 251 CHAPTER 15 Endocrine System Medications 263 CHAPTER 16 Cardiovascular System Medications 279 CHAPTER 17 Immunological System Medications 301 CHAPTER 18 Pulmonary System Medications 329 CHAPTER 19 Gastrointestinal System Medications 343 CHAPTER 20 Reproductive and Urinary Systems Medications 363 xiii

3 xiv Contents in Brief CHAPTER 21 Herbs, Vitamins, and Minerals 383 GLOSSARY 397 APPENDIX A Drug Classifications 415 APPENDIX B Drug Classifications Index by Generic Name 419 APPENDIX C Pregnancy Drug Categories and Controlled Substances Schedules 433 APPENDIX D Routine Pediatric and Adult Immunizations 435 APPENDIX E Administering Medications to Children 443 APPENDIX F Pediatric Dosage Calculations 445 APPENDIX G Examples of Herbs, Vitamins, Minerals, Amino Acids, and Lipids Used in Illness 447 APPENDIX H Answers to Check-Ups 459 INDEX 471

4 Contents UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY 1 CHAPTER 1 History of Pharmacology 3 History of Pharmacology 3 Pharmacology in Ancient Times and Cultures 4 Pharmacologic Advances Through the 19th and 20th Centuries 4 Pharmacology in the 21st Century 5 Sources of Drugs 7 Plants 7 Animals 7 Minerals 7 Toxins 7 Synthetic Medications 8 Categorizing Medications 8 CHAPTER 2 Basics of Pharmacology 13 What is Pharmacology? 13 The Drug Cycle 13 Absorption 14 Distribution 15 Metabolism 16 Excretion 16 Issues Affecting the Drug Cycle 17 The Importance of Side Effects 18 Side Effects and the Body Systems 18 Drug Resource for Information 20 Comprehensive Resources 20 Clinically-Based Resources 21 CHAPTER 3 Patient Safety in Medication Administration 25 Patient Rights for Safety 26 Medication Administration 28 Medication Abbreviations 28 Medication Schedules 29 Factors Affecting Medication Administration 30 Protecting the Patient: Ethical and Safety Considerations 34 Patient Information 34 Patient Consent 35 Patient Privacy 35 Patient Emergencies 36 xv

5 xvi Contents CHAPTER 4 Regulations 43 History of Drug Regulations 44 Modern Regulating Agencies 46 Occupational Safety and Health Administration 46 Food and Drug Administration 46 Drug Enforcement Administration 47 Drug Development 50 Clinical Trials 51 Naming Drugs 53 Drug Control 56 Drug Schedules 56 Controlled Substances Management 58 Substance Abuse 58 Preventing Substance Abuse 59 Signs of Substance Abuse 60 Treating Substance Abuse 60 Substance Abuse and Legal Issues 61 CHAPTER 5 Prescriptions and Labels 65 Medication Orders 65 Written Orders 66 Verbal Orders 66 E-Prescription Orders 66 Standing Orders 67 Stop Orders 67 Parts of a Prescription 67 Drug Labels 69 Medication Labels 70 Manufacturer Labels and Names 72 UNIT 2 CALCULATIONS 77 CHAPTER 6 Basic Review of Mathematics 79 Basic Math Concepts 79 Addition Calculations 79 Subtraction Calculations 80 Multiplication Calculations 81 Division Calculations 81 Working With Fractions 82 Least Common Denominators 83 Mixed Numbers and Improper Fractions 86 Reducing to Lowest Terms 87 Adding Fractions 87 Subtracting Fractions 88

6 Contents xvii Multiplying Fractions 88 Dividing Fractions 90 Decimals 90 Rounding Decimals 90 Identifying Decimal Values 91 Adding Decimals 92 Subtracting Decimals 92 Multiplying Decimals 93 Dividing Decimals 93 Decimal and Fractional Forms 93 Percentages 95 Ratios and Proportions 96 Ratios as Decimals 96 Converting Decimals to Ratios 97 Converting Ratios to Percents 97 Converting Percents to Ratios 98 Checking Ratios and Proportions 98 Solving for an Unknown 99 CHAPTER 7 Measurement Systems 109 Measurement Systems 109 Avoirdupois System 109 Apothecary System 111 Household System 112 Equivalents Between Apothecary and Household Systems 112 The Metric System 114 CHAPTER 8 Dosage Calculations 123 The Basics of Drug Dose Calculation 124 Methods for Calculating Drug Dosages 124 Ratio and Proportion Method 125 The Formulation Method 126 Dimensional Analysis 128 The Fraction Method 131 Special Circumstances 133 Calculating Pediatric Dosages 133 Calculating Geriatric Dosages 134 Calculation Using Body Surface Area 135 Reconstituting Powders 135 Parenteral Calculations 137 Electronic Regulator Pumps 137 Manual IV Sets 139 Calculating Fluid Balance 140

7 xviii Contents UNIT 3 ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICATIONS 147 CHAPTER 9 Enteral Medications and Administration 149 Enteral Medications 150 Oral Solid Medications and Administration 150 Oral Liquid Medications and Administration 152 Nasogastric Tube Medications and Administration 154 The Buccal Route of Medication Administration 155 The Sublingual Route of Medication Administration 155 Rectal Medications and Administration 156 CHAPTER 10 Parenteral Medications and Administration 161 Parenteral Medications 162 Topical Medications and Administration 162 Ophthalmic Medications and Administration 164 Otic Medications and Administration 166 Vaginal Medications and Administration 166 Nasal Route of Medication Administration 168 Inhaled Medications and Administration 169 Injectable Medications 173 Intravenous Medications and Administration 179 UNIT 4 CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRUGS 203 CHAPTER 11 Integumentary System Medications 205 Integumentary System: Vulnerable Barrier 206 Skin Infections and Medications 206 Inflammatory Conditions and Medications 209 Skin Cancer and Medications 212 CHAPTER 12 Musculoskeletal System Medications 217 The Musculoskeletal System 218 Medications Used to Treat Muscular Disorders 220 The Skeletal System 221 Abnormal Calcium Levels and Osteoporosis 221 Medications for Bone and Joint Inflammation 223 Medications to Treat Phantom Limb Pain 225 CHAPTER 13 Nervous System Medications 229 The Nervous System 230 The Peripheral Nervous System 230 The Autonomic Nervous System 230 The Autonomic Nervous System and Medications 236 Medications to Control Pain and Fever 237 Salicylates 237 Acetaminophen 238 Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs 238 Narcotics 238

8 Contents xix Medications to Treat Anxiety, Insomnia, Sedation, and Seizures 239 Anxiolytic Medications 239 Insomnia and Medications 240 Barbiturates and Anti-Seizure Medications 240 Medications to Treat Behavioral, Emotional, and Mood Disorders 241 Central Nervous System Stimulants 241 Antidepressants 242 Medications to Stabilize Mood 243 Medications for Treating Psychoses 243 Medications to Treat Degenerative Disorders 243 Dementia 243 Parkinson s Disease 244 Local and General Anesthetic Medications 245 Local Anesthesia 245 General Anesthesia 245 Alcohol 245 CHAPTER 14 Eye and Ear Medications 251 The Eye 252 Eye Medications 253 Medications for Glaucoma 256 Medications for Eye Irritations and Infections 257 Medications for Eye Exams 257 Miscellaneous Eye Medications 257 The Ear 257 Ear Medications 258 Medications and Ototoxicity 259 CHAPTER 15 Endocrine System Medications 263 The Endocrine System 264 Endocrine System Medications 269 Medications for Thyroid and Parathyroid Disorders 269 Medications to Treat Pancreatic Disorders 270 Medications That Treat Adrenal Disorders 274 CHAPTER 16 Cardiovascular System Medications 279 The Cardiovascular System 280 Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, and Clotting 282 Cardiovascular Medications 282 Antianginal Medications 282 Anticoagulants, Antiplatelet, Thrombolytic, and Antifibrinolytic Medications 288 Medications That Promote Blood Cell Development (Hematopoietic Stimulants) 290 Medications That Decrease Blood Pressure 291 Medications for Heart Failure 293 Vasodilators 294 Cardiac Glycosides 294

9 xx Contents Drugs for Abnormal Heart Rhythms 294 Medications for Shock 295 Medications for Lipid Disorders 296 CHAPTER 17 Immunological System Medications 301 The Immune Response 302 Medications That Affect the Immune System 302 Anti-inflammatory Medications 302 Anti-infective Medications 313 Vaccines 319 Antineoplastic Medications (Chemotherapy) 320 CHAPTER 18 Pulmonary System Medications 329 The Pulmonary System 329 Pulmonary Medications 331 Mast Cell Stabilizers 335 Anti-influenza Agents 355 Antitussives and Expectorants 335 Antibiotics 335 Antiviral Medications 336 Bronchodilator Medications 336 Decongestants 338 Glucocorticoids 338 Mucolytics 338 Oxygen 338 Respiratory Stimulants 338 Smoking Cessation 339 CHAPTER 19 Gastrointestinal System Medications 343 Gastrointestinal System 344 Gastrointestinal Medications 345 Medications to Treat Constipation 349 Medications to Treat Diarrhea 350 Medications to Treat Nausea and Vomiting (Antiemetics) 350 Medications Used to Treat Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 352 Medications Used to Treat Peptic Ulcers 353 Medications to Treat Gallstones 355 Medications to Treat Obesity 355 Medications to Treat Hemorrhoids 356 Medications to Treat Flatulence 356 Medications to Treat Fungal Infections of the GI Tract 357 Medications to Treat Intestinal Parasites 357 Medications to Induce Vomiting and Treat Drug Overdose 357 Nutritional Supplements 358 Digestants 358 Mouthwashes and Other Oral Treatments 358

10 Contents xxi CHAPTER 20 Reproductive and Urinary Systems Medications 363 The Reproductive System 364 Medications for Disorders Related to Female Hormones 366 Contraceptive Medications 369 Hormone Replacement Therapy 370 Medications for Abnormal Uterine Bleeding 371 Labor Medications 372 Infertility Medications 373 Medications for Other Female Hormone Disorders 373 Medications for Male Hormone Disorders 373 Medications to Treat Erectile Dysfunction, Decreased Libido, and Infertility 373 The Urinary System 374 Diuretics 374 Other Medications for Urinary Disorders 377 Effects of Medications on Color of the Urine 378 CHAPTER 21 Herbs, Vitamins, and Minerals 383 Herbs, Vitamins, Minerals, and More 383 Herbal Medicines 383 Vitamins, Minerals, Amino Acids, and Lipids 386 GLOSSARY 397 APPENDIX A Drug Classifications 415 APPENDIX B Drug Classifications Index by Generic Name 419 APPENDIX C Pregnancy Drug Categories and Controlled Substances Schedules 433 APPENDIX D Routine Pediatric and Adult Immunizations 435 APPENDIX E Administering Medications to Children 443 APPENDIX F Pediatric Dosage Calculations 445 APPENDIX G Examples of Herbs, Vitamins, Minerals, Amino Acids, and Lipids Used in Illness 447 APPENDIX H Answers to Check-Ups 459 INDEX 471