Social and Behavioral Aspects of Pharmaceutical Care

Transcription

1 Social and Behavioral Aspects of Pharmaceutical Care Mickey C. Smith Albert I. Wertheimer Editors Pharmaceutical Products Press An Imprint of the Haworth Press, Inc. New York London

2 CONTENTS About the Editors Contributors Foreword xvii xix xxxi Henri R. Manasse Jr. PARTI: THE SICKNESS CAREER SECTION A: CONCEPTS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS Chapter 1. Definitions and Meaning of Health 3 Richard M. Schulz David A. Holdford The Paradox of Health The Meaning of Health Definitions of Health Health, Pharmaceutical Care, and Quality of Care Assessment Health Beliefs A Model of Health Behavior Wellness and Health Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Conclusion Chapter 2. Illness, Sickness, and Disease 21 Mickey C. Smith Introduction 21 Definitions and Determinants of 111 Health 22 Behavior in Health and Sickness 24 The Pharmacist and Patient Behavior 36 Summary

3 SECTION B: PATIENT RESPONSES TO SYMPTOMS Chapter 3. The Meaning of Signs and Symptoms 41 Dennis A. Frate Juliet B. Frate Introduction 41 Empirical Data 49 Discussion 60 Summary 62 Chapter 4. Acute vs. Chronic Problems 65 Peter D. Hurd Introduction 65 Chronic and Acute Symptoms 66 Attribution Errors and Symptoms 66 Symptoms and Change with Chronic Disease 74 Examples of Symptoms in Situations 79 Some Limitations of This Approach 80 Summary 81 SECTION C: CHOOSING A SOURCE OF CARE Chapter 5. Images of Pharmacists and Pharmacies 85 Sheryl L. Szeinbach Introduction Background Information What Is Image? Changes Affecting Pharmacy Conceptual Framework Corporate Image Market Image Professional Image Recent Studies on Professionalism and Image in Pharmacy Strategies for Image Improvement Conclusion

4 Chapter 6. Other Health Providers and the Pharmacist 99 Bernard Sorofman Toni Tripp-Reimer Richard Dehn Mary Zwygart-Stauffacher Introduction 99 Continuity of Health Care 100 Changing Health Care Environment 100 Professionals in Society 103 The Adaptation of Medicine 105 Emergence of Physician Assistants 106 The Evolution of Nursing 10 8 The Practice of Dentistry 111 Other Healing Professions 112 Prescribing and Dispensing 112 Pharmacists and the Health Care Team 115 Chapter 7. Unorthodox Healing Systems 123 Albert I. Wertheitner Introduction 123 Physical Therapies 125 Hydrotherapy 131 Nutrition 133 Plant-Based Therapies 135 Wave and Radiation 137 Mind and Spirit Healing 138 Self-Exercise 143 Comprehensive Systems 143 Summary 145 SECTION D: CHOOSING A THERAPEUTIC AGENT Chapter 8. Determinants of Prescribing Behavior 149 Dennis W. Raisch Introduction: Why Are We Interested? 149 Prescribing Models/Theories: How Are Prescribing Decisions Made? 150 Methods Used to Influence Prescribing 159

5 Administrative Programs Used to Affect Prescribing: Limiting Prescriber Choices 160 Changing Prescribing Knowledge and Drug Assessment: How Can Pharmacists Educate Prescribers to Better Utilize Drugs? 163 Designing Programs to Improve Prescribing: A Model of Methods for Influencing Prescribing 169 Quality of Care Issues 174 Implications for Practice: Putting It All Together 175 Conclusions 176 Chapter 9. Pharmacists' Performance in Drug Product Selection and Therapeutic Interchange 185 Nancy J. W. Lewis Steven Erickson Introduction 185 Drug Product Selection 185 Therapeutic Interchange 197 Conclusions 207 Chapter 10. Interprofessional Relations in Drug Therapy Decisions 213 Jennifer A. Gowan Louis Roller Alistair Lloyd Introduction Formal and Informal Networks Improvement of Therapeutic Outcomes Barriers to Interprofessional Relations Communication Skills to Improve Interprofessional Relations Patient, Prescriber, Pharmacist Intervention Conclusion

6 Chapter 11. Consumer Behavior Regarding the Choice of Prescription and Nonprescription Medications 253 Michael Montagne Lisa Ruby Basara Introduction to Consumer Medication Choice 253 Consumer Behavior 254 General Consumer Behavior Models 255 Prescription Medications and Consumer Goods Are Different 261 Studying Medication Use from a Social and Behavioral Perspective 263 Prescription Medication Use 271 Nonprescription Medication Use 276 Providing Pharmaceutical Care to Medication Consumers 285 Conclusion 289 SECTION E: MEDICATION-TAKING BEHAVIOR Chapter 12. Determinants of Medication Use 295 Mickey C. Smith Introduction 295 The Case of Laxatives 296 Analyzing the Medication Use Process 299 The Case of Minor Tranquilizers 304 Prescribing Studies 305 Utilization Studies 307 Prescribing Dilemmas 314 Look Ahead 317 Summary 319 Chapter 13. Predicting and Detecting Noncompliance 323 Mickey C. Smith Introduction 323 Noncompliance as a Behavioral Disease 323 Predicting Noncompliance 325 Just Ask Them! (In an Organized Way, of Course) 326

7 The Health Belief Model Can Help 329 Detecting Noncompliance 330 Why All the Fuss About Compliance? 339 Conclusion 342 Chapter 14. Explaining and Changing Noncompliant Behavior 351 Dale B. Christensen The Significance of the Noncompliance Problem 351 Explaining Noncompliant Behavior 354 Changing Noncompliant Behavior 362 Types of Noncompliant Behavior 363 Compliance Enhancement in Tomorrow's World of Pharmacy Practice 370 Concluding Thoughts 374 SECTION F: OUTCOMES OF PHARMACEUTICAL CARE Chapter 15. Clinical Outcomes 379 Charles E. Daniels Introduction 379 Definition of Clinical Outcomes 380 Monitoring Outcomes 380 Disease State Management 382 Conclusion 383 Chapter 16. Economic Outcomes 385 Brian G. Ortmeier Introduction 385 Perspective 386 Defining Costs and Consequences 388 Cost/Benefit Valuation 390 Types of Economic Analyses 392 Critical Evaluation of the Health Economic Literature 398 Applications for Health Economic Research 399

8 Chapter 17. Humanistic Outcomes 403 Stephen Joel Coons Jeffrey A. Johnson Introduction 403 Quality of Life 405 Patient Satisfaction 411 Quality of Life and Patient Satisfaction: Measurement Issues 412 Humanistic Outcomes and Pharmaceutical Care 416 Summary and Conclusion 421 Appendix I: RAND 36-Item Health Survey Appendix II: Short-Form Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ-18) 431 Appendix III: Satisfaction with Pharmacy Services Questionnaire 435 PART II: SPECIAL CLASSES OF PATIENTS Chapter 18. Children and Medicines 449 Patricia J. Bush Introduction 449 How Children Learn 451 Children's Medicine-Related Beliefs and Behaviors 456 Helping Children Learn About Medicines 464 Chapter 19. Adolescents and College Students 473 Tracy S. Portner Introduction 473 Social and Health Issues 474 Self-Care Activities 483 Illness and Medication Use in Young Adults 484 Sources of Self-Care and OTC Product Information 487 Health Services Utilization 491 Role of the Family in Illness Care 492 Adolescents and Chronic Illness 493 Compliance in Adolescents 498 Minors' Legal Rights to Care 499 Pharmacists: Make a Special Effort 503 Conclusion 505

9 Chapter 20. Ambulatory Elderly 515 Jack E. Fincham Introduction 515 Demographics 516 Social and Behavioral Concerns 519 General Health Concerns 522 Medication-Specific Concerns 524 Conclusion and Commentary 531 Chapter 21. Long-Term Pharmaceutical Care: Social and Professional Implications 537 Royce A. Burruss Norman V. Carroll Introduction 537 Long-Term Care: The Nursing Home 538 Long-Term Care: Assisted Living 541 Long-Term Care: Continuing Care Retirement Community 541 Long-Term Care: Home Health Care 542 Pharmaceutical Care: An Overview 544 The Case of AAA: Pharmaceutical Care in Action 548 Conclusion 555 Chapter 22. Hospitalized Patients 559 Andrew M. Peterson Paul G. Pierpaoli Introduction 559 Acute Health Care Services Revisited 559 The Hospitalized Patient: A Conceptual Basis of Care 563 Conclusion 579 Chapter 23. Pharmaceutical Care of Terminally 111 Patients 585 Arthur G. Lipman Joni I. Berry Introduction 585 Hospice Care 587 The Hospice Team 590

10 The Pharmacist's Responsibility to Terminally 111 Patients 590 Hospice Pharmaceutical Care 593 Hospice Pharmacist Job Description 598 Principles of Palliative Care 600 Case Studies in Pharmaceutical Care of Terminally 111 Patients 605 Conclusion 607 Chapter 24. Mental Disorders 611 Julie Magno Zito Introduction 611 Mental Disorders: Their Classification and Evaluation 614 Epidemiology of Mental Disorders 616 Selected Psychosocial Principles of Mental Disorder Therapy 619 Antipsychotics for Psychosis and Other Disorders 623 Principles of Longitudinal Monitoring 627 Conclusion 629 Chapter 25. Cultural Issues in the Practice of Pharmacy 635 Pedro J. Lecca Introduction 635 Cultural Practice Issues 637 Lack of Cultural Understanding 639 Holistic Assessment 640 Culturally Sensitive Practices 641 Culture and Pharmacy Management Practice 642 The Future of Culture in Your Practice Cultural Training 644 Conclusion PART III: REVIEW OF USEFUL CONCEPTS/MODELS Chapter 26. A Macro View: Public Policy Lon N. Larson Background and Objectives The Mechanisms of Action of Public Policies The Demand for and Supply of Public Policy 651

11 Approaches to Improving Health Status 659 Values in Health Care Services Delivery 662 Public Input and Participatory Democracy 669 Chapter 27. The "Rebirth" of Cognitive Services 675 Kent H. Summers Introduction 675 The Evolution of Modern Pharmacy Practice 675 Gaining Reimbursement for Cognitive Services 691 Conclusion 706 Chapter 28. Recent Developments in Behavioral Medicine 715 Donna E. Dolinsky What Is Behavioral Medicine? 715 What Is Health Psychology? 717 What Behaviors Are Related to Illness? 718 What Are Behavioral Medicine's Interventions? 725 Why Is Behavioral Medicine Important for Patients and for the Health Care System? 729 Do the Nondrug Treatments of Behavioral Medicine Have a Place in Pharmaceutical Care? 730 What Does This Mean for a Pharmacist? 731 Chapter 29. Expectations, Education, and Technology 737 Sheldon Xiaodong Kong Stephanie Y. Crawford Introduction 737 Expectations 739 Technology 749 Pharmacy Education 757 Conclusion 764 Chapter 30. Ethical Concerns in Drug Research 773 Kenneth A. Speranza Sr. Amy M. Haddad Introduction 773 Ethical Principles Underlying Drug Research 775

12 Ethical Norms of Drug Research 781 Additional Considerations for the Practicing Pharmacist 791 Conclusion 794 Appendix A: The Nuremberg Code 794 Appendix B: Declaration of Helsinki 796 Epilogue 801 Albert I. Wertheimer Index 809