Sexism 11/15/2011. Sex and Gender Biological sex Anatomical sex Genetic sex. Gender Gender roles & expectations. Gender Identity.

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1 Sexism A Tutorial American River College Professor Lori Hokerson Video Link Sex and Gender Biological sex Anatomical sex Genetic sex Gender Gender roles & expectations Gender Identity Gender Expression Describe the components of sexism. 1

2 Defining Sexism System of oppression Dominant group = privilege Subordinate group = disadvantage Gender - cultural expectations of men and women creates valuing and devaluing of dominant and subordinate group characteristics Sex used to justify disparities That s just the way it is! Education Disparities Majority of U.S. undergraduates are women Women are more likely to earn baccalaureate and graduate degrees than men Women constitute 46% of the workplace 2

3 Victims of Sexual Assault Males 5-10% males will be a victim in their lifetime 1 in 33 males estimated victims of attempted or completed rape Females Women are more than 6 times more likely to be victims of sexual assault More than 86% of all victims are female Male victims correlate with less likely to arrest offender Victims of Sexual Harassment Males In 2009 filed 16% of claims In % of males working in federal job reported experiencing harassment Males experience higher levels of mental distress as a result of sexual harassment in the military Females In 2009 filed 84% of claims In % of females working in federal job reported experiencing harassment Women report more incidences of sexual harassment in the military Income Disparities Women earn 77% men s average pay Bureau of Labor Statistics ( 02) F/T earnings over year ¼ women work F/T Longitudinal Study ( 83-98) 44% men s lifetime earnings 15% Women work in male jobs Engineer, judge, stockbroker 3

4 Wage Comparison Male earnings have increased 160% Females earnings have increased 94% Males Dropouts earn $36,000 ( ) Women with B.A. earn $35,000 Males with Graduate Degree earn $77,000 Women with Graduate Degree earn $44,000 Teacher Comparison Female teachers less than 1 year = $34, years = $36, years = $42, years = $48, years = $56,092 College level = $41,142 Male teachers less than 1 year = $40, years = $38, years = $42, years = $46, years = $52,552 College level = $46,239 Male Teacher Comparison Male teachers teaching less than 1 year = $40, years = $38, years = $42, years = $46, years = $52,552 College level = $46,239 4

5 Lifetime Earnings Comparison Female high school graduates = $20,000 Over lifetime she earns $700,000 less than a male who graduates with her Female college graduate = $30,000 Over lifetime she earns $1.2 million less than a male who graduates with her Female professional graduate = $70,000 Over lifetime she earns $2 million less than a male who graduates with her Income Comparisons by Career Males Physician/Surgeon = $140,000 Dentist = $110,000 Lawyers = $90,000 Judges = $88,000 Economists = $70,000 Chief Executives = $95,000 Pharmacists = $70,000 Teacher Assistants = $20,000 Females Physician/Surgeon = $88,000 Dentist = $68,000 Lawyers = $66,000 Judges = $50,000 Economists = $63,000 Chief Executives = $60,000 Pharmacists = $63,000 Teacher Assistants = $15,000 **Education and age did not reduce the disparity. Women still earned less than 72% of a man doing the same job across most careers. [click] [click] [click] [click] [click] [click] [click] [click] [click] GAO Conclusions Of the many factors that account for difference in earnings between men and women, our model indicated that work patterns are key. Specifically, women have fewer years of work experience, work fewer hours per year, are less likely to work a full-time schedule, and leave the labor force for longer periods of time than men. Other factors that account for earnings differences include industry, occupation, race, marital status, and job tenure. When we account for difference between male and female work patterns as well as other key factors, women earned, on average, 80 percent of what men earned in Even after accounting for key factors that affect earnings, our model could not explain all of the differences in earnings between men and women. 5

6 Discuss the biological and environmental influences on sex differences. Are men and women really different? Gender Comparisons (Objective #15) Agentic Communal Active Adventurous Courageous Cruel Complaining Enterprising Inventive Independent Logical Self-confident Affectionate Curious Dependent Emotional Fearful Fussy Talkative Weak Sexy Submissive [Click] [Click] [Click] 6

7 Empirical Evidence [Click] Men Assertive Spatial Tasks Rotating Objects Math (Reasoning) Navigation Fewer Error Faster Visual Spatial Targeting Women Nurturing Verbal memory Word Recall Math (calculations) Location of items Navigation Use of landmarks Precision manual tasks The Brain The Brain on Gender [click] [Click] Men Larger More white matter In males [click] [Click] Intelligence measured in gray matter regions of brain. Women Smaller More gray matter More folds, fissures, and wrinkles More tightly packed Denser corpus callosum So who s smarter men or women?? In females Intelligence measured in white matter regions of brain. 7

8 Evaluating Difference Biological / Genetic Influences Environmental Influences The nature argument Inherent differences Unchangeable Variations of Gender CAH Girls DHT Deficiency Transgender The nurture argument Treated differently from birth Activity exposure Expressiveness Media stereotypes Children learn at an early age Social learning theory Are men and women inherently different? Identify three elements of the gender belief system. 8

9 Gender Belief System 1. Stereotype content 2. Attitudes toward gender roles 3. Perceptions of violations of gender roles Conveyed through Parents Media Peer influence References Bernstein, A. (2004). Women s pay: why the gap remains a chasm. In P. Rothenberg s (Ed.) Race, Class, and Gender in the United States (pp ). New York: Worth. Michigan Resource Center on Domestic and Sexual Violence. (n.d.). Male Survivors of Sexual Violence [Fact Sheet]. Retrieved from MaleSurvivors_198439_7.pdf Office of Research, Information, and lanning ( ). Sexual Harassment Charges EEOC and FEPAs Combined [Data File]. Retrieved from U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission website Rothenberg, P. (2007). The wage gap and Its costs. Tinch, E. (2005). In P. Rothenberg s (Ed.) Race, Class, and Gender in the United States (pp ). New York: Worth. Weinberg, D. (2007). Earnings by Gender: Evidence from Census Retrieved from 9