Behavioural response studies of marine mammals in relation to noise

Transcription

1 Behavioural response studies of marine mammals in relation to noise CREEM (MOCHA project): Catriona Harris, Len Thomas, Lindesay Scott Hayward, Louise Burt, Tiago Marques, Monique MacKenzie, Roland Langrock, Valentin Popov SMRU (cetaceans and sonar): Patrick Miller, Peter Tyack, Saana Isojunno, Paul Wensveen SMRU (pinnipeds and renewables): Gordon Hastie, Debbie Russell, Dave Thomson

2 Potential effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals Masking of important cues for socialising, foraging, predator avoidance Behavioural disruption e.g. stop foraging, horizontal or vertical avoidance Physical damage Temporary shift in hearing threshold (TTS) Permanent shift in hearing threshold (PTS) Death/stranding

3 BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSE STUDIES (BRS)

4 BRS approaches marine mammals and noise Mark Johnson, SOUNDTAG Lab

5 CETACEAN CONTROLLED EXPOSURE EXPERIMENTS (CEE)

6 BRSs/Controlled Exposures (CEEs) on freeranging cetaceans TAG BASELINE CEE POST EXP. RECOVER J. Calambokidis, taken under NMFS permit SDR, taken under NMFS permit C. Kyburg SDR, taken under NMFS permit R. Carlson

7 Sonar BRS Experiments in the Field 3S S SOCAL BRS AUTEC BRS Map from:

8 ANALYSIS OF CETACEAN CEE DATA

9 and.ac.uk/mocha/ A research project ( ) led by CREEM that aims to develop and implement innovative methods for the analysis of cetacean behavioural response studies (BRSs). CEE J. Calambokidis, taken under NMFS permit C Kyburg

10 Event rate analysis Regression methods such as Generalised estimating equations (GEEs) are being used to investigate changes in rates of key behaviours such as lunging and calling in response to sound exposure. Humpback whale lunging

11 Identifying change points using Mahalanobis distance Md allows us to collapse multivariate time series into a univariate time series, and quantify how unusual each dive is compared with baseline. Cuvier s beaked whale 2010 MFA CEE* *DeRuiter SL, Southall BL, Calambokidis J et al (2013) First direct measurements of behavioural responses by Cuvier s beaked whales to mid frequency active (MFA) sonar. Biol Lett 9:

12 State switching models State switching models (hidden Markov models, semi Markov models, state space models), provide an opportunity to explore behavioural states and the probability of transitioning between states as a function of sound exposure Hidden Markov model for blue whales 2. TRAVELLING 1. RESTING 3. DEEP FORAGING

13 Dose response analysis Bayesian hierarchical models (example shows killer whale function) Recurrent event analysis (example shows function for killer, sperm and pilot whales combined) Severity Level = 1 Miller et al. (2014). Dose response relationships for the onset of avoidance of sonar by free ranging killer whales. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Severity Level = 2 Severity Level = 3 Harris et al. (2015). Dose response severity functions for acoustic disturbance in cetaceans using recurrent event survival analysis. Ecosphere.

14 PINNIPED OBSERVATIONAL AND PLAYBACK STUDIES

15 Pinniped observational studies Harbour seals and pile driving noise 24 harbour seals with GPS/dive logging tags; Pile driving during wind farm construction; Measured avoidance of pile driving by seals Russell et al (In review), Journal of Applied Ecology; Estimated risks of auditory damage from pile driving Hastie et al (2015), Journal of Applied Ecology;

16 Pinniped observational studies Harbour seals and tidal turbine noise Ten harbour seals with GPS tags Acoustic signal of SeaGen tidal turbine; Playbacks from autonomous speaker system Total of 125 hours of playback on 25 days;

17 Future work Analysis efforts Extending analysis methods/tools to be applicable to lower resolution longer term data from e.g. satellite tags or passive acoustic monitoring Field efforts Continuation of 3S project Investigating different sonar systems Trialling methods to disentangle the Range versus Received Level question Trialling methods for conducting BRSs over longer time periods (with longer term tagging and PAM technologies)

18 All MOCHA project outputs: and.ac.uk/mocha/ or e.mail: andrews.ac.uk SMRU and Marine Renewable Energy: SMRU Instrumentation andrews.ac.uk/instrumentation/overview/ SOUNDTAG Lab andrews.ac.uk/ All 3S2 data and list of publications: Kvadsheim et al. (2015), FFI report 2015/ pdf