Science Report March 2017

Transcription

1 Science Report March 2017 Frontier Tenerife Whale and Dolphin Conservation Project Research Officer: Rachel Pool Assistant Research Officers: Natasha Wallis Macarena Blanco INTRODUCTION

2 The Canary Current and the coastal upwelling from the African coast promote wide marine biodiversity in the Canary Islands. Such biodiversity includes 730 native fish species, four species of marine turtles and twenty-eight cetacean species (Francisco-Ortega et al., 2009). Although most of the cetacean species are migrant or seasonal, some of them are resident in the archipelago. This is the case for short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) (Francisco-Ortega et al., 2009). This biodiversity has provided a unique opportunity for a multimillion dollar ecotourism industry in Tenerife in 2008 whale watchers spent $56,527,500- making it an important sector of the local economy. Short-finned pilot whales and bottlenose dolphins are the main attraction for ecotourists to the Canary Islands, hence the whale watching industry in the South of Tenerife (Hoyt, 2001). Tenerife accounts for 58% of all whale watching companies and 75% of the whale watching tourists in the Canary Islands (Elejabeitia et al. 2004). In an effort to control and minimise any negative effects of these ecotourism activities, a Code of Conduct has been set out in the Canary Islands for whale watching boats to follow and a specific flag is flown by those who adhere to this Code of Conduct (Elejabeitia and Uriquiola, 2009). The industry has grown exponentially in recent years, with last year s revenue numbers worldwide at $2 billion in 2009 (International Whaling Commission, 2009) and was expected at that time to grow by as much as 10% every year. This has led to blurred lines between tourism and disruption as many international Codes of Conduct for viewing the species have been breached (International Whaling Commission 2013). External disturbances can have great impacts on the stress levels of both captive and wild animals, and it is vital to be able to identify ways to measure their welfare (Dawkins 2004; Cagienard et al. 2005; Parker et al. 2012). This is especially important in the case of scientific investigations of vulnerable species (Moll et al. 2009). There have been several papers that indicate a significant correlation between behaviour and stress (Dawkins 2004; Cagienard et al. 2005). In order to understand the effect of the whale watching industry on cetaceans in Tenerife, this study s primary aim was focussed on the behavioural events performed by different

3 species of cetaceans in response to their environment. The fact that different species are more likely to show certain behaviours than others is considered intrinsic to their nature (Constantine et al. 2004). Differences in their normal behaviours could be used towards a better understanding of the response that these species show when being disturbed by the presence of boats or by sea conditions. The following hypotheses were tested: 1. There are differences between the percentages of which cetacean species perform different behaviours. 2. Behavioural events are performed at a lower percentage when the sea conditions are rougher. 3. Frequency of behavioural events decreases when a larger number of boats are present. The secondary aim of this study was to examine the seasonal presence of different species of cetaceans, as significant studies of cetaceans in Tenerife are now somewhat out of date, specifically Fabian Ritter s study of Interactions of Cetaceans with Whale Watching Boats which was completed in The last study that looked at composition of Pilot whale groups was by Heimlich-Boran in MATERIALS AND METHODS Study site and data collection Data collection was carried out by pairs of voluntary research assistants from three accredited whale-watching boats (Eden, Peter Pan and Shogun). Boat trips went out twice a day from the Puerto Colon (Costa Adeje) in the case of Eden and Shogun; and from the Puerto Los Cristianos in the case of Peter Pan. Figure 1 shows the approximate areas covered by the boat journeys.

4 Figure 1. Survey areas in the south of Tenerife covered by the whale-watching boats as indicated by yellow boxes. Each encounter was assigned a unique ID code, consisting of a prefix of the first three letters of the boat name followed by a three-digit encounter number in chronological order. To standardise data collection, all volunteers were trained in data collection requirements before their first boat journey and paired with more experienced volunteers or staff members. Data was collected in field notebooks as seen in Table 1. To aid data collection in the field, notebooks were equipped with keys listing abbreviations of species names and definitions of behavioural states and events (Appendix I and II). The initial behavioural state was defined as the behaviour being exhibited at the start of the encounter, and could fall into one of five categories: travelling, socialising, feeding, resting and milling. The number of boats present during each interaction was also recorded, not including the one holding the observers. Boats were identified as legal or illegal on the basis of their display of the Blue Boat emblem on a yellow flag. Boats not displaying the flag were assumed to be unauthorised whale-watching companies. Boat Response could be separated into three possible outcomes: Avoidance, Interaction or No Response. This field was only filled out at the end of the interaction. There were nine possible behavioural events that could

5 take place: approach, scout, bow ride, spy hop, dive, breach, tail slap, belly up and surf (see Appendix I and II for definitions), with an additional option of writing an unlisted behaviour as Other with further details being described in the notes. To be able to study group composition, observers noted down the presence of adult males, adults, juveniles and calves. The former two categories were mainly useful for pilot whales, where adult males have a distinctly concave fin and can therefore be differentiated from immature males and adult females. Juveniles and calves were distinguished by the presence of foetal folds on the calves sides. Finally, the encounter method was the method of finding the cetaceans. If cetaceans were found as a result of the observer boat following other whale-watching boats, the method was defined as Boats. Similarly, if the cetaceans were found through searching with the naked eye or binoculars, the method was Search ; and finally if the captain had used the radio to communicate with other boats about cetacean sightings the method was Radio. Table 1. Format of data collection forms in the field notebooks for each encounter. Date Boat Name Research Assistants Event number Start time End time GPS co-ordinates Species Behavioural State Boats (Illegal, Legal, Jet skis) Boat Response Behavioural Events Number of individuals (Male, Adult, Juveniles, Calves,

6 Total) Encounter Method (Search, Radio, Boats) Notes In addition to the variables listed, weather conditions including sea state, visibility and cloud cover were also recorded. In order to determine sea state, the Beaufort scale was used. Visibility was similarly on a zero to five scale with five being a clear view of the horizon and visibility decreasing down the scale. Cloud cover was measured as a percentage of the area immediately above the observer boat; consequently, percentages could only be from zero to ten percent. Compliance with Ethical Standards All data collection was conducted on authorised tourist whale-watching boats flying the blue boat emblem (see Figure 2). This emblem is only awarded to boat companies that have fulfilled all of the permit requirements and that are therefore legally obliged to follow the legal code of conduct for cetacean activities in the Canary Islands (Carlson, 2012). Figure 2. Picture of the Blue Boat emblem carried by all authorised whale-watching companies in Tenerife. In an attempt to minimise confounding factors, only the records of encounters that met the following criteria were included in the study: (1) encounters with cetaceans identified to species level; (2) encounters with the initial behavioural state recorded; (3) encounters

7 with at least one behavioural event recorded; (4) encounters with demographic information recorded and finally; (5) encounters with the final boat response recorded. Additionally, anomalous data such as records where the encounter appears to have taken place at night or where the encounter time was recorded to last several hours were deleted. Behavioural Observations Percentage of behaviour The total percentage of behaviour (% behav_total ) was calculated for each species as the number of times each type of behaviour was repeated in all the interactions by the total number of behavioural events recorded. Relative percentage of behaviour (% behav ) was calculated for each species as the number of times each type of behaviour was repeated during an interaction by the total number of behavioural events within the interaction. Frequency of behaviour Frequency of behaviour (Freq behav ) was obtained from the number of times each type of behaviour was repeated during an interaction, and was standardised by the length of the interaction (min) and the number of the individuals present, as indicated below: Where x is one of the nine types of behaviour recorded (Appendix I and II). Frequency of behaviour was recorded for the first time on the 23 rd of November of 2016, and thus only data from this date on were used for the analyses in the present report. Statistical analyses All data was analysed using the statistical software R version (R Core Team, 2016). Prior to statistical analyses, every variable was tested for heterogeneity of variances and

8 normality by conducting Levene tests and Shapiro Wilk normality tests, respectively. The significance level was set at p < Seasonal presence of species The frequency of sightings of Pilot whales and bottlenose dolphins was calculated as the number of interactions in a month/the number of boat trips in that same month. Behavioural observations A total of 243 encounters met the criteria during the period of November 2016 to March Differences in the total percentage of each behaviour (% behav_total ) between species was visually compared. Statistical analyses are summarised in table 2. The relative percentage of behaviour within interactions (% behav ) performed by the three species was pairwise compared by conducting a one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) for each pair of species (Table 2, analysis 1). In order to evaluate the relationship between the state of the sea and the percentage of each behaviour (% behav ) shown by the different species, a Spearman s rank correlation test was performed for each species and type of behaviour (Table 2, analysis 2). To study the relationship between the frequency of each behaviour (Freq behav ) and both the total number of boats and the number of unaccredited boats and jetskis present in an interaction, Spearman s rank correlation tests were conducted (table 2, analyses 3 and 4).

9 Table 2. Summary of statistical analyses for percentages and frequency of behavioural events. Analyses are numbered from 1 to 4 and indicated throughout the results section as: test name + # (analysis number). Analysis number and description 1. Differences in percentage of behaviour between species 2. Relation between percentage of behaviour and sea state 3. Relation between frequency of behaviour and total number of boats present 4. Relation between frequency of behaviour and number of unaccredited boats and jetskis Statistical test (formula) One-way MANOVA (% of each behaviour within interaction ~ spp) Spearman s rank correlation test (% of behaviour within interaction ~ sea state) Spearman s rank correlation test (Freq behav ~ boats) Spearman s rank correlation test (Freq behav ~ unaccredited and jetskis Data grouped by (number of blocks) Pair of species (3) Type of behaviour and species (9 * 3) Type of behaviour and species (9 * 3) Type of behaviour and species (9 * 3) RESULTS Seasonal abundance of species There have been a total of 1058 interactions with pilot whales and 398 interactions with bottlenose dolphins in 435 boat trips. As can be seen in Figure 3, the month in which pilot whales have been seen most frequently by Frontier observers is August. This is the same month in which bottlenose dolphins have been seen by Frontier observers most frequently. Both species were seen least frequently in November.

10 Frequency Month Figure 3. The frequency of pilot whale and bottlenose dolphin encounters in each month from the (Start of project) to 06/03/2017. Orange-Pilot whales, Blue-Bottlenose dolphins Of the migratory species (see Figure 4), the spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) were seen most commonly with 109 interactions and peak sighting frequency in March. Three species have only been sighted once; Sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis (Bb)), Cuvier s beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris (Md)) and Rough toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis (Sb)). August is the month when Bryde s whales are most commonly seen. In November, there were two interactions with species other than bottlenose dolphins and pilot whales. Fin whales were most frequently seen in July with none seen over the winter months.

11 Frequency Bb Be Bp Dd Md Sb Sc Sf Month Figure 4. The frequency of the sightings of all the species (Excluding pilot whales and bottlenose dolphins) seen by frontier observers from boats since data collection began. Bb- Sei whale, Be-Bryde s whale, Bp-Fin whale, Dd-Common dolphin, Md- Dense beaked whale, Sb-Rough toothed dolphin, Sc-Striped dolphin, Sf-Atlantic spotted dolphin. Behavioural Observations Differences in the total percentage of each behaviour (% behav_total ) shown by the three species (G. macrorhynchus, S. frontalis and T. truncatus) from November 2016 to March 2017 are shown in Figure 5.

12 Figure 5. Total percentage of the different behaviours shown by the three cetacean species: Gm: Globicephala macrorhynchus; Sf: Stenella frontalis; Tt: Tursiops truncatus from November 2016 to March Different behaviours were found to be performed in significantly different frequencies between species (figure 6). Significance of results are summarised in table 3. Figure 6. Mean percentages of the different behaviours shown by the three cetacean species: Gm: Globicephala macrorhynchus; Sf: Stenella frontalis; Tt: Tursiops truncatus from November 2016 to March 2017.

13 Table 3. Statistical significance of differences in the percentage of each behaviour between species pairwise compared by MANOVA. Gm: Globicephala macrorhynchus; Sf: Stenella frontalis; Tt: Tursiops truncatus. Bold p-values are significant. Gm vs Sf Gm vs Tt Tt vs Sf Behaviour F 1,87 Significance F 1,87 Significance F 1,87 Significance Approach 0.91 p > p < p > 0.05 Scout 0.11 p > p > p > 0.05 Bow ride p < p < p < 0.05 Spy hop 0.03 p > p > p > 0.05 Dive 2.49 p > p > p > 0.05 Breach 4.25 p < p < p > 0.05 Tail slap 1.77 p > p < p > 0.05 Belly up 0.07 p > p > p > 0.05 Surf 2.19 p > p < p > 0.05 Surf behaviour in pilot whales (G. macrorhynchus) was found to be shown at a greater percentage when the sea was rougher (Spearman s rank#2; r = 0.277; p < 0.05), whereas scout behaviour was less likely to be shown at rougher sea (Spearman s rank#2; r = ; p < 0.05) (figure 7). The behaviour of the two dolphin species (S. frontalis and T. truncatus) did not appear to be correlated with sea state. Figure 7. Correlation of sea state (based on Beaufort scale) with percentage of surf and scout behaviours performed by short-finned pilot whales (Gm: Globicephala macrorhynchus).

14 When testing the relation between the frequency of behaviour and the total number of boats present in each interaction, G. macrorhynchus appeared to show approach and dive behaviours less frequently when more boats were present (Spearman s rank#3 Freq behav ~ boats; G. macrorhynchus: approach: r = ; p < 0.05; dive: r = p < 0.05). Stenella frontalis appeared to show approach, tail slap and belly up behaviours less frequently when more boats were present (Spearman s rank#3 Freq behav ~ boats; S. frontalis: approach: r = ; p < 0.05; tail slap: r = p < 0.05; belly up: r = -0.87; p < 0.05). Stronger correlations were found for approach behaviour of both G. macrorhynchus and S. frontalis when analysing the number of unaccredited boats and jetskis (Spearman s rank#4 Freq behav ~ unaccredited and jetskis; approach: G. macrorhynchus: r = ; p < 0.001; S. frontalis: r = p < 0.05). Globicephala macrorhynchus appeared to show surf behaviour more frequently when more unaccredited boats and jetskis were present (Spearman s rank#4 Freq behav ~ unaccredited and jetskis; G. macrorhynchus: surf: r = 0.595; p < 0.05). No relation was found between the frequency of any behaviour performed by T. truncatus and both the total number of boats and the number of unaccredited boats and jetskis. Significant correlations are shown in figures 8 and 9.

15 Figure 8. Correlation between frequency of behaviour of Globicephala macrorhynchus (Gm) and Stenella frontalis (Sf), and total number of boats present in the interactions. A negative correlation between approach behaviour and number of boats can be highlighted for both species.

16 Figure 9. Correlation between frequency of behaviour of Globicephala macrorhynchus (Gm) and Stenella frontalis (Sf), and number of unaccredited boats and jetskis present in the interactions. A negative correlation between approach behaviour and number of boats can be highlighted for both species. DISCUSSION Seasonal abundance of species The water between Tenerife and La Gomera stays between 18 and 22 degrees centigrade all year around (Perez et al., 2005). This is one of the largest contributing factors as to why the Pilot whale and Bottlenose dolphin populations are resident all year around. Heimlich- Boran(1993) found the peak period of conception for the resident Pilot whales was in early summer.

17 Figure 10. Pilot whales seen per unit effort for the year of Adapted from Heimlich- Boran (1993) In 1990, Pilot whales were seen most frequently in September and October. January was the month in which Pilot whales were seen least frequently. No anomalies can be identified in the Pilot whale seasonal distribution from figures 3 and 10 when looked at on their own because as there is only one full year of data in Figure 10 and only 1.5 years of data in Figure 3. As more data is accumulated assumptions of anomalies will become more accurate. Comparison of the two graphs suggest a phase shift in the Pilot whale population (on the assumption the March 1990 was an anomaly) where the two peaks in the population have shifted from May and September/October in 1990 to later in the year, April and August respectively in the data.

18 The gestation period for pilot whales is around 15 months (Kasuya and Marsh, 1984). The pilot whale population peak at late summer may be an accumulation of pods coming together for mating in early summer and the calves that were conceived the summer before being born in late summer. Additionally, the seasonal and geographical distribution of many species of cetacean are strongly influenced by the distribution of the prey (Fellemen et al., 1991). Off the coast of Los Cristianos and Costa Adeje, where the whale watching boats are docked there are fish farms containing sea bream (Sparus aurata) and seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) GPS tracks, coastal surveys and reports from the local fish farmers show that the resident bottlenose dolphins are regularly seen feeding in and around the fish farms (Perez et. al., 2005). There have been no studies published on the conception and breeding season of the Tenerife bottlenose dolphins. They have a similar life history to the Pilot whales, the peak in frequency of the Bottlenose dolphins in summer may be for similar reasons as the regular food source from the fish farms would not be a factor in population change. However, Bottlenose dolphin gestation is only twelve months so gatherings for conception and birthing would coincide, hence the less prolonged summer peak (Randall et al.,1987). The Atlantic spotted dolphin peak from February to June may be due to their migration from the warmer waters at lower latitudes where they breed in winter to the cooler higher latitudes of the Atlantic for their preferential feeding grounds. 7 years ago, there used to be two peaks in the Atlantic spotted dolphin populations as they would migrate through from February to June and then back again between September and October. However recently the number of sightings have been in decline and in 2010 there were no Autumn sightings.

19 Bryde s whales are most commonly seen between 40 N and 40 S and prefers water warmer than 20 C. As a relatively short distance migratory species the Bryde s whales the frequency pattern shown in figure 4 may be due to the timing of their migration with the seasonal warming of the waters off south Tenerife. Globally, Fin whales have a much less predictable migration pattern than other rorquals, which has been reflected in the frequency of sightings in Tenerife. The Sei whale, Cuvier s beaked whale and Rough toothed dolphin all have a diet of fish and squid that are abundant all year around in the waters between La Gomera and Tenerife. However, all three species are most commonly seen offshore and rarely seen close to land. This could suggest that the solo individuals of each of these species were only here because they were searching for food. Behavioural Observations The results of the behavioural analyses showed that certain behaviours were shown at significantly different percentages depending on the species, which is likely to be due to their biological, physical and social nature. Few papers have explored the reasons behind the performance of certain behavioural events in cetaceans. For example, the fact that tailslapping behaviour was less common in Spotted dolphins when there were more boats is indicative that this behaviour is not an aggressive one in this species. This decrease of tailslapping behaviour in the presence of a greater number of boats is accompanied by a decrease in the exhibition of belly-up behaviour, another behaviour often associated with socialising in dolphins. However, any conclusions drawn as a result of these analyses

20 would be tentative at best due to the limitations of data analysis and the size of the dataset. Some limitations of the results obtained are derived from the calculation of frequencies and percentages of behaviour. In the case of percentage of behaviour, in an interaction where only one type of behaviour occurs, this behaviour will have more weight than this same behaviour occurring in an interaction where multiple behaviours are recorded. Sea state was shown to have a significant effect on Pilot whale behaviour, as when the sea is rougher, the animals show more surfing behaviour and less scouting behaviour. The increase in surfing behaviour could be due to the simple fact that it would be physically easier to surf the waves and require less energy when the waves are bigger. The lack of relationship between the behaviour of the two dolphin species and the sea state could be due to their intrinsic nature as mentioned above. As the dolphins are naturally more active than the pilot whales (Ritter 2003), they could require less external motivation to present behaviours such as surfing. This is supported by the fact that Pilot whales show more surfing behaviour when there are more boats present once again requiring a stimulus to provoke the active behaviour. A higher number of boats were shown to cause less approaching behaviours by Pilot whales and Spotted dolphins. This is a clear sign of behaviour disturbance, and this change in behaviour could be being triggered by stress, which could eventually be a threat to their health. A stressor is a stimulus that threatens the normal regulation of a body s functions i.e. homeostasis (Kyrou & Tsigos 2009). To compensate for this change and return the body to equilibrium, the adaptive stress response is composed of a suite of behavioural and physiological responses. The effects of the stress response are meant to be acute and transient in order to increase the individual s chances of survival. However, chronic effects

21 of the stress response due to multiple stressors can lead to allostatic overload and have potentially harmful consequences (McEwen 2008; Kyrou & Tsigos 2009; Groeneweg et al. 2011). In order to fully understand what can cause this response to change from adaptive to maladaptive, it is important to take note of the interactions between the different components of the stress response (Groeneweg et al. 2011), physiologically and behaviourally. The fact that the negative relationship of this approaching behaviour with number of boats was stronger when only accounting for unaccredited boats and jetskis highlights the importance of following the whale-watching code of conduct in order to ensure the health of the populations. In such long-living species with low reproductive rates (Constantine et al. 2004), any threat to individuals can threaten the survival of the species. Conclusion Since the last study on the seasonal abundance of cetacean species in Tenerife, there has been a phase-shift, meaning that the animals peak presence occur earlier in the year. The exact reasons for this shift are unknown and could be a consequence of climate change. Whatever the reasons behind the change, this study has emphasised the need for continual monitoring of species presence in order to fully assess their vulnerability and protection. Additionally, this study has also highlighted the gap in knowledge about cetacean behaviour. While some papers have explored the performance of a suite of behaviours in

22 response to certain stimuli (Constantine et al. 2004), few have theorised why these behaviours have actually been performed i.e. in play or in aggression. Due to a small dataset, the results and conclusions of this work could be better supported in the future, once the project has run for a longer period of time. Future analyses could also include population estimates for the peak presence of species and potentially also include physiological measures of stress to provision the behavioural data.

23 References: Cagienard, A., Regula, G. & Danuser, J., The impact of different housing systems on health and welfare of grower and finisher pigs in Switzerland. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 68(1), pp Carwardine, M. (2000). Whales, porpoises, and dolphins. 1st ed. New York: Dorling Kindersley. Constantine, R., Brunton, D.H. & Dennis, T., Dolphin-watching tour boats change bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) behaviour. Biological Conservation, 117, pp Dawkins, M.S., Using behaviour to assess animal welfare. Animal Welfare, 13(SUPPL.), pp.3 7. Elejabeitia, C. & Servidio, A Estudio de Seguimiento de las Actividades de Observación de Cetáceos en Tenerife. Dirección General del Medio Natural de la Consejeria de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación Territorial del Gobierno de Canarias Elejabeitia, C. & Urquiola, E., Whale watching in the Canary islands. Independent researcher & consultant - Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Groeneweg, F.L. et al., Rapid non-genomic effects of corticosteroids and their role in the central stress response. Journal of Endocrinology, 209(2), pp Heimlich-Boran, J. (1993). Social Organisation of the Short-finned Pilot Whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus, with Special Reference to the Comparative Social Ecology of Delphinids. PhD Thesis. University of Cambridge. Hoyt, E., Whale watching 2001 worldwide tourism numbers, expenditures and expanding socioeconomic benefits. International Fund for Animal Welfare Kasuya, T. and Marsh, H., (1984). Life history and reproductive biology of the short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus, off the Pacific coast of Japan. Report of the International Whaling Commission, Special, 6, pp Kyrou, I. & Tsigos, C., Stress hormones: physiological stress and regulation of metabolism. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 9(6), pp McEwen, B.S., Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: Understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators. European Journal of Pharmacology, 583(2-3), pp Moll, R.J. et al., Physiological stress response of captive white-tailed deer to video collars. Journal of Wildlife Management, 73(4), pp Nishiwaki, M. and Handa, C. (1958). Killer whales caught in the coastal waters off Japan in recent ten years. Whales Research Institute. 13: Parker, M.O. et al., Housing conditions differentially affect physiological and behavioural stress responses of zebrafish, as well as the response to anxiolytics. PLoS ONE, 7(4). Perez, O., Telfer, T. and Ross, L. (2005). Geographical information systems-based models for offshore floating marine fish cage aquaculture site selection in Tenerife, Canary Islands. Aquaculture Research, 36(10), pp Ritter, F., cetacean species off La Gomera ( Canary Islands ): Possible reasons for an extraordinary species diversity. Poster: Annual Conference of ECS, Rome, Italy. Ritter, F., Interactions of Cetaceans with Whale Watching Boats Implications for the Management of Whale Watching Tourism. In MPA Report pp. 1 4.

24 Wells, R., Scott, M. and Irvine, B. (1987). The Social Structure of Free-Ranging Bottlenose Dolphins. Current Mammology, 1, pp Whales and Dolphins of Tenerife. (2017). Atlantic Spotted Dolphin. [online] Available at: [Accessed 24 Mar. 2017].

25 Appendix I * BEHAVIOURAL STATE choose o TRAVELLING sustained movement in one direction o SOCIALISING splashing, breaching, close together o FEEDING sea bird activity, repeated surface acceleration o RESTING slow movement or stationary as a tight group, usually all facing the same direction o MILLING surface in constantly varying directions in relation to each other but group remains in one area Appendix II. * EVENTS note each one you see o APPROACH moving and remaining closer to the boat o SCOUT brief approach close to the boat then moving away o BOW RIDE swimming in waves at front or back of boat o SPY HOP animal vertical and raising head out of water o DIVE definite change of body position to dive deeper o BELLY UP rolling to expose underside o TAIL SLAP lifting tail and slapping on the water surface o BREACH any leap/jump bringing most of the body out o SURF swimming quickly in the waves