Announcements. Announcements 5/18/2012

Transcription

1 5/18/2012 Announcements Outlines will be returned today at the end of lecture. Excel tutorial at the end of lecture today (after we hand back outlines). Review session for midterm after lecture on Tuesday, May 22 nd. Midterm, Thursday, May 24 th Same format as last midterm Equally covers all topics since the last midterm Announcements 1

2 5/18/2012 The not so sexy part 1 month in the field = 11 months of analysis + many more months of prep time A Marine Mammal Study from Beginning to End Idea collaborators grant proposal Permits Supplies, equipment Fieldwork Data analysis results Manuscript Publication & presentation to peers 2

3 5/18/2012 Grants This is expensive work! ($250,000 to $1.5 million) Government agencies NSF, SeaGrant, ONR, etc. Private foundations Packard, Moore, etc. Small grants National Geographic, etc. Permits To ensure: Efficiency Necessity Minimize potential harm to animals or researchers Public comment Humane treatment Meets legal requirements 3

4 5/18/2012 Permits IACUC / CARC Institutional animal care and use committee Chancellors animal research committee Marine mammal permit Endangered species act Regional permits (Antarctic Conservation Act) Controlled substances NEPA and CEQA: Environmental Impact Statement Don t forget anything! 4

5 5/18/2012 Analysis Data management 15,000 dives 340 animals Visualize data Learn existing methods Write programs Statistics Manuscript Complete literature search 100 s of journal articles Approval from collaborators Submission to journal Anonymous peer review (essential step!) Revision(s) Publication (Entire process takes YEARS!) 5

6 5/18/2012 Ignore everyone who says you shouldn t do it. 6

7 5/18/2012 Volunteer or Intern in a Lab The sooner, the better. Opportunities are here!!! Don t be picky you never know where an experience or skill will take you. This is the global trend in all professions. Build a Reputation of Integrity and Enthusiasm Be meticulous Ask questions Attitude counts!!! no whiners Follow through and be persistent Be on time Be present and focused 7

8 5/18/2012 Immerse Yourself and Network Read scientific articles about what ht excites you. Contact the authors of those papers. Join societies and associations. Go to conferences. Get good grades, particularly in relevant courses. Write grant proposals (NSF). Some Other Useful Skills Programming Statistics Stretching a dollar poverty is a g p y state of mind 8

9 5/18/2012 Resources Professors and TAs!!! MARMAM Marine Mammals Research and Conservation Discussion e mail list Society for Marine Mammalogy Marine Mammal Center 9

10 Cetacean Social & Reproductive Systems Outline Evolution of social systems what drives social behavior? Odontocetes Mysticetes 1

11 Benefits Why group? Reduced predation risk Enhanced detection/ capture of prey Improved reproductive success Larger prey Reduced sexual harassment Reduced mobile parasitism Costs Share food Increased competition for mates Risk of infection and parasitism Evolution of Social Systems Factors Influencing Sociality - 1) Environment eating and being eaten 2) Reproduction 2

12 Evolution of Social Systems Environment A.Prey behavior and availability Solitary prey solitary or small groups Widely dispersed, densely clumped prey large aggregations Predator & prey schooling Schooling Behavior When prey group Confusion effect Dilution effect When predators group Reduces advantage of schooling prey Herd, corral prey Increases detection of patch 3

13 Jack Mackerel study Advantage Predator Jack Mackerel study Advantage Prey 4

14 Jack Mackerel study Advantage Predator It s Not Just Numbers: Coordinated Effort Helps, Too Dolphin mudflat hunting v=78_edywqtws 5

15 Evolution of Social Systems Environment B. Exposure to Predators Coastal or Riverine Pelagic or Offshore increased exposure Coastal Environment 6

16 Pelagic Environment Coordinated Effort Also Aids in Predator Defense Sleeping behavior (D. Goley) Alternate position within school Sleep in one hemisphere of brain Opposite eye open Marguerite Formation 7

17 Evolution of Social Systems Factors Influencing Sociality - 1) Environment 2) Reproduction Evolution of Social Systems Reproduction A) Offspring dependency d B) Offspring learning C) Location of feeding & breeding sites D) Protection from predators 8

18 Reproductive Patterns 1 calf every 2-8 yrs Weaning yrs Feeds during lactation Odontocetes- Mysticetes- 1 calf every 1-3 yrs Weaning 5-12 months Fasts during lactation General Odontocete Characteristics Highly social At least small stable groups usually related Promiscuous Cooperative foraging Consume single prey Schooling prey Large prey relative to body size 9

19 Interplay of Features Will Determine Odontocete Group Size Predator Avoidance Body Size Trophic Level Group Size Coastal Large High Small Pelagic Small Low Large Role of Environment A) Coastal inshore Tend to be resident Smaller, fluid schools B) Pelagic offshore Cover extensive area Large schools, many sub-units Safety in numbers 7 ± 3 rule 10

20 Group Sizes Average Max River dolphins Harbor porpoise Killer whale Pilot whale Delphinus sp Pacific Whitesided Group size Diet Vocalizations Killer Whales Pacific Social Groups Residents Transients Offshore Large, stable Fish Group specific Echolocation Frequently Small, fluid Marine mammals Population specific Rare Large, fluid? Squid and fish??? Very frequently 11

21 Optimal Group Size (harbor seal hunting) 180 En nergy Intake (kcal/kg/day y) Group Size British Columbia Killer Whales Fission-Fusion System Fission Groups split to stable sub-unitsunits Fusion Small groups join for feeding or reproduction 12

22 Behavioral Traits to Maintain Cohesion in a Fission-Fusion Society Hawaiian aiian spinner dolphins Small groups join to feed pelagically Maintained by aerial behaviors Groups split to move inshore Rest in coastal bays 13

23 Stable Subgroups are Gender and Age Specific Female groups with young Kick the rowdy teenage males out!!! Females will sometimes leave also Males may or may not form alliances to aid in access to females Sperm whale groups 14

24 Sperm whale groups Matrilineal groups (~10) Interact with other groups for short periods Female bond based on cooperative care of young Sperm whale groups Males disperse (6 yrs) Increasingly solitary Form loose breeding associations Roam between female groups 15

25 Killer Whales Pacific Social Groups Residents Transients & Birth With Mom With Mom With Mom Sexual maturity With Mom With Mom Leaves Mom Leaves Mom Late teens(+) With Mom With Mom Largely solitary, short associations Forms own pod Returns if unable to reproduce? 16

26 An Interesting Exception: Baird s beaked whales Male & female natal group philopatry Males live longer (up to 30 years) Hypothesized males provide care: protection &/or teaching foraging behaviors offspring from closely related females Bottlenose Dolphin Male Alliances Strong, stable throughout a lifetime 2-3 Pairs join larger groups for mating Super alliances = short term grouping Aggressively separate females from groups 17

27 Shark Bay Alliance Male Alliances Not Seen in All Bottlenose Dolphin Populations Sarasota, FL: males form bonds (2) or solitary Scotland: no bonds found Based on body size & sexual dimorphism: larger and more dimorphic = less likely to form an alliance 18

28 Female Groups Not as strong as male bonds Can be matrilineal, often somewhat related Offspring nurturing, protection, and learning Offspring Nurturing Prolonged development: Sperm whales Milk found in stomach (7.5 yo female & 13 yo male) Alloparental care: Short finned pilot whales lactate 15 yrs after giving birth 25% females post-reproductive Suggested older females nurse related young 19

29 Offspring Protection: Predator Mobbing Dolphins mob hammerhead v=t3pxhu5vzas Offspring Learning: Specialized Foraging 20

30 Offspring Learning: Specialized Foraging Beaching: juveniles participate but rarely catch seals adults sometimes throw live prey to juveniles Mixed Species Schools Forage with more effective predator Tuna with dolphins Many examples Bottlenose dolphins & pilot whales Right whale dolphins & Risso s or Pacific-white sided 21

31 Mixed Species Schools Forage with more effective predator Tuna with dolphins Many examples Bottlenose dolphins & pilot whales Right whale dolphins & Risso s or Pacific-white sided May gain More effective sonar ability Greater food finding ability Predator protection Mysticetes Solitary Promiscuous Feed on schooling prey Consume entire school (one animal) Large body size Females > Males Exceptions Humpback whales: gregarious feeding Right whales: alert others to prey patches 22

32 Mysticetes Brought together by breeding habitats Most data from male humpbacks, right whales, & gray whales Not much known about females Reproductive strategies vary Humpbacks Display: larger/older animals Direct competition Escort Potential for roving & sneaking 23

33 Sperm Competition Right whales, bowhead, & gray whales Large testes Multiple copulations Fewer male-male interactions Summary Odontocetes Highly social Long dependency Structured aggregations Feed on schooling, dispersed prey Promiscuous Mysticetes Solitary to loose aggregations Short dependency Feed on entire prey patches Promiscuous 24