THE ADDICTIVE BRAIN SC 212 JANUARY 3, 2017 JOHN BUSH

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2 THE ADDICTIVE BRAIN SC 212 JANUARY 3, 2017 JOHN BUSH

3 ADDICTS

4 ADDICTIONS?

5 WHAT CAUSES ADDICTIONS? Addiction is the result of substance abuse by people with moral failings or personality defects. Addiction is a disease of brain reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry Addiction is motivated repetition that gives rise to deep learning. Marc Lewis The Biology of Desire Why addiction is not a disease Doubleday Canada [2015] Addiction is a learning disorder. Maia Szalavitz Unbroken Brain A revolutionary new way of understanding addiction St Martin s Press [2016]

6 SURGEON GENERAL S REPORT ON ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND HEALTH November 2016 Substance misuse--a general category of behavior Substance use disorders use of one or more substances results in Clinically diagnosed health problems Impaired social functioning Diminished control over substance use Addictions Are severe substance use disorders Involve compulsive use of one or more substances Addiction is a chronic brain disease that has the potential for both recurrence and recovery

7 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5 Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013 Addiction is diagnosed if two or more of these behaviors occur any time in a twelve month period DEPENDENCE Tolerance Withdrawal There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use The substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance The substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance

8 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5 Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013 Addiction is diagnosed if two or more of these behaviors occur any time in a twelve month period ABUSE Substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by substance. Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school or home. Craving or a strong desire or urge to use alcohol (or other substance).

9 THREE STAGES OF ADDICTION Binge intoxication stage Withdrawal-negative affect stage Preoccupation/anticipation stage GF Koob, MA Arends, M LeMoal Drugs, Addiction, and the Brain Academic Press 2014

10 BASIC PROPOSITIONS OF THIS CLASS Addiction is a disease triggered by overstimulation of normal brain circuitry. These categories of behavior define addiction Abuse Dependence Craving Explanations based on neuroscience account for these behaviors

11 CAVEAT A materialistic, reductionist theory of addiction that is supported by evidence and that accounts for psychological phenomena in terms of neuroscience A testable, mechanistic, partial account of major behavioral aspects of addiction Depends on a theory of human (and machine) learning to account for craving

12 LECTURER PROFESSOR THAD A. POLK DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

13 OVERVIEW Lecture One: Addiction 101 Lecture Two: The Reward System Lecture Three: Addiction Hijacks the the Brain Lecture Four: Genetics and addiction Lecture Five: How do drugs of abuse work? Lecture Six: Coffee and Cigarettes Lecture Seven: Alcohol Lecture Eight: Marijuana Lecture Nine: Stimulants- Cocaine, Amphetamines Lecture Ten: Opioids Lecture Eleven: Behavioral Addictions-Gambling Disorder Lecture Twelve: Behavioral Addictions(?)-Supernormal Stimuli

14 DVD LECTURE ONE ADDICTION 101

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16 BREAK

17 DVD LECTURE TWO THE PSYCHOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE OF REWARD

18 DVD LECTURE THREE HOW ADDICTION HIJACKS THE BRAIN

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