A Test of The Work Stressor Vulnerability Model of Alcohol Consumption

Transcription

1 A Test of The Work Stressor Vulnerability Model of Alcohol Consumption Pilot Research Project Final Report Kristin A. Horan, Alison M. Bayne, Alexandra A. Henderson, Steve M. Jex, & Sara J. McKersie Bowling Green State University This research study was (partially) supported by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pilot Research Project Training Program of the University of Cincinnati Education and Research Center Grant #T42/ OH

2 Employee Alcohol Consumption Employee alcohol consump/on is a topic of concern for organiza/ons: Prevalence Cost Nega/ve effect on individual health and safety outcomes While much is known about the outcomes of employee alcohol consump/on, less is known about the antecedents. Frone (2008); Frone (1999)

3 Stress0r-Vulnerability Model of Alcohol Consumption Risk Factors Stress Alcohol Consump/on Cooper, Russell, & Frone (1990); Cooper, Russell, & George (1988); Cooper, Russell, Skinner, Frone, & Mudar (1992)

4 Individual Risk Factors Drinking Mo/ves Defined as the reason why an individual chooses to drink. Coping drinking mo/ves predict stress-related drinking. Alcohol Outcome Expectancies Defined as beliefs about the consequences of alcohol consump/on Tension Reduc/on and Careless Unconcern AOEs predict stressrelated drinking. Brown, Goldman, Inn, & Anderson (1980); Armeli et al. (2007); Armeli et al., 2000; Cox & Klinger (1998); Park, Armeli, & Tennen (2004)

5 Work Stress0r-Vulnerability Model of Alcohol Consumption Individual-level Risk Factors Work Stressors Alcohol Craving & Consump/on Organiza/on-level Risk Factors

6 Workplace Drinking Norms Perceived workplace drinking norms are defined as an employee s percep/ons of the organiza/on s shared norms regarding the appropriateness of alcohol consump/on. Frequency Amount Context Previous research has shown that there is a posi/ve rela/onship between percep/ons of permissive drinking norms and alcohol use. Bacharach, Bamberger, and Sonnenstuhl (2002)

7 Temporal Context of Measurement Despite the fact that day of the week can impact opportuni/es to drink, few researchers have inves/gated the effect of temporal context. M T W Th F Sa Su The present study seeks to extend this research by not only examining day of the week, but also whether the daily observa/on took place on a work day or an off day. Armeli et al. (2000)

8 Hypotheses Hypothesis 1: Work stressors will be posi/vely related to alcohol cravings and alcohol consump/on, hereaaer referred to as alcohol outcomes. Hypothesis 2: The individual-level risk factors of tension reduc/on alcohol outcome expectancy, careless unconcern alcohol outcome expectancy, and coping drinking mo/ves will moderate the rela/onship between work stressors and alcohol outcomes. Hypothesis 3: The organiza/on-level risk factor of perceived workplace drinking norms will moderate the rela/onship between work stressors and alcohol outcomes. Hypothesis 4: The organiza/on-level risk factor of perceived workplace drinking norms will moderate the rela/onship between temporal variables and alcohol outcomes.

9 NORA Priority Sector This project is applicable the Services Sector of the Na/onal Occupa/onal Research Agenda, specifically the Accommoda/ons and Food Services Industry. This sector was chosen based on: The high exposure to work stressors Ease of access to alcohol on the job High rates of problema/c drinking Dollard, Dormann, Boyd, Winefield, & Winefield (2003) ; Pizam (2010); NIOSH (2012)

10 Methods The sample consisted of 53 individuals currently employed in the food service industry (M age = 27.13, SD age = 7.66, 53.8% female, 70.6% Caucasian). A variety of food service roles and restaurant types were represented. Par/cipants completed an ini/al survey and 21 daily surveys. 955 daily surveys were completed (85.8% response rate).

11 Initial Survey Measures Variable Measure Internal Consistency Alcohol Outcome Expectancies Drinking Mo/ves Alcohol Effects Ques/onnaire (Rohsenow, 1983) Revised Drinking Mo/ves Ques/onnaire (Cooper, 1994) Tension Reduc/on Subscale: α = 0.66 Careless Unconcern Subscale: α = 0.58 Coping Subscale: α = 0.84 Perceived Workplace Drinking Norms Score based on perceived frequency and amount of coworker alcohol consump/on

12 Daily Survey Measures Variable Measure Internal Consistency Daily Stressor Checklist Daily Alcohol Craving Checklist using items from Spector & Jex s (1998) Quan/ta/ve Workload Inventory, Interpersonal Conflict at Work, Organiza/onal Constraints Scale Alcohol Urge Ques/onnaire (Bohn, Krahn, & Staehler, 1995). α = 0.83 α = 0.87 Daily Alcohol Consump/on Self-reported standard drinks of beer, wine, and liquor.

13 Results Preliminary analyses confirmed that a mul/-level analysis was appropriate for alcohol craving (variance component = 0.31, p < 0.01) and consump/on (variance component = 1.01, p < 0.01). Daily work stress was posi/vely related to alcohol craving (β= 0.04, p < 0.01), but not alcohol consump/on (β = -0.03, p = 0.54).

14 Results Coping mo/ves were not a significant moderator for alcohol craving (β = -0.02, p = 0.41), or alcohol consump/on (β = -0.09, p = 0.15). Tension reduc/on expectancies were not a significant moderator for alcohol craving (β = -0.09, p = 0.16), but did moderate the rela/onship between daily work stress and daily alcohol consump/on (β = -0.41, p < 0.05). Careless unconcern expectancies did not moderate the rela/onship between daily work stress and alcohol craving (β = -0.04, p = 0.40), or alcohol consump/on (β = 0.12, p = 0.36) in the overall model. However, careless unconcern expectancies did moderate the rela/onship between daily work stress and alcohol consump/on when tested in an individual model (β = 0.38, p < 0.01).

15 Results

16 Results

17 Results Coworker drinking norms did not moderate the rela/onship between daily work stress and daily alcohol craving (β = 0.00, p = 0.85), or alcohol consump/on (β = -0.01, p = 0.19). Coworker drinking norms moderated the rela/onship between day of the week and alcohol craving (β = 0.02, p < 0.05).

18 Results

19 Results Day of the week significantly influenced alcohol craving (β = 0.11, p < 0.05) and alcohol consump/on (β = 0.46, p < 0.05), with par/cipants being more likely to crave and consume alcohol on the weekends. The daily observa/on being recorded on a workday or an off day did not influence alcohol craving (β = 0.11, p = 0.11) or consump/on (β = 0.11, p = 0.75).

20 Results Alcohol Craving Group 1 Group 2 Analyses revealed that coping mo/ves significantly influenced the intercept for both alcohol craving (β = 0.24, p < 0.05) and alcohol consump/on (β = 0.50, p < 0.05). Coworker drinking norms also influenced the intercept for alcohol craving (β = -0.03, p < 0.01). Daily Stress

21 Discussion The present study sought to extend the Stressor-Vulnerability Model of Alcohol Consump/on to the workplace. Results indicated that daily work stress is directly related to alcohol craving, and daily craving is directly related to alcohol consump/on. Alcohol outcome expectancies moderated the rela/onships between daily stress and daily consump/on. Coping drinking mo/ves and perceived coworker drinking norms were important when considering the intercept, or star/ng point, of the rela/onship.

22 Conclusion Daily stress, individual risk factors, and organiza/onal risk factors are important to consider when measuring the rela/onship between daily stress and alcohol outcomes. Results suggest that individual and organiza/onal risk factors are both important pieces for interven/ons designed to address alcohol consump/on, but that other temporal and contextual variables should be considered as well.

23 Questions?

24 References Armeli, S., Carney, M. A., Tennen, H., Affleck, G., & O'Neil, T. (2000). Stress and alcohol use: A daily process examina/on of the stressor vulnerability model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(5), 979. Armeli, S., Dehart, T., Tennen, H., Todd, M., & Affleck, G. (2007). Daily interpersonal stress and the stressor-vulnerability model of alcohol use. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(8), Bacharach, S. B., Bamberger, P. A., & Sonnenstuhl, W. J. (2002). Driven to drink: Managerial control, work-related risk factors, and employee problem drinking. Academy of Management Journal, 45(4), Bohn, M. J., Krahn, D. D., & Staehler, B. A. (1995). Development and ini/al valida/on of a measure of drinking urges in abs/nent alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19(3), Brown, S. A., Goldman, M. S., Inn, A., & Anderson, L. R. (1980). Expecta/ons of reinforcement from alcohol: Their domain and rela/on to drinking parerns. Journal of ConsulJng and Clinical Psychology, 48(4), 419.

25 References Cooper, M. L. (1994). Mo/va/ons for alcohol use among adolescents: Development and valida/on of a four-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 6(2), 117. Cooper, M. L., Russell, M., & Frone, M. R. (1990). Work stress and alcohol effects: A test of stress-induced drinking. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Cooper, M. L., Russell, M., & George, W. H. (1988). Coping, expectancies, and alcohol abuse: a test of social learning formula/ons. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(2), 218. Cooper, M. L., Russell, M., Skinner, J. B., Frone, M. R., & Mudar, P. (1992). Stress and alcohol use: Modera/ng effects of gender, coping, and alcohol expectancies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(1), 139. Cox, W. M., & Klinger, E. (1988). A mo/va/onal model of alcohol use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(2), 168. Dollard, M. F., Dormann, C., Boyd, C. M., Winefield, H. R., & Winefield, A. H. (2003). Unique aspects of stress in human service work. Australian Psychologist, 38(2),

26 References Frone, M. R. (1999). Work stress and alcohol use. Alcohol Research and Health, 23(4), Frone, M. R. (2008). Are work stressors related to employee substance use? The importance of temporal context assessments of alcohol and illicit drug use. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 199. Ganzach, Y. (1998). Nonlinearity, mul/collinearity and the probability of type II error in detec/ng interac/on. Journal of Management, 24(5), Garson, G. D. (2013). Introductory guide to HLM with HLM 7 soaware. Hierarchical linear modeling: Guide and applicajons, Na/onal Ins/tute of Occupa/onal Safety and Health [NIOSH] (2012). Services: Occupa/onal safety and health risks. Retrieved from hrp:// Ohly, S., Sonnentag, S., Niessen, C., & Zapf, D. (2010). Diary studies in organiza/onal research. Journal of Personnel Psychology.

27 References Park, C. L., Armeli, S., & Tennen, H. (2004). The daily stress and coping process and alcohol use among college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 65(1), 126. Pizam, A. (2010). Alcoholism among hospitality employees. InternaJonal Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), Rohsenow, D. J. (1983). Drinking habits and expectancies about alcohol's effects for self versus others. Journal of ConsulJng and Clinical Psychology,51(5), 752. Spector, P. E., & Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, Organiza/onal Constraints Scale, Quan/ta/ve Workload Inventory, and Physical Symptoms Inventory. Journal of OccupaJonal Health Psychology, 3(4), 356.