The Misuse of Opiate Substitution Therapy: an Obstacle for the Diffusion of Best Practice in Italy Lisbon, 23 September 2015
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1 + Felice Nava, MD, PhD Director Penitentiary Medicine Padua, Italy Vice-President Italian Society of Addiction Medicine The Misuse of Opiate Substitution Therapy: an Obstacle for the Diffusion of Best Practice in Italy Lisbon, 23 September 2015
2 Italian Detainees -25% (13.488) drug users (only 10% in probation) -17% (9.495) drug addicts -10% (1.331) alcoholics % HCV HBV 15.4% - 3.9% HIV - irregular infective screening ( %) -Overcrowing (reduced by 30% in the last year) -Closing Criminal Psychiatric Hospital Source: Ministry of Justice, 2014 Report to Parliament, 2015
3 The Dark Side of the Moon for the Italian Treatments of Prison Drug Users 550 Drug Abuse Units (Ser.D) 203 Prison Drug Abuse Units No data on efficacy of agonist therapy in prison No official guidelines for treatment for detainees drug users (e.g. for OST) No official guidelines for harm reduction measures in prisons
4 The Pride Project: Italian Data % adherent to WHO guidelines Opioid Substitution Therapy - Induction at entry (RC) + induction during prison stay + continuity of OST at entry - No ceiling dosage - No BHD crushing or dilution Needles exchange Measures for safer sex and drug use 14.3 (n = 5) 34.3 ( n = 12) 85.7 (n = 30) 48.6 (n =17) NA NA 35/203 prisons (17.24%) 32 Remand Prisons 3 Sentece Prisons 2 Juvenile Prison /62.53 detainees (22.75%)
5 The Pride Project in Italy: Results Gap between Italian and WHO Guidelines on Harm Reduction Measures in Prisons
6 Focus on Agonist Therapy in Prison: Few Diagnosed Heroin Addicts and OSTs Diversion: 53% ( n = 112) The terms misuse and abuse refer to the use of drugs either alone or in combinaion with others, to attain euphoria or get high, and also refer to instances of drugs in a dangerous manner (e.g. by i.v. administration) The term diversion refers to the act of redirecting a drug from legitimate sources to illegitamate or illegal ones FeDerSerD data, 2014
7 Focus on Therapy Agonist in Prison: Low Doses and Too Brief Treatments FeDerSerD data, 2014
8 (Mis)use of BDZs in Italian Prison Population Data from 35 Italian Prisons (14,229 detainees) 57% of detainees misuse BDZs (in high doses and for long term period) 85% of detainees with addiction and/or psychiatric problems misuse BDZs FeDerSerD Data, 2014
9 Most BDZs mis(use) in Italian Prisons BDZ % of Use Lormetazepam 45% Clonazepam 23% Lorazepam 18% Alprazolam 7% Other BDZs 7% FeDerSerD Data, 2014
10 The Economic Cost of Society for the Bad Use of Agonist Therapy in Prison Cost of methadone treatment for 1 year Cost of imprisoment for 1 year $4,700 1,056 $24,000 72,000
11 Conclusion Improve the quality (increase of the dose and of the length of the treatments) and the number of agonist treatments in prison Potentiate the measures of harm reductions: Change the Laws on Drugs (e.g. decriminalizing cannabis use and increasing the funds on harm reduction measures) Introduce the evidence based medicine in prisons as instrument to reduce misuse and diversion of OST
12 References Agreement Sate Regions, HIV Infection in Prison, Rome, 15 March 2012 Italian Law on Drugs, DPR 309/90 and further modifications DPA, Measures and Concrete Actions for the Prevention of Drug Related Diseases, Department of Antidrug Policies, Rome, June 2009 DPA, Lines of actions on Addiction and Prisons, Department of Antidrug Policies, Rome, November 2011; DPA, Report to Parliament on Drug Use, Department of Antidrug Policies. Sagnelli E, Starnini G., Sagnelli C., Monarca R., Zumbo G., Pontali E., Gabbutti A., Carbonara S., Iardino R., Armagnacco O., Babudieri S., SIMPSE Group, Blood borne viral infection, sexually transmitted diseases and latent tubercolosis in Italian prisons: a preliminary report of a large multicentric study, Eur. Rev., Med. Pharmacol. Sci., 16: WHO, Effectiveness of interventions to address HIV in prisons. Evidence for action technical paper, Geneva, WHO-UNODC-UNAIDS. UNODC, HIV prevention, treatment and care in prisons and other closed setting: a comprensive package of intervention, Vienna.
13 Felice Nava, MD, PhD Director Penitentiaty Medicine Local Health Unit Padua Italy Tel Fax Vice President FeDerSerD (Italian Society of Addiction Medicine) nava.it
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