Ontario Injury Prevention Resource Centre.

Transcription

1 A presentation of Ontario Injury Prevention Resource Centre Supporting practitioners to reduce injury in Ontario

2 Fundamentals for Injury Prevention Practitioners Module 2 Common Types of Injuries and their Risk Factors

3 Common Causes of Injury Identified by looking at: emergency department (ED) visits hospitalizations fatalities

4 Common Causes of Injury These include: Unintentional Injuries Falls Motor vehicle crashes Pedestrian incidents Sport & recreation Suffocation/breathing incidents Poisoning Off-road vehicles Intentional Injuries Violence Self-harm and suicide *based on Ontario data

5 Identifying Risk Factors Research sheds light on risk factors for each type of injury. Risk factors help identify high risk groups and individuals, so resources can be directed appropriately.

6 Age as a Risk Factor Age is an important consideration for discussing risk factors. Individual, social and environmental changes occur as we age, affecting exposure to risk. Some practitioners work according to life stage rather than cause of injury (e.g. child injury prevention vs. road safety)

7 Falls

8 Falls Each age group has unique risk factors: Children Teens Adults Older Adults

9 Falls in Children Risk Factor Natural Curiosity Description Natural curiosity about the environment. Inexperience assessing risks. Young Age Greater risk for younger children aged 0-6. Low Socioeconomic Status (SES) Greater risk for children coming from a lower SES. Play Equipment Risk impacted by level of maintenance, height, surfaces, and level of active supervision. Home Environment Risk impacted by furniture placed near windows, the appropriate use of stair and window guards, and level of active supervision. Sex Greater risk for boys than girls.

10 Falls in Teens Risk Factor Description Increase in Risk Taking Behaviour Teens show an increase in risk-taking behaviour. Substance Use Teens may begin using alcohol or other drugs. Work Conditions Beginning of working years. Workplace risks include tripping hazards and heights. Sport and Recreation Participation in sports and recreational activities, particularly involving skates, skis, rollerblades, etc.

11 Falls in Adults Risk Factor Description Risk Taking Behaviour Varying levels of risk-taking behaviour among adults. Substance Use Alcohol and other drug use can contribute to fall risk. Unsafe Work Conditions Work conditions include using heavy or tall equipment. Environmental Hazards Outdoor hazards include ice, snow, and poorly maintained public spaces. Indoor hazards include clutter and stairs.

12 Falls in Older Adults High prevalence of falls in this age group (65 & over). High risk of injury after a fall in frail older adults. Risk factors and prevention strategies have been extensively researched. Four categories of risk factors: Biological Behavioural Social/economic Environmental

13 Falls in Older Adults Biological Mobility (balance, gait, weakness) Chronic disease (diabetes, arthritis) Visual impairment Acute illness Behavioural History of falling Fear of falling Taking multiple medications Lack of exercise Poor nutrition Social/Economic Living alone Lack of social support Lack of appropriate transportation Environmental Building maintenance Home hazards (loose rugs, pets) Uneven surfaces

14 Motor Vehicle Crashes

15 Motor Vehicle Crashes Risk factors can be grouped in 4 categories

16 Motor Vehicle Crashes 1 Factors influencing exposure

17 Motor Vehicle Crashes 2 Factors influencing involvement in a crash

18 Motor Vehicle Crashes 3 Factors influencing crash severity

19 Motor Vehicle Crashes 4 Factors influencing post-crash injury severity

20 Motor Vehicle Crashes Factors influencing exposure involvement in a crash crash severity post-crash injury severity

21 Exposure Factors influencing exposure to on-road risk: Risk Factor Description Age Younger drivers are at higher risk. Motorization More cars on the road correlate to more injuries. Urban Planning Mixture of heavy traffic in highly populated areas. Lack of space for pedestrians and cyclists.

22 Involvement Factors influencing involvement in a road crash: Risk Factor Description Speed Driving at high speeds increases risk. Driver Impairment Impaired driving includes alcohol, drug use, and fatigue. Distraction Driver inattention. Weather Conditions Poor weather contributes to increased likelihood of a crash.

23 Crash severity Factors influencing road crash severity: Risk Factor In-car Protection Description Availability and appropriate use of air bags, seatbelts and child restraints. Excessive Speed Higher speeds correlate to more severe incidents. Roadside Objects The presence or absence of roadside objects (e.g. trees, poles, signs).

24 Post-crash injury severity Factors influencing post-crash injury severity and recovery (injury outcome): Risk Factor Emergency Response Time Description Time and quality of response (e.g. access to EMS, pre-hospital care, access to trauma care). Vehicle factors Design of the vehicle (e.g. type and size)

25 Pedestrian Injuries

26 Pedestrian Injuries Risk Factor Description Alcohol Use Alcohol use by either pedestrian or driver. High Speeds Driving at high speeds increases the chance of pedestrian injuries. Urban Areas Traffic-heavy urban areas increase risk. Age - Children Children are at higher risk. Age - Older Adults Older adults are at higher risk.

27 Sports & Recreation

28 Sports & Recreation Risk factors for sport and recreation injuries are usually described as intrinsic or extrinsic

29 Sports & Recreation intrinsic factors relate to the individual extrinsic factors relate to the environment

30 Sports & Recreation Intrinsic Risk Factor Description Previous Injury Those with previous injuries are more likely to be re-injured. Physical Growth Characteristics Physiological factors related to growth (e.g. muscle and bone development processes). Fitness Level Level of fitness (cardiovascular, muscular, balance) and type of activity.

31 Sports & Recreation Extrinsic Risk Factor Protective Equipment Description Proper use of protective equipment, including its condition and compliance with safety regulations. Rules The rules of a game or activity can impact risk. Culture The culture of a game or activity can impact risk. Coaching Impact through the culture of the team, direction of practice and play, and tolerance to injury.

32 Suffocation & Breathing Incidents

33 Suffocation & Breathing Incidents Risk Factor Description Age Young children and adults over 65 are at higher risk. Children: Characteristics include loose blanketing, pillows and unsafe sleep positions. Sleep Environment Older adults in hospitals or nursing home may be exposed to risk of entrapment in bedrails.

34 Poisoning

35 Poisoning Risk Factor Description Age Children are at higher risk, mainly due to curiosity and inexperience with harmful substances. Environment Factors include storage of medication and other harmful household substances.

36 Off-Road Vehicles

37 Off-Road Vehicles Off-road vehicles include ATVs, boats and aircrafts. Most ED visits and hospital admissions for off-road incidents are due to ATV use. Risk factors for ATV-related injuries: Risk Factors Description Sex Males are more likely to experience an injury than females. Age Children under age 16 experience a high risk. ATV Use on Roadways The majority of ATV injuries occur on roadways, and involve collision with another vehicle.

38 Suicide and Self-Harm

39 Suicide and Self-Harm Research has allowed us to gain a better understanding of this issue. This research is correlational; no one factor or combination of factors causes this behaviour. There are important distinctions between suicide and selfharm. For more information: OIPRC s Ontario Regional Injury Data Report (linked below the module). The risk factors included here pertain to suicide.

40 Suicide Risk Factor Mental Illness Description Presence of a mental illness, particularly mood disorders. Previous Suicide Attempt Having made a previous suicide attempt is a strong risk factor. Substance Abuse Using alcohol and other drugs increases risk. Hopelessness Experiencing a feeling of hopelessness increases risk. Access to Lethal Means Lethal means include firearms, medications, and structures (buildings, railways, bridges).

41 Violence

42 Violence Cannot be attributed to one risk factor or particular combination of factors. Ecological model of factors leading to violence (World Health Organization).

43 Ecological Model of Violence Risk Factors Individual

44 Ecological Model of Violence Risk Factors Relationship Individual

45 Ecological Model of Violence Risk Factors Community Relationship Individual

46 Ecological Model of Violence Risk Factors Societal Community Relationship Individual Source: WHO, 2002.

47 Societal Community Relationship Individual

48 Societal Community Relationship Individual witnessing violence use of alcohol or drugs presence of mental illness age gender

49 Societal Community Individual Relationship alcohol / drug use friends that engage in violence

50 Societal Relationship Individual Community housing unemployment availability of drugs / alcohol

51 Community Relationship Individual Societal social norms availability of weapons

52 Violence Risk factors for violence are complex. For more information: WHO s World Report on Violence and Health (linked below the module).

53 The Ontario Injury Prevention Resource Centre is supported by Public Health Ontario, the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care and the Province of Ontario. The views expressed in this publication are the views of the OIPRC and do not necessarily reflect the views of Public Health Ontario, the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care or the Province of Ontario. Music by audionautix.com Some graphic elements from flaticon.com