THE OCCURRENCE OF various abnormalities in brain
|
|
- Clifton Wade
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 X/06/$15.00/0 The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 91(9): Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 2006 by The Endocrine Society doi: /jc Psychological Well-Being Correlates with Free Thyroxine But Not Free 3,5,3 -Triiodothyronine Levels in Patients on Thyroid Hormone Replacement Ponnusamy Saravanan, Theo J. Visser, and Colin M. Dayan Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (P.S., C.M.D.), University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom; and Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Context and Objective: An association between mood disorders and overt thyroid dysfunction is well established, but there are few data on the potential for thyroid hormone levels closer to the reference range to correlate with psychological well-being. Design, Setting, and Patients: We analyzed the relationship between psychological well-being and free T 4 (ft4), free T 3 (ft3), TSH, and total rt 3 in 697 patients on thyroid hormone replacement therapy at entry to a randomized, controlled trial of combined T 4 and T 3 replacement therapy. were on 100 g or more T 4. Interventions and Main Outcome Measures: Psychological wellbeing was assessed with General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), Thyroid Symptom Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. First Published Online June 27, 2006 Abbreviations: b, Coefficient beta; ft3, free T 3 ; ft4, free T 4 ; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; NR, normal range; OR, odds ratio; TPO, thyroid peroxidase; TSQ, Thyroid Symptom Questionnaire; WATTS, Weston Area T 3 /T 4 Study. JCEM is published monthly by The Endocrine Society ( endo-society.org), the foremost professional society serving the endocrine community Results: ft 4 and TSH showed a strong correlation with GHQ-12 scores (ft4 b: 0.16, P 0.005; TSH b: 0.663, P 0.04). No correlations were seen between the GHQ scores and ft3 (b: 0.318, P 0.275), rt 3 (b: 0.095, P 0.95), rt 3 to ft4 ratio (b: 71.83, P 0.09) or ft3 to rt 3 ratio (b: 0.05, P 0.32). The correlations remained when the data set was limited to patients with TSH in the range miu/liter. Similar correlations were seen with the Thyroid Symptom Questionnaire, although not with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores. Conclusions: Differences in ft4 and TSH concentration, even within the reference range, may be a determinant of psychological well-being in treated hypothyroid patients although not necessarily with symptoms typical of anxiety or depression. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: , 2006) THE OCCURRENCE OF various abnormalities in brain function including cognitive and memory impairment in patients with overt hypothyroidism is now well established. Reduced levels of thyroid hormone appear to slow serotonergic neurotransmission in the brain (1), an effect associated with low mood. In addition, thyroid hormones are widely used to augment antidepressant treatment (2), although the trial evidence underlying this is controversial (3). Evidence for lesser variation in thyroid hormone levels affecting mood and psychological well-being remains more controversial. Some cross-sectional studies suggested that subclinical thyroid dysfunction is associated with depression, cognitive impairment, and memory loss (reviewed in Ref. 4), and Carr et al. (5) reported that patients receiving thyroid hormone replacement appeared more content on higher doses of T 4. The large HUNT (Nørd-Trondelag Health Study) community-based study failed to find an association, but the correlations were made with categories of TSH level rather than using T 4 and TSH, as continuous variables. Interestingly, in the subgroup of patients on T 4, a link with depression was reported (6). Recently several studies of thyroid hormone replacement therapy reported that the combination of T 4 and T 3 is not superior to T 4 alone (7, 8). However, where thyroid hormone levels were raised, psychological well-being appeared to have improved (9). In view of the large body of circumstantial evidence linking thyroid hormone levels and mood and the relative stability of endogenous thyroid hormone levels within a given individual over time (10, 11), we hypothesized that variation in thyroid hormone levels, even within the laboratory reference range, might represent an independent risk factor for low mood and depression. To test this hypothesis, we examined the relationship between thyroid hormone parameters and psychological well-being across a large cohort of patients treated with T 4 who were about to take part in a randomized, controlled trial of different forms of thyroid hormone treatment (12). Subjects and Methods Baseline data were obtained from subjects recruited to a randomized, controlled trial studying the effects of combined T 3 /T 4 therapy vs. T 4 alone for treating hypothyroidism [Weston Area T 3 /T 4 Study (WATTS)] (12). The study was approved by the local research ethics committee. All patients provided written, informed consent. Data from 697 patients in WATTS were available for analysis. Entry criteria for the WATTS have previously been published (12) and included age between 18 and 75 yr and T 4 replacement at a dose of 100 g/d or more, unchanged for a minimum of 3 months and with a TSH level reported to be in the laboratory reference range in the preceding 15 months. At study entry to WATTS, blood was drawn (untimed in relation to dose) and stored for measurement of thyroid hormones at the end of the study: serum TSH [normal range (NR) miu/ml], free
2 3390 J Clin Endocrinol Metab, September 2006, 91(9): Saravanan et al. Correlation of Thyroid Hormones and Well-Being T 4 (ft4) [NR ng/dl ( pmol/liter)], and anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies (positive if titer is 100) were measured by RIA (Diagnostic Product Corp., Los Angeles, CA). Serum free T 3 (ft3) [NR ng/dl ( pmol/liter)] was measured by chemiluminescence assay (Elecsys system 1010; Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Serum rt 3 was measured by an in-house RIA [NR 9 22 ng/dl ( nmol/liter)] (13). All the samples were analyzed as a single batch at the end of the study. Serum from 637 patients was available for the rt 3 assays. Psychological assessment Patients well-being was assessed at study entry by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)-12, which is a well-validated tool in predicting psychiatric morbidity when compared with complex psychometric tests and detailed psychiatric interview (14). The GHQ-12 has four responses for each question: better than usual, same as usual, less than usual, and much less than usual. In addition to the GHQ- 12, all subjects completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (15) and an unvalidated questionnaire, the Thyroid Symptom Questionnaire (TSQ) based on symptoms frequently reported by patients on thyroid hormone (16). The TSQ responses were developed in a similar way to the GHQ-12. The GHQ-12 and TSQ were scored by both the Likert method [0 3 per question, maximum score 36 (most dissatisfied), linear method] and the GHQ scoring method [0, 0, 1, 1, maximum score 12 (most dissatisfied), categorical method]. A score of 3 or greater by the GHQ scoring method is taken to indicate caseness, as when the GHQ was compared with complex psychiatric interview; such scores have been found to be strongly predictive of a psychiatric diagnosis being confirmed at interview (14). The HADS questionnaire was also scored by both the linear and categorical scoring method (15). Statistical analyses All the analyses were conducted in Stata version 8.0 (17). The relationships between psychological questionnaire scores and serum thyroid hormone measurements were ascertained using linear and logistic regression analyses for continuous and binary versions of the questionnaires, respectively. Multiple regression analysis was used when adjusting for age, sex, and anti-tpo antibody positivity. The results of the linear regression analyses were reported as correlation coefficient beta (b) and results of logistic regression analyses as odds ratio (OR). All correlations were reported with the whole data set and again with the restricted data set of subjects with TSH levels in the range of miu/liter at the time of psychological testing (n 473). 2 test and ANOVA were used to ascertain the relationship between ft4 levels (high and normal) and the binary and continuous versions of the questionnaires, respectively. Results The mean age of the patients was 57.3 yr. Eighty-four percent of patients were women (n 586). The original causes of hypothyroidism were autoimmune hypothyroidism (73.45%), Graves disease (17.07%), toxic multinodular goiter (2.58%), and nontoxic goiter (6.89%). The current diagnoses were autoimmune hypothyroidism (73.45%), postradioactive iodine (9.33%), postthyroidectomy (15.78%), and postthyroidectomy postradioactive iodine (1.44%). Forty-four percent of the patients (n 307) had a strongly positive titer for anti-tpo antibodies (titer 100). Baseline thyroid function at the time of initial psychological testing in all subjects is shown in Table 1, and the distribution of TSH, ft4, ft3, and rt 3 values is shown in Fig. 1. Nearly 43% of patients scored 3 or more on the GHQ-12 categorical score, demonstrating increased psychiatric morbidity. This is approximately 18% higher than reported in the general population (18) and 10% higher than seen in our crosssectional study (16) and may reflect selection bias in subjects volunteering for an intervention trial. Ten of the subjects (1.4%) had undetectable levels of TSH ( 0.01 miu/liter) and 171 (24.5%) had TSH levels less than 0.3 miu/liter. Fifty-three (7.6%) of the subjects had TSH levels more than 4.0 miu/liter; the highest TSH level was 12.9 miu/liter. Although all subjects had a TSH level within their local laboratory reference range in the 15 months before recruitment, when remeasured at study entry, 32% of subjects had TSH levels outside the range miu/liter in the study laboratory. A more sensitive TSH assay and a narrower reference range used for the study might be a contributing factor. Baseline ft4 showed a strong negative correlation to the GHQ-12 scores (correlation coefficient b: 0.155, P 0.005). The relationship persisted even after correcting for age, sex, and anti-tpo antibody positivity (b: 0.14, P 0.015) and was also present in the subset of patients with TSH between 0.3 and 4.0 miu/liter (b: 0.159, P 0.038, n 473). The same correlations were observed when the GHQ was scored as a categorical parameter (GHQ scoring) (Table 2). The relationship was in the expected direction (higher ft4 associated with lower GHQ scores implying improved well-being), and the slope indicated an improvement of 1 GHQ point for a 0.51 ng/dl (6.5 pmol/ liter) rise in ft4. A positive correlation was seen with log TSH and GHQ [b: 0.66, P 0.04; no change after controlling for age, sex, and anti-tpo antibody positivity (b: 0.68, P 0.04)]. This correlation was preserved in the subset of patients with TSH in the range miu/liter (b: 2.3, P 0.006). In contrast, no correlation was seen among ft3, rt 3,rT 3 to T 4 and T 3 to rt 3 ratios, and anti-tpo positivity and GHQ scores in either the full data set or the subset. A significant relationship was seen with ft3/ft4 ratio, but this was due to the contribution of ft4 and not an independent effect (Table 2). Similar results were observed with the TSQ. ft4 showed significant correlation with both the linear (correlation coefficient b: 0.11, P 0.03) and categorical scores of TSQ, and this persisted in the TSH miu/liter subset (Table 3). Whereas no correlation was seen between linear TSQ and log TSH (b: 0.09, P 0.41), a relationship was seen between the categorical TSQ and log TSH (OR 1.4, P 0.007) but was lost in the miu/liter subset. Similar to GHQ, no other correlation was seen between TSQ and any other thyroid hormone parameters. No correlation was seen among any of the TABLE 1. Baseline thyroid function tests Variable Mean SD Range NR Age (yr) (n 697) n/a TSH (miu/liter) (n 697) (geometric mean/median) 0.86 (0.948) ft4 (ng/dl) (n 697) ft3 (ng/dl) (n 697) rt 3 (ng/dl) (n 637) For SI units, multiply by for T 4, for T 3, and for rt 3.
3 Saravanan et al. Correlation of Thyroid Hormones and Well-Being J Clin Endocrinol Metab, September 2006, 91(9): thyroid hormone parameters and the anxiety and depression scales of the HADS (data not shown) with the exception of log TSH and HADS depression as a continuous variable (b: 0.562, P 0.004). However, this relationship was not seen when HADS depression score was used as a categorical variable (OR 1.2, P 0.54). Further post hoc analyses of the subgroup of patients with a TABLE 2. Correlations between GHQ scores and thyroid functions Variable FIG. 1. Histograms of log TSH (A), ft4 (B), ft3 (C), and total rt 3 (D). (n 697) GHQ linear scores b(p value) ft4 level above the reference range did not show any correlation between psychological well-being and the ft4 levels in this group using the regression model (GHQ Likert vs. ft 4 :b,0.08, P 0.70; GHQ Likert vs. log TSH: b, 0.08, P 0.90; TSQ Likert vs. ft 4 :b,0.21,p 0.26; TSQ Likert vs. log TSH: b, 0.99, P 0.08; data with categorical scores were not shown). However, the mean GHQ scores are significantly lower (improved well- (n 473) (n 693) GHQ categorical scores OR (P value) (n 470) ft (0.005) a (0.038) a 0.95 (0.014) a 0.94 (0.037) a ft (0.28) (0.86) 1.06 (0.58) 1.03 (0.82) ft3/ft (0.003) a 9.09 (0.098) 58.7 (0.016) a (0.10) Log TSH (0.038) a 2.3 (0.006) a 1.31 (0.027) a 2.47 (0.005) a rt (0.95) 0.89 (0.69) (0.17) (0.09) rt 3 to ft4 ratio (0.09) (0.12) 0.69 (0.98) 14.0 (0.81) ft3 to rt 3 ratio 0.05 (0.32) 0.01 (0.84) 1.03 (0.07) 1.03 (0.28) Anti-TPO (titer 100) (0.32) (0.21) 1.0 (0.37) 1.0 (0.41) Regression coefficient (beta-linear scores) and ORs (categorical scores) for the relationship between GHQ scores and thyroid function parameters. a Significant values (P 0.05).
4 3392 J Clin Endocrinol Metab, September 2006, 91(9): Saravanan et al. Correlation of Thyroid Hormones and Well-Being TABLE 3. Correlations between TSQ scores and thyroid functions Variable (n 696) TSQ linear scores b(p value) being) in this group as a whole, compared with the subgroup of patients with levels of thyroid hormones in the reference range (high ft4 vs. normal ft4: vs , P 0.007). By the categorical scoring method, the percentage of caseness was also less in patients with high ft4 levels (35.1 vs. 45.3%, P 0.03). Similar results were seen in TSQ scores (linear TSQ scores: high ft4 vs. normal ft4: vs , P 0.04; percent caseness: high ft4 vs. normal ft4: 56.1 vs. 66.0%, P 0.03) Similar post hoc analysis of patients according to anti-tpo antibody status did not show any significant difference in GHQ between anti-tpo-positive and negative patients (anti-tpo positive vs. anti-tpo negative: vs , P 0.147). Similar results were obtained when antibody status was used as an interaction factor in the regression model. (n 472) (n 691) TSQ categorical scores OR (P value) (n 469) ft (0.03) a (0.007) a 0.95 (0.028) a 0.94 (0.058) ft (0.098) 0.21 (0.52) 0.88 (0.27) 0.92 (0.58) ft3/ft (0.003) a (0.02) a 4.86 (0.37) 5.75 (0.42) Log TSH 0.23 (0.44) 1.49 (0.04) a 1.4 (0.007) a 1.8 (0.07) rt (0.52) 1.26 (0.53) 0.92 (0.90) 1.74 (0.53) rt 3 to ft4 ratio (0.04) a (0.049) a 4.31 (0.24) 8.79e 13 (0.12) ft3 to rt 3 ratio 0.02 (0.69) 0.02 (0.72) 0.99 (0.50) 0.97 (0.22) Anti-TPO (titer 100) (0.19) (0.21) 1.0 (0.06) 1.0 (0.17) Regression coefficient (beta-linear scores) and ORs (categorical scores) for the relationship between TSQ scores and thyroid function parameters. a Significant values (P 0.05). Discussion This is the first large data set to explore the relationship between ft4, ft3, and rt 3 and psychological well-being in subjects on thyroid hormone replacement. Improved psychological well-being was found to correlate with higher ft4 levels. The significance of the observation is supported by the finding of a relationship between psychological well-being and TSH with the opposite slope (higher TSH with reduced well-being as might be expected). A similar relationship with ft4 was found with an unvalidated score of symptoms that relates more directly to thyroid status (TSQ) making an artifactual association due to multiple testing less likely, although still possible. These relationships also persisted in the subset of patients with TSH values in the reference range ( miu/liter). Interestingly, no clear association was seen with the HADS scale, which may suggest that the thyroid function influences parameters of psychological well-being not typical of anxiety or depression. The GHQ-12 refers more generally to psychological well-being comparing current status with how patients would usually expect to feel (14). A previous Norwegian study (the HUNT study) also showed no relationship between thyroid function and HADS ratings except in individuals who are already on T 4 replacement (6). It should be noted, however, that the subjects in the HUNT study were grouped according to TSH, and T 4 was measured only when the TSH was outside of the range miu/liter. TSH is often considered the most sensitive measure of thyroid function. However, it appears that the relationship between well-being and ft4 was as much if not more pronounced as with TSH (Table 2), especially when studied across the whole cohort. TSH levels reflect hypothalamopituitary sensing of circulating thyroid hormone levels, which may be different from thyroid hormone status in other tissues and the importance of ft4 measurement in addition to or distinct from serum TSH estimation to assess thyroid status has been emphasized in recent studies of pregnancy. Maternal hypothyroxinemia in the first trimester and not raised TSH was associated with impaired psychomotor development in offspring (19, 20), and a recent study from the northeast of England showed that ft4 but not TSH at 9 wk of pregnancy is directly proportional to the birth weight of the offspring (Vaidya B., personal communication). An association between ft4 but not TSH at booking visit (mean gestation wk) and fetal birth length and head circumference has also been reported (21). Very recently Wekking et al. (22) failed to find a correlation between TSH and either cognitive function or psychological well-being in patients on T 4, but this data set was relatively small (n 141). TSH was only correlated as greater than or less than 2.0 miu/liter (not as a continuous variable), and the relationship with ft4 was not reported. It should be noted that thyroid function testing was not timed with T 4 dosing in our study. Although this is a limitation, if anything, this would be expected to reduce rather than augment the significance of any correlations with thyroid function. The failure to find a relationship between serum ft3 and GHQ/TSQ scores is also of interest. Many thyroidologists consider the T 3 assay to be less technically reliable and less reflective of thyroid status, particularly in the hypothyroid range (23). Although T 3 is the active hormone, free concentrations of T 4 are five times higher, and many tissues obtain 30% or more of their intracellular T 3 directly from circulating T 4 (24). Hence, circulating T 3 levels may not be directly reflective of intracellular levels. We measured serum rt 3 levels as a possible measure of intracellular deiodinase activity (24, 25). The failure of rt 3 levels or ratios with thyroid hormones to correlate with psychological well-being might relate to serum levels being more indicative of hepatic type 1 (D1) and 2 (D2) iodothyronine deiodinase activity, whereas intracellular levels are strongly influenced by local levels of membrane-bound deiodinases including type 2 and 3 (D3) iodothyronine deiodinase (24, 26). Our findings provide some support for the view that serum ft4 levels as well as TSH levels should be taken into account
5 Saravanan et al. Correlation of Thyroid Hormones and Well-Being J Clin Endocrinol Metab, September 2006, 91(9): when adjusting dosages and that TSH may not be a perfect indicator of the adequacy of replacement, particularly with regard to psychological well-being (27). In support of this, data from Carr et al. (5) as well as recent data from Appelhof et al. (9) suggest that patients prefer dosages of thyroid hormone that result in suppression of TSH. In addition, it is possible that the increased levels of psychological morbidity reported in patients on doses of T 4 adjusted to normal TSH values might also relate to this (16). However, this is a complex area because there is increasing evidence that suppressive doses of T 4 can be associated with adverse effects on both bone metabolism and the heart (reviewed in Ref. 25), and the current recommendation remains to titrate T 4 dosages to TSH levels in the reference range where possible (23, 28). Our data relate only to patients on thyroid hormone replacement. Additional adequately powered independent studies with appropriate questionnaires and large populations of patients on T 4 (and preferably not just patients selected to take part in an intervention trial) are required to confirm our findings. It is possible that in the general population without thyroid dysfunction, variation in thyroid hormone levels across the reference range is also a determinant of psychological well-being. Such a consequence of interindividual variation in normal levels of a hormone would be similar to the relationship observed between IGF-I levels and the risk of cancer across the reference range for IGF-I (29). Large population-based studies of thyroid function parameters including ft4 and psychological wellbeing will be required to explore this. Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. B. Vaidya for the use of his unpublished data. Received February 22, Accepted June 19, Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. Colin M. Dayan, Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom. colin.dayan@bris.ac.uk. This work was supported by Southwest National Health Service Research and Development, United Kingdom, and Goldshield Pharmaceuticals PLC, United Kingdom. References 1. Bauer M, Heinz A, Whybrow PC 2002 Thyroid hormones, serotonin and mood: of synergy and significance in the adult brain. Mol Psychiatry 7: Altshuler LL, Bauer M, Frye MA, Gitlin MJ, Mintz J, Szuba MP, Leight KL, Whybrow PC 2001 Does thyroid supplementation accelerate tricyclic antidepressant response? A review and meta-analysis of the literature. Am J Psychiatry 158: Appelhof BC, Brouwer JP, van Dyck R, Fliers E, Hoogendijk WJG, Huyser J, Schene AH, Tijssen JGP, Wiersinga WM 2004 Triiodothyronine addition to paroxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: McDermott MT, Ridgway EC 2001 Subclinical hypothyroidism is mild thyroid failure and should be treated. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: Carr D, McLeod DT, Parry G, Thornes HM 1988 Fine adjustment of thyroxine replacement dosage: comparison of the thyrotrophin releasing hormone test using a sensitive thyrotrophin assay with measurement of free thyroid hormones and clinical assessment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 28: Engum A, Bjoro T, Mykletun A, Dahl AA 2002 An association between depression, anxiety and thyroid function a clinical fact or an artefact? Acta Psychiatr Scand 106: Escobar-Morreale HF, Botella-Carretero JI, Escobar del Rey F, Morreale de Escobar G 2005 Review: treatment of hypothyroidism with combinations of levothyroxine plus liothyronine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Fraser A, Nahshoni E, Weizman A, Leibovici L 2006 Thyroxine-triiodothyronine combination therapy versus thyroxine monotherapy for clinical hypothyroidism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: Appelhof BC, Fliers E, Wekking EM, Schene AH, Huyser J, Tijssen JG, Endert E, van Weert HC, Wiersinga WM 2005 Combined therapy with levothyroxine and liothyronine in two ratios, compared with levothyroxine monotherapy in primary hypothyroidism: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: Andersen S, Pedersen KM, Bruun NH, Laurberg P 2002 Narrow individual variations in serum T(4) and T(3) in normal subjects: a clue to the understanding of subclinical thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: Dayan CM, Saravanan P, Bayly G 2002 Whose normal thyroid function is better yours or mine? Lancet 360: Saravanan P, Simmons DJ, Greenwood R, Peters TJ, Dayan CM 2005 Partial substitution of thyroxine (T4) with tri-iodothyronine in patients on T4 replacement therapy: results of a large community-based randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: van den Beld AW, Visser TJ, Feelders RA, Grobbee DE, Lamberts SWJ 2005 Thyroid hormone concentrations, disease, physical function, and mortality in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: Goldberg D, Williams P 1988 A user s guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor, UK: Nfer-Nelson 15. Bjelland I, Dahl AA, Haug TT, Neckelmann D 2002 The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review. J Psychosom Res 52: Saravanan P, Chau WF, Roberts N, Vedhara K, Greenwood R, Dayan CM 2002 Psychological well-being in patients on adequate doses of l-thyroxine: results of a large, controlled community-based questionnaire study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57: StatCorp 2003 Stata statistical software. release 8.0. College Station, TX: Stat- Corp. 18. Pevalin DJ 2000 Multiple applications of the GHQ-12 in a general population sample: an investigation of long-term retest effects. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 35: Pop VJ, Kuijpens JL, van Baar AL, Verkerk G, van Son MM, de Vijlder JJ, Vulsma T, Wiersinga WM, Drexhage HA, Vader HL 1999 Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 50: Morreale de Escobar G, Obregon MJ, Escobar del Rey F 2000 Is neuropsychological development related to maternal hypothyroidism or to maternal hypothyroxinemia? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: Hindmarsh P, Franklyn JA, Clark P, Geary M, Rodeck C, Kilby MD 2004 The relationship between maternal thyroid status in the antenatal period and newborn growth measurements: a cohort study. Endocrine Abstracts, p 133 ( 22. Wekking EM, Appelhof BC, Fliers E, Schene AH, Huyser J, Tijssen JG, Wiersinga WM 2005 Cognitive functioning and well-being in euthyroid patients on thyroxine replacement therapy for primary hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 153: Spencer CA, Demers LM 2002 Laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry laboratory medicine practice guidelines. thyroid_lmpg_pub.stm 24. Bianco AC, Salvatore D, Gereben B, Berry MJ, Larsen PR 2002 Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases. Endocr Rev 23: Saravanan P, Dayan CM October 2004 Understanding thyroid hormone action and the effects of thyroid hormone replacement just the beginning not the end Luiza Maia A, Kim BW, Huang SA, Harney JW, Larsen PR 2005 Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is the major source of plasma T 3 in euthyroid humans. J Clin Invest 115: Meier C, Trittibach P, Guglielmetti M, Staub JJ, Muller B 2003 Serum thyroid stimulating hormone in assessment of severity of tissue hypothyroidism in patients with overt primary thyroid failure: cross sectional survey. BMJ 326: Vanderpump MP, Ahlquist JA, Franklyn JA, Clayton RN 1996 Consensus statement for good practice and audit measures in the management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians of London, the Endocrinology and Diabetes Committee of the Royal College of Physicians of London, and the Society for Endocrinology. BMJ 313: Holly JM, Gunnell DJ, Davey Smith G 1999 Growth hormone, IGF-I and cancer. Less intervention to avoid cancer? More intervention to prevent cancer? J Endocrinol 162: JCEM is published monthly by The Endocrine Society ( the foremost professional society serving the endocrine community.
Up to 3% of the population in Western countries is on thyroid
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Endocrine Care Common Variation in the DIO2 Gene Predicts Baseline Psychological Well-Being and Response to Combination Thyroxine Plus Triiodothyronine Therapy in Hypothyroid Patients
More informationInvestigation of thyroid dysfunction is more likely in patients with high psychological morbidity
Family Practice 2012; 29:163 167 doi:10.1093/fampra/cmr059 Advance Access published on 2 September 2011 Ó The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please
More informationDo we need still more trials on T 4 and T 3 combination therapy in hypothyroidism?
European Journal of Endocrinology (2009) 161 955 959 ISSN 0804-4643 COMMENTARY Do we need still more trials on T 4 and T 3 combination therapy in hypothyroidism? Wilmar M Wiersinga Department of Endocrinology
More informationIs the Combination of Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine Better than T4 alone for Hypothyroidism? ESEO Alexandria 2017
Is the Combination of Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine Better than T4 alone for Hypothyroidism? ESEO Alexandria 2017 James V. Hennessey M. D. Associate Professor Harvard Medical School Case 53 year old woman
More informationDiscontinuation of Smoking Increases the Risk for Developing Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies and/or Thyroglobulin Antibodies: A Prospective Study
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Endocrine Care Brief Report Discontinuation of Smoking Increases the Risk for Developing Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies and/or Thyroglobulin Antibodies: A Prospective Study Grigoris Effraimidis,
More informationTHE USE OF L-T4 + L-T3 IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM. AN ETA GUIDELINE 2012
THE USE OF L-T4 + L-T3 IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM. AN ETA GUIDELINE 2012 Birte Nygaard, Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. International guidelines
More informationLevothyroxine Monotherapy Cannot Guarantee Euthyroidism in All Athyreotic Patients
Levothyroxine Monotherapy Cannot Guarantee Euthyroidism in All Athyreotic Patients Damiano Gullo*., Adele Latina., Francesco Frasca, Rosario Le Moli, Gabriella Pellegriti, Riccardo Vigneri Endocrine Unit,
More informationHOT THYROIDOLOGY (www.hotthyroidology.com), October, No 1, 2004
HOT THYROIDOLOGY (www.hotthyroidology.com), October, No 1, 2004 UNDERSTANDING THYROID HORMONE ACTION AND THE EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONE REPLACEMENT JUST THE BEGINNING NOT THE END. P Saravanan Henry Wellcome
More informationLothian Guidance for Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnancy
Lothian Guidance for Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnancy Early diagnosis and good management of maternal thyroid dysfunction are essential to ensure minimal adverse effects on
More informationEuropean Journal of Endocrinology (2009) ISSN
European Journal of Endocrinology (2009) 161 895 902 ISSN 0804-4643 CLINICAL STUDY Effect of combination therapy with thyroxine (T 4 ) and 3,5,3 0 -triiodothyronine versus T 4 monotherapy in patients with
More informationNone. Thyroid Potpourri for the Primary Care Physician. Evaluating Thyroid Function. Disclosures. Learning Objectives
Thyroid Potpourri for the Primary Care Physician Ramya Vedula DO, MPH, ECNU Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Princeton Medical Group Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson
More informationLecture title. Name Family name Country
Lecture title Name Family name Country Nguyen Thy Khue, MD, PhD Department of Endocrinology HCMC University of Medicine and Pharmacy, MEDIC Clinic Hochiminh City, Viet Nam Provided no information regarding
More informationLothian Guidance for Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnancy.
Lothian Guidance for Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnancy. Early diagnosis and good management of maternal thyroid dysfunction is essential to ensure minimal adverse effects on
More informationVaitsa Giannouli Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Nikolaos Syrmos Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
15 A 2-YEAR PRELIMINARY LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING IN HASHIMOTO S THYROIDITIS UNDER LEVOTHYROXINE TREATMENT: ONLY TRAIL MAKING TEST IS MAKING A DIFFERENCE Vaitsa Giannouli Bulgarian
More informationThyroid profile in geriatric population
Original article: Thyroid profile in geriatric population Dr. Abhijit Pratap, Dr. Mona A. Tilak, Dr. Pradnya Phalak Dept of Biochemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Pimpri, Pune 18 Corresponding
More informationResearch. Although thyrotropin (thyroidstimulated
Research www.ajog.org OBSTETRICS Free T4 immunoassays are flawed during pregnancy Richard H. Lee, MD; Carole A. Spencer, PhD; Jorge H. Mestman, MD; Erin A. Miller, BS; Ivana Petrovic, MS; Lewis E. Braverman,
More informationUnderactive Thyroid. Diagnosis, Treatment & Controversies
Underactive Thyroid Diagnosis, Treatment & Controversies Dr. Asif Malik Humayun Consultant Endocrinologist Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Thyroid Hormone Control of metabolism
More informationNEWBORN FEMALE WITH GOITER PAYAL PATEL, M.D. PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY FELLOW FEBRUARY 12, 2015
NEWBORN FEMALE WITH GOITER PAYAL PATEL, M.D. PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY FELLOW FEBRUARY 12, 2015 CHIEF COMPLAINT 35 6/7 week F with goiter, born to a mother with Graves disease (GD) HPI 35 6/7 week F born
More informationTHE STANDARD TREATMENT for primary hypothyroidism
0021-972X/06/$15.00/0 The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 91(7):2624 2630 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 2006 by The Endocrine Society doi: 10.1210/jc.2006-0099 Small Changes in Thyroxine Dosage
More informationDisorders of Thyroid Function
Disorders of Thyroid Function Michael T. McDermott MD Director, Endocrinology and Diabetes Practice University of Colorado Hospital Michael.mcdermott@ucdenver.edu Thyroid Hormone Axis Hypothalamus TRH
More informationORIGINAL INVESTIGATION. Prediction of Progression to Overt Hypothyroidism. or hyperthyroidism in female relatives of patients
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION Prediction of Progression to Overt Hypothyroidism or Hyperthyroidism in Female Relatives of Patients With Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Using the Thyroid Events Amsterdam (THEA) Score
More informationEarly stages of thyroid autoimmunity: follow-up studies in the Amsterdam AITD cohort Effraimidis, G.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Early stages of thyroid autoimmunity: follow-up studies in the Amsterdam AITD cohort Effraimidis, G. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Effraimidis,
More informationCombination Treatment with T and T : Toward Personalized Replacement Therapy in Hypothyroidism? Context: Evidence Acquisition: Evidence Synthesis:
SPECIAL Clinical FEATURE Review Combination Treatment with T 4 and T 3 : Toward Personalized Replacement Therapy in Hypothyroidism? Bernadette Biondi and Leonard Wartofsky Department of Clinical and Molecular
More informationLow concentrations of maternal thyroxin during early gestation: a risk factor of breech presentation?
BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology September 2004, Vol. 111, pp. 925 930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00213.x Low concentrations of maternal thyroxin during early gestation:
More informationEfficacy and safety of triiodothyronine supplementation in patients with major depressive disorder treated with specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors
International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (2008), 11, 685 699. Copyright f 2007 CINP doi:10.1017/s1461145707008206 Efficacy and safety of triiodothyronine supplementation in patients with major
More informationA Clinical Study on Patients Presenting with Thyroid Swelling and Its Correlation with TFT, USG, FNAC and Anti TPO Antibodies
A Clinical Study on Patients Presenting with Thyroid Swelling and Its Correlation with TFT, USG, FNAC and Anti TPO Antibodies 1* Hanushraj. R, 2 Sudharsan.S, 3 Balasubramaniyan. S, 4 Pradeep Kumar. M 1,4,
More informationCommon Issues in Management of Hypothyroidism
Common Issues in Management of Hypothyroidism Family Medicine Refresher Course April 5, 2018 Janet A. Schlechte, M.D. Disclosure of Financial Relationships Janet A. Schlechte, M.D. has no relationships
More informationMonitoring Levothyroxine Dose during Pregnancy: A Prospective Study
American Journal of Infectious Diseases 7 (3): 75-79, 2011 ISSN 1553-6203 2011 Science Publications Monitoring Levothyroxine Dose during Pregnancy: A Prospective Study 1 Juhi Agarwal, 1 Sirimavo Nair and
More informationDepartment of Pediatrics, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa , Japan
Endocrine Journal 2003, 50 (4), 379 384 Persistence of Mild Hyperthyrotropinemia after Discontinuation of Three-Year Course of Low-Dose L-Thyroxine Therapy in Infants with Borderline Hypothyroidism YUICHIRO
More informationAccording to the National Health and Nutrition Examination
Effects of Long-Term Combination LT4 and LT3 Therapy for Improving Hypothyroidism and Overall Quality of Life Anam Tariq, DO, Yijin Wert, MS, Pramil Cheriyath, MD, and Renu Joshi, MD Objectives: Hypothyroidism
More informationOne of the more complex issues to be considered when
THYROID Volume 26, Number 6, 2016 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0629 Daily Administration of Short-Acting Liothyronine Is Associated with Significant Triiodothyronine Excursions and Fails
More informationThyrotoxicosis in Pregnancy: Diagnose and Management
Thyrotoxicosis in Pregnancy: Diagnose and Management Yuanita Asri Langi email: meralday@yahoo.co.id Endocrinology & Metabolic Division, Internal Medicine Department, Prof.dr.R.D. Kandou Hospital/ Sam Ratulangi
More informationJ Clin Endocrin Metab. First published ahead of print March 12, 2010 as doi: /jc
J Clin Endocrin Metab. First published ahead of print March 12, 2010 as doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2016 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Endocrine Care Brief Report Prevalence of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Hashimoto s Thyroiditis
More informationProspective Observation of 5-Year Clinical Course of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Korean Population
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Endocrinology, Nutrition & Metabolism http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2013.28.11.1622 J Korean Med Sci 2013; 28: 1622-1626 Prospective Observation of 5-Year Clinical Course of Subclinical
More informationHYPOTHYROIDISM IS ONE OF
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Combined Levothyroxine Plus Liothyronine Compared With Levothyroxine Alone in Primary Hypothyroidism A Randomized Controlled Trial Patrick W. Clyde, MD Amir E. Harari, MD Eric J.
More informationRole of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in adverse pregnancy outcomes
International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology Gupta A et al. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Sept;5(9):3001-3005 www.ijrcog.org pissn 2320-1770 eissn 2320-1789
More informationPilot study on the assessment of the setpoint of the hypothalamus pituitary thyroid axis in healthy volunteers
European Journal of Endocrinology (2010) 162 323 329 ISSN 0804-4643 CLINICAL STUDY Pilot study on the assessment of the setpoint of the hypothalamus pituitary thyroid axis in healthy volunteers N Benhadi,
More informationThe Thr92Ala polymorphism in the type 2 deiodinase is not associated with thyroxin dose in athyroid patients or patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis
12 The Thr92Ala polymorphism in the type 2 deiodinase is not associated with thyroxin dose in athyroid patients or patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis K.A. Heemstra, H.C. Hoftijzer, W.M. van der Deure,
More informationShould every pregnant woman be screened for thyroid disease?
Should every pregnant woman be screened for thyroid disease? Tal Biron-Shental Rinat Gabbay-Benziv Is there a debate? Thyroid screening Guidelines Targeted case finding criteria Age > 30 years Personal
More informationTHYROXINE (T 4 ) IS THE standard replacement therapy
0021-972X/03/$15.00/0 The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 88(10):4543 4550 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 2003 by The Endocrine Society doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-030249 Combined Thyroxine/Liothyronine
More informationSanjay B. Dixit, M.D. BHS Endocrinology Associates November 11, 2017
Sanjay B. Dixit, M.D. BHS Endocrinology Associates November 11, 2017 I will not be discussing this Outline of discussion Laboratory tests for thyroid function Diagnosis of hypothyroidism Treatment of
More informationDesiccated Thyroid Extract Compared With Levothyroxine in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study
ORIGINAL Endocrine ARTICLE Care Desiccated Thyroid Extract Compared With Levothyroxine in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study Thanh D. Hoang, Cara H. Olsen, Vinh
More informationHypothyroidism in pregnancy. Nor Shaffinaz Yusoff Azmi Jabatan Perubatan Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah Kedah
Hypothyroidism in pregnancy Nor Shaffinaz Yusoff Azmi Jabatan Perubatan Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah Kedah Agenda 1. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of maternal hypothyroidism 2. Prevention and
More informationSome Issues in the Management of Hypothyroidism
Some Issues in the Management of Hypothyroidism Family Medicine Refresher Course April 6, 2016 Janet A. Schlechte, M.D. Disclosure of Financial Relationships Janet A. Schlechte, M.D. has no relationships
More informationReference intervals are derived from the statistical distribution of values in the general healthy population.
Position Statement Subject: Thyroid Function Testing for Adult Diagnosis and Monitoring Approval Date: July 2017 Review Date: July 2019 Review By: Chemical AC, Board of Directors Number: 1/2017 Introduction:
More informationNew Medicine Recommendation
May 2016 New Medicine Recommendation Liothyronine 20microgram Tablets Liothyronine as an add-on treatment for refractory hypothyroidism despite adequate monotherapy with levothyroxine Prescribing within
More informationHypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism. Paul V. Tomasic, MD, MS, FACP, FACE Nevada AACE EFNE & Annual Meeting October 6, 2018
Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism Paul V. Tomasic, MD, MS, FACP, FACE Nevada AACE EFNE & Annual Meeting October 6, 2018 Disclosures: None related to this program or presentation Objectives: Hypothyroidism
More informationIodine and Thyroid Hormones
Iodine and Thyroid Hormones Iodine and Thyroid Hormones feed-back Iodine Deficiency Characteristics Iodine Deficiency None Mild Mode Severe Median urine iodine >100 50-99 20-49
More informationDecoding Your Thyroid Tests and Results
Decoding Your Thyroid Tests and Results Wondering about your thyroid test results? Learn about each test and what low, optimal, and high results may mean so you can work with your doctor to choose appropriate
More informationThis is the author s final accepted version.
Carty, D. M., Doogan, F., Welsh, P., Dominiczak, A. F., and Delles, C. (2017) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 2.5mU/l in early pregnancy: prevalence and subsequent outcomes. European Journal of Obstetrics
More informationSubclinical Hypothyroidism: When to Treat, When to Watch
DOUGLAS S. ROSS, MD Harvard University Subclinical Hypothyroidism: When to Treat, When to Watch Dr Ross is professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School in Boston and a physician at Massachusetts General
More informationTable 1: Thyroid panel. Result (reference interval) TSH 89.5 miu/l ( ) Total T4 5.2 µg/dl ( ) T3 uptake 39% (22-35)
Introduction Thyroid disease is the second most common endocrine disorder (behind diabetes), and its prevalence increases with increasing age. The incidence of newly diagnosed thyroid cancer is increasing
More informationTHE OUTPUT OF THE HUMAN THYroid
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Triiodothyronine Levels in Athyreotic Individuals During Levothyroxine Therapy Jacqueline Jonklaas, MD, PhD Bruce Davidson, MD Supna Bhagat, MD Steven J. Soldin, PhD For editorial
More informationIncreased Pregnancy Loss Rate in Thyroid Antibody Negative Women with TSH Levels between 2.5 and 5.0 in the First Trimester of Pregnancy
JCEM ONLINE Brief Report Endocrine Care Increased Pregnancy Loss Rate in Thyroid Antibody Negative Women with TSH Levels between 2.5 and 5.0 in the First Trimester of Pregnancy Roberto Negro, Alan Schwartz,
More informationThyroid Replacement Therapy: The Hidden Challenges
Elmer Press Review Thyroid Replacement Therapy: The Hidden Challenges Asad Rahim a, Stephen Goundrey-Smith b, c Abstract Hypothyroidism has a gradual onset and non-specific symptoms, which might be subtle,
More informationJoshua Klopper, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine and Radiology Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes
Joshua Klopper, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine and Radiology Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes joshua.klopper@ucdenver.edu None Topliss and Eastman. MJA Vol 180 16 February 2004 A
More informationTo evaluate the influence of ferritin on thyroid hormones in second trimester antenatal cases in Perambalur District
Original Research Article To evaluate the influence of ferritin on thyroid hormones in second trimester antenatal cases in Perambalur District Nageshwari A 1, G. Kavitha 2* 1 Final year Postgraduate student,
More informationSupplementary Online Material
Supplementary Online Material Collet T-H, Gussekloo J, Bauer DC, et al; Thyroid Studies Collaboration. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. Arch Intern Med.
More informationEvaluation of maternal thyroid function during pregnancy: the importance of using gestational age-specific reference intervals
European Journal of Endocrinology (2007) 157 509 514 ISSN 0804-4643 CLINICAL STUDY Evaluation of maternal thyroid function during pregnancy: the importance of using gestational age-specific reference intervals
More informationThyroid Function Is Associated with Presence and Severity of Coronary Atherosclerosis
Clin. Cardiol. 26, 569 573 (2003) Thyroid Function Is Associated with Presence and Severity of Coronary Atherosclerosis J. AUER, M.D., R. BERENT, M.D., T. WEBER, M.D., E. LASSNIG, M.D., B. EBER, M.D.,
More informationA BS TR AC T. Background Children born to women with low thyroid hormone levels have been reported to have decreased cognitive function.
The new england journal of medicine established in 1812 february 9, 2012 vol. 366 no. 6 Antenatal Thyroid Screening and Childhood Cognitive Function John H. Lazarus, M.D., Jonathan P. Bestwick, M.Sc.,
More informationStudy of correlation of TFTs and thyroid antibodies with lipid abnormalities and ECG changes in Hypothyroidism
Original article: Study of correlation of TFTs and thyroid antibodies with lipid abnormalities and ECG changes in Hypothyroidism Dr. Madhulika Mahashabde, Dr. Govind Shiddapur, Dr. Deepti Munjal, Dr. Kashyap
More informationNONSYSTEMATIC OBSERVATIONS IN a moderately
0021-972X/04/$15.00/0 The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 89(12):6054 6060 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 2004 by The Endocrine Society doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-0571 Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity
More informationThe Effect of Environmental Perchlorate on Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women. from Cordoba, Argentina, and Los Angeles, California
The Effect of Environmental Perchlorate on Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women from Cordoba, Argentina, and Los Angeles, California Elizabeth N. Pearce, MD, MSc, 1 Carole A. Spencer, PhD, FACB, 2 Jorge
More informationThe Presence of Thyroid Autoantibodies in Pregnancy
The Presence of Thyroid Autoantibodies in Pregnancy Dr. O Sullivan does not have any financial relationships with any commercial interests. KATIE O SULLIVAN, MD FELLOW, ADULT/PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY ENDORAMA
More informationHow to manage hypothyroid disease in pregnancy
For mass reproduction, content licensing and permissions contact Dowden Health Media. FIRST OF 2 PARTS How to manage hypothyroid disease in pregnancy Pregnancy complicated by hypothyroidism puts mother
More informationClinical THYROIDOLOGY
Clinical THYROIDOLOGY Editor-in Chief Jerome M. Hershman, MD Distinguished Professor of Medicine UCLA School of Medicine and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Endocrinology 111D, 11301 Wilshire
More informationDisclosures. Learning objectives. Case 1A. Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: Medical and Surgical Issues. I have nothing to disclose.
Disclosures Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: Medical and Surgical Issues I have nothing to disclose. Chrysoula Dosiou, MD, MS Clinical Assistant Professor Division of Endocrinology Stanford University School
More informationAnalysis of Lag Behind Thyrotropin State After Radioiodine Therapy in Hyperthyroid Patients
Analysis of Lag Behind Thyrotropin State After Radioiodine Therapy in Hyperthyroid Patients ORIGINAL ARTICLE Mohshi Um Mokaddema, Fatima Begum, Simoon Salekin, Tanzina Naushin, Sharmin Quddus, Nabeel Fahmi
More informationThe subjects were participants in a Dutch national prospective study, running from April
Supplemental Data Subjects The subjects were participants in a Dutch national prospective study, running from April 1, 1994 to April 1, 1996. Infants with neonatal screening results indicative of CH-C
More informationHigher maternal TSH levels in pregnancy are associated with increased risk for miscarriage, fetal or neonatal death
European Journal of Endocrinology (2009) 160 985 991 ISSN 0804-4643 CLINICAL STUDY Higher maternal TSH levels in pregnancy are associated with increased risk for miscarriage, fetal or neonatal death N
More informationUpdate In Hypothyroidism
Update In Hypothyroidism CME Away India & Sri Lanka March 23 - April 7, 2018 Richard A. Bebb MD, ABIM, FRCPC Consultant Endocrinologist Medical Subspecialty Institute Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi Copyright
More informationAmiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction associated with cumulative dose
pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 2002; 11: 601 606 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/pds.735 ORIGINAL REPORT Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction associated
More informationTreatment of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine plus liothyronine: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study
original article Treatment of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine plus liothyronine: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study Juliana Kaminski 1, Fabíola Yukiko Miasaki 1, Gilberto Paz-Filho 2, Hans Graf
More informationChapter I.A.1: Thyroid Evaluation Laboratory Testing
Chapter I.A.1: Thyroid Evaluation Laboratory Testing Jennifer L. Poehls, MD and Rebecca S. Sippel, MD, FACS THYROID FUNCTION TESTS Overview Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced by the anterior
More informationT3, or no T3, that is the question : studies in the primary hypothydroidism and major depression Appelhof, B.C.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) T3, or no T3, that is the question : studies in the primary hypothydroidism and major depression Appelhof, B.C. Link to publication Citation for published version
More informationThyroid Screen (Serum)
Thyroid Screen (Serum) Patient: DOB: Sex: F MRN: Order Number: Completed: Received: Collected: Sample Type - Serum Result Reference Range Units Central Thyroid Regulation & Activity Total Thyroxine (T4)
More informationChildren Born to Women with Hypothyroidism during Pregnancy Show Abnormal Corpus Callosum Development
Children Born to Women with Hypothyroidism during Pregnancy Show Abnormal Corpus Callosum Development Arash Samadi, Jovanka Skocic, Joanne Rovet AMERICAN THYROID ASSOCIATION ANNUAL MEETING SAN JUAN PUERTO
More informationCitation for published version (APA): Strieder, T. G. A. (2008). The Amsterdam autoimmune thyroid disease cohort
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The Amsterdam autoimmune thyroid disease cohort Strieder, T.G.A. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Strieder, T. G. A. (2008). The Amsterdam
More informationUniversal Screening Versus Case Finding for Detection and Treatment of Thyroid Hormonal Dysfunction During Pregnancy
J Clin Endocrin Metab. First published ahead of print February 3, 2010 as doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2009 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Endocrine Care Universal Screening Versus Case Finding for Detection and Treatment of
More informationThyroid Function TSH Analyte Information
Thyroid Function TSH Analyte Information 1 2013-05-01 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Introduction Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin, TSH) is a glycoprotein with molecular weight of approximately
More informationKYAMC Journal Vol. 7, No.-1, July Hypothyroidism - A New View On An Old Disease
Review Article Hypothyroidism - A New View On An Old Disease Islam MI 1, Ali MZ 2, Islam MS 3, Solayman M 4, Hoque S 5 Abstract Hypothyroidism is a common disorder of the endocrine system in which the
More informationThyroid diseases in pregnancy: The importance of anamnesis
Original Article Thyroid diseases in pregnancy: The importance of anamnesis Necati Bulmus 1, Isik Ustuner 2, Emine Seda Guvendag Guven 3, Figen Kir Sahin 4, Senol Senturk 5, Serap Baydur Sahin 6 Open Access
More informationTechnologies scoping report
In response to an enquiry from the Scottish Parliament Public Petition Committee Technologies scoping report Number 22 February 2014 In the context of hypothyroidism, what is the evidence for the effectiveness
More informationAntithyroid drugs in Graves disease: Are we stretching it too far?
Original Article Antithyroid drugs in Graves disease: Are we stretching it too far? Muthukrishnan Jayaraman, Anil Kumar Pawah, C. S. Narayanan 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College,
More informationSubclinical Hypothyroidism In Women: Will Screening And Early Detection Reduce Hyperlipidemia?
ISPUB.COM The Internet Journal of Advanced Nursing Practice Volume 5 Number 1 Subclinical Hypothyroidism In Women: Will Screening And Early Detection Reduce Hyperlipidemia? A Olson Citation A Olson. Subclinical
More informationNIH Public Access Author Manuscript Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 May 1.
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010 May ; 72(5): 709 715. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03700.x. The pharmacodynamic equivalence of levothyroxine
More informationMichaela Granfors, Helena Åkerud, Anna Berglund, Johan Skogö, Inger Sundström-Poromaa, and Anna-Karin Wikström
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Endocrine Care Thyroid Testing and Management of Hypothyroidism During Pregnancy: A Population-based Study Michaela Granfors, Helena Åkerud, Anna Berglund, Johan Skogö, Inger Sundström-Poromaa,
More informationDecreased Birth Weight, Length, and Head Circumference in Children Born by Women Years After Treatment for Hyperthyroidism
ORIGINAL Endocrine ARTICLE Research Decreased Birth Weight, Length, and Head Circumference in Children Born by Women Years After Treatment for Hyperthyroidism Hans Ohrling, Ove Törring, Li Yin, Anastasia
More informationClinical efficacy of therapeutic intervention for subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy
Clinical efficacy of therapeutic intervention for subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy R. Ju 1, L. Lin 2, Y. Long 2, J. Zhang 2 and J. Huang 2 1 Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department, Beijing Chuiyangliu
More informationImmunoprotective Steroids and SHBG in Non-Treated Hypothyroidism and their Relationship to Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders
Physiol. Res. 57 (Suppl. 1): S119-S125, 2008 Immunoprotective Steroids and SHBG in Non-Treated Hypothyroidism and their Relationship to Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders K. DRBALOVÁ, P. MATUCHA, M. MATĚJKOVÁ-BĚHANOVÁ,
More informationThyroid Disease in Pregnancy. Justin Moore, MD
Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy Justin Moore, MD Case 1 22 yr old G1P0 female at 14 2/7 weeks presents with tremor Weight stable since first positive pregnancy test Some nausea, rare vomiting TSH 0.02 miu/l,
More informationReference Intervals for Children and Adults
for Children and Adults TSH, FT4, FT3, T4, T3, T-Uptake, FT4-index, Anti-TPO, Anti-Tg, Tg Elecsys systems /20 MODULAR ANALYTICS E70 cobas e 4 and cobas e 60 analysers Contents Page Introduction 4 2 Summary
More informationMANAGING HYPOTHYROIDISM: A REVIEW OF THYROID HORMONES ETIOLOGY
Volume 26, Issue 6 March 2011 MANAGING HYPO- THYROIDISM: A REVIEW OF THYROID HORMONES Annie Moynihan, Pharm.D. candidate H ypothyroidism is a heterogenous disorder defined by biochemical markers and clinical
More informationThyroid Hot Topics. AACE Atlanta, GA January 26-27, 2018
Thyroid Hot Topics AACE Atlanta, GA January 26-27, 2018 Michael T. McDermott MD Director, Endocrinology and Diabetes Practice University of Colorado Hospital Disclosure Michael McDermott MD Financial Relationships
More informationEuropean Journal of Endocrinology (2005) ISSN
European Journal of Endocrinology (2005) 153 429 434 ISSN 0804-4643 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY Inhibition of pituitary type 2 deiodinase by reverse triiodothyronine does not alter thyroxine-induced inhibition
More informationPREVALENCE OF THYROID DISORDERS IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTER
IJCRR Section: Healthcare Sci. Journal Impact Factor 4.016 Research Article PREVALENCE OF THYROID DISORDERS IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTER Deokar PG 1, Nagdeote AN 2, Lanje MJ 3, Basutkar DG 4 1 Senior Resident
More informationThyroid Disease & Pregnancy Updates and Ongoing Questions
Thyroid Disease & Pregnancy - 2018 Updates and Ongoing Questions Erik K. Alexander, MD Chief, Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology Brigham & Women s Hospital Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical
More information