Gender in the Effective Grain Storage Project. Vongai Kandiwa & Caroline Mugure EGSP Annual Meeting Lusaka Zambia June 2014

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1 Gender in the Effective Grain Storage Project Vongai Kandiwa & Caroline Mugure EGSP Annual Meeting Lusaka Zambia June 2014

2 Organization of the Gender Session Part A Overview and Findings from Gender Analysis Study Part B Gender Strategy Part C Participatory discussion of the strategy and way forward

3 New Activity Facilitate Integration of Gender into EGSP Activities

4 Why Consider Gender in Maize Post Harvest? Household as a problematic unit of analysis (Folbre 1986; Agarwal 1997; Magnan 2012; IFPRI 2012 ) Notable inequities and hierarchies in representation and participation of women Socially constructed gendered roles in production and utilization of maize Discernible asset gaps that impact adoption

outcomes Gender equality as an end in itself CGIAR and CIMMYT are committed to gender Funding partner (s) insist on gender sensitive approaches

5 Why consider gender in maize post harvest? Need to minimize the risk of creating, maintaining, or exacerbating gender gaps Enhances impacts while laying foundation for other development outcomes Gender equality as an end in itself CGIAR and CIMMYT are committed to gender Funding partner (s) insist on gender sensitive approaches The aim of the new SDC policy is to ensure that all SDC interventions increase women s and men s opportunities to exercise their rights equally and gain equal access to and control over the benefits of development (Source: SDC Gender Equality Policy)

6 Gender Relevant Activities in EGSP Project Inception - Partner Identification Technology Dissemination & Testing - Beneficiary identification Technology Development -Artisan Training -Improved PH technology market development - Training needs Assessment *Gender in PHM at HH and community level - On farm testing Technology awareness Research & M& E -On Farm Testing - Socio-Economic Research M& E -Information dissemination approaches -Demos and Field Days Farmer to farmer visits Silo brand awareness creation -communication strategy *capacities and knowledge among partners Policy -Policy Briefs - Policy Dialogues

7 Knowledge gap Estimating Post Harvest Losses Adams and Harman (1977) FAO (1977) Hodges (2004, 2007) Hodges et al (2011) World Bank (2010) Rembold (2011) Kaminski and Christensen (2014) and many others Economic Analysis of Storage Kimenju and De Groote (2010) Gitonga et al (2011) Nduku (2013) Olakojo and Akinlosoto Adetunji (2007) Sekumade and Akinleye (2009) Effectiveness of Improved Storage Technologies FAO (2008) Tefera et al (2011) Gender and Post Harvest Management Manda and Mvumi (2010) Rugumamu (2011)

8 Gender Analysis Gender analysis - is a tool for examining the differences between the roles that women and men play, the different levels of power they hold, their differing needs, constraints and opportunities, and the impact of these differences on their lives. The main goals of Gender Analysis are: o To better understand our communities: it creates a unique lens through which we examine our community. o Enables us to promote gender equality through our EGSP work

9 Our Approach Gender Analysis Gender strategy Gender action plans Integration of gender into activities Knowledge Sharing

10 Gender Analysis Qualitative Gender norms & roles Asset ownership and preferences Constraints Opinions on improved PH technologies what they like and dislike What we know Knowledge gaps Literature review Community & Household level Gender Analysis Artisans Knowledge on gender in PHM Perceptions on market segments Marketing approaches Training needs What? How? Research Implementin g partners Gender audit of EGSP activities Human Capacity Audit

11 The Team

12 Coming Up. Part A Key Findings from Gender Analysis Study Insights from Survey Data Cultural Norms, Gender Roles, and Technology Preferences Gender and Technology Development Insights from Artisans Gender and Technology Dissemination Insights from implementing partners Household Case Studies and Community Storage Systems Part B Gender Strategy Part C Interactive session

13 Insights from Survey Data

14 Research Questions What are the general levels or trends on PHM by gender using available data - Post-harvest storage asset ownership (traditional and modern) - Trends in Metal Silo Acquisition - Effective silo management practices - Factors that matter in choosing a storage technology - Ownership of super grain bags

15 Data and Analysis EGSP I Household baseline survey for metal silo adopters (2011) collected from Kenya and Malawi Data from on-going EGSP II activities (distribution of super bags) Approach: Descriptive Analysis (sex disaggregation)

16 Percent Response (%) Traditional Storage Asset Ownership - Kenya Men Women Improved granary (wooden wall) In a room mainly for other purposes Designated Storage Room in house Improved granary (wicker wall) Traditional granary Separate structure Storage basket (adita) Traditional crib Traditional storage over fire Survey Data, 2011 n = 124

17 Number of Respondents In which year was the metal silo acquired? - Kenya 20 Men (n=106) Women (n=17) Survey Data, 2011 From the survey, number of households with metal silos = 124 Of these, 86% are MHHs and 14% are FHHs

18 Number of Respondents In which year was the metal silo acquired? - Malawi Men (n=93) Women (n=7) Survey Data, Year Acquired Number of households with metal silos from the survey = 100 Of these, 93% are MHHs and 7% are FHHs

19 Response (%) Effective Use of Metal Silos - Kenya Men (n= 100) Women (n=17) Yes, all the time Yes, some times No Do you light a candle before sealing the silo to reduce oxygen concentration? Yes, all the time Yes, some times When placing maize the first time, use rubber bands to tighten the inlet and outlet No Yes No Yes No Yes No After removing some stock from the silo, do you use rubber bands to tighten the inlet and outlet? Do you clean the silo before putting in some new stock? Do you use chemicals to treat maize before storing in silo?

20 Percent Response Effective Use of Metal Silos - Malawi Yes, all the time Yes, some times No Do you light a candle before sealing the silo to reduce oxygen concentration? Yes, all the time Yes, some times No Do you light a tin lamp before sealing the silo to reduce oxygen concentration? Men (n=93) Yes, all the time Yes, some times Women (n=7) When placing maize the first time, use rubber bands to tighten the inlet and outlet No Yes No Yes No Yes No After removing some stock from the silo, do you use rubber bands to tighten the inlet and outlet? Do you clean the silo before putting in some new stock? Do you use chemicals to treat maize before storing in silo?

21 Effectiven ess against insect pests Effectiven ess against rodents Cost of acquiring the technolog y Maintenan ce cost of the technolog y Safety/sec urity Ease of Factors that matter in choosing a storage technology - Kenya Women Men Factors Considered in Choice of Storage Technology Availabilit y 27 operation Lifespan Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Men (n = 107) Women (n = 17) Response (%) Very important Important Medium Slightly Important

22 Distribution of Hermetic Bags by gender (RCTs & CDN Activities) - Kenya Beneficiaries (%) Men (n=164) Women (n=138) Nakuru Naivasha Kipkelion Ndegwa et al., 2013, 2014 Distribution Sites Total Number of Bags Distributed = 2387; 49% to MHHs and 51% to FHHs

23 Conclusions Gender analysis reveals areas of convergence and those of divergence in men and women s resource ownership, practices, or preferences

24 Limitations Small sample size Quantitative analysis from survey data alone disaggregated as either MHH or FHH is not sufficient for gender analysis.

25 What can we not learn from survey data Gender roles in maize PHM and how they have changed over time Dynamics of household and community storage practices Access, control and power relations in households In-depth experiences from households that adopted metal silos Effectiveness of strategies currently used for information dissemination and awareness creation Knowledge and attitudes on gender and PHM among artisans and implementing partners

KENYA THE AFLACONTROL PROJECT: REDUCING THE SPREAD OF AFLATOXINS IN KENYA: SUMMARY REPORT PROJECT NOTE 5 JUNE 2012

KENYA THE AFLACONTROL PROJECT: REDUCING THE SPREAD OF AFLATOXINS IN KENYA: SUMMARY REPORT PROJECT NOTE 5 JUNE 2012 KENYA PROJECT NOTE 5 JUNE 2012 THE AFLACONTROL PROJECT: REDUCING THE SPREAD OF AFLATOXINS IN KENYA: SUMMARY REPORT T he economic losses associated with aflatoxin are estimated to be large; however, there