B. Connective tissue membranes lubricate & cushion 1. made of areolar tissue 2. synovial line fibrous joint capsules & secrete fluid
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1 I. Body Membranes A. Epithelial membranes cover & line 1. epithelial sheet over underlying connective tissue 2. 3 types a. Cutaneous = skin b. Mucous = lines cavities open to exterior Skin and Body Membranes 1) moist, may secrete mucus 2) ex: lining of digestive or urinary tract c. Serous = line cavities closed to exterior 1) occur in pairs - 1 covers the organ, the other lines its cavity 2) ex: pericardium around heart Human Anatomy Ch. 4 B. Connective tissue membranes lubricate & cushion 1. made of areolar tissue 2. synovial line fibrous joint capsules & secrete fluid II. The Integumentary System (Integument = covering) A. Functions 1. Overall = body s 1st line of defense a. provides deeper tissues protection from damage 1) mechanical, chemical, thermal, ultraviolet, microbial, desiccation 2. Aids in heat loss & heat retention 3. Aids in excretion of urea, uric acid, water 4. Synthesizes vitamin D & immunity proteins 5. Aids nervous system w/ general senses a. touch, pressure, temperature & pain
2 B. Epidermis (outer layer) Anatomy 1. made of stratified squamous epithelium 2. most cells are keratinocytes, producing keratin a. fibrous protein that toughens, hardens skin 3. avascular 4. five layers (strata) b. Stratum spinosum Stratum corneum c. Stratum granulosum d. Stratum lucidum e. Stratum corneum outermost 1) cells thick, 75% of total epidermis 2) dead cell remnants w/ keratin that flake off 3) epidermis is totally new every days 5. Other scattered cells a. epidermal dendritic cells alert, activate immune system b. Merkel discs touch receptors a. Stratum basale - innermost 1) a.k.a. stratum germinativum a) produces millions of new cells daily 2) only layer w/ adequate nourishment a) by diffusion from dermis below 3) contains melanocytes forming melanin a) yellow to brown to black pigment b) forms protective umbrella over nuclei of stratum basale cells c) freckles, moles = concentrations of melanin
3 C. Dermis (inner layer) Anatomy 1. made of dense fibrous connective tissue 2. two major regions a. Papillary layer 1) upper, next to epidermis 2) uneven due to dermal papillae a) contain capillaries that feed epidermis or pain & touch receptors b) push up, creating ridges = fingerprints c) increase friction for gripping, give ID b. Reticular layer 1) lower layer, above adipose tissue (subcutaneous layer) 2) houses functional tissues of skin a) blood vessels b) sweat glands c) sebaceous (oil) glands d) lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles sense vibration, pressure e) Meissner corpuscles sense light touch f) hair follicles g) arrector pili muscles to raise hairs h) many phagocytic white blood cells 1)) prevent bacteria from getting deeper into body
4 3) dermis contains fibers that aid skin structure a) Collagen attracts water for hydration, toughness b) Elastic fibers aids stretchiness of skin c) aging decrease # of each, causing sagging, wrinkles to form E. Skin Color 1. 3 pigments contribute a. melanin in epidermis b. carotene in stratum corneum & subcutaneous tissue 1) orange-yellow c. hemoglobin in dermal blood vessels 1) red when oxygen-rich 2) creates rosy tones in lighter skin a) if oxygen-poor, skin may appear blue or cyanotic D. Subcutaneous tissue a.k.a. hypodermis 1. adipose tissue 2. below dermis a. not technically skin 3. functions a. helps anchor skin to underlying organs b. nutrient (fat) storage c. shock absorber d. insulates deep tissues e. in women, helps create curves of hips, breasts 2. Skin color may indicate disease/illness or emotional state a. erythema redness 1) blushing, fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy, hives b. pallor/blanching - whitening 1) emotional stress, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow c. jaundice yellowing 1) usually due to liver disorder causing bile pigments to be absorbed by blood d. bruises/hematomas black & blue initially 1) broken blood vessels that has clotted in tissue spaces 2) changes color as blood pigments break down
5 III. Integumentary Appendages A. Cutaneous glands (exocrine) 1. Sebaceous glands Seb- = grease a. produce sebum oily substance w/ fragmented cells b. throughout skin except on palms, soles c. lubricates, moisturizes skin cells & hair, kills bacteria d. if blocked, can contribute to acne
6 2. Sudoriferous glands 2) Apocrine a. 2.5 million throughout body a) mainly in axillary & genital regions b. produce sweat b) become active at puberty c. two subtypes c) secretions include eccrine sweat + fatty acids & 1) Eccrine most numerous a) regular sweat water, salts, metabolic wastes, proteins d) cause odors when bacteria are present lactic acid, Vit. C b) aids heat regulation c) acidic, inhibiting bacteria 3) Ceruminous a) modified apocrine sweat glands b) found in lining of ear canal c) secrete cerumen ear wax d) protects inner ear from drying out, traps dirt/germs B. Hair 1. located all over except palms, soles, lips, nipples 2. protects & insulates 3. flexible epithelium produced in hair follicles in dermis 4. varies in size, shape a. short, stiff eyebrows b. long, flexible scalp c. coarse, curly axillary, genital areas d. fine, nearly invisible rest of body
7 5. Hair anatomy a. hair papilla - growth zone b. hair bulb surrounds base, houses melanocytes for color c. hair root anchors hair d. hair follicle housing in dermis e. shaft - extends through skin 6. Internal anatomy of hair shaft a. medulla central core C. Nails 1. scale-like modified epidermis b. cortex bulky middle layer 2. functions protection, aids sensing of digits c. cuticle transparent outer cover 3. transparent, color comes from dermis below 1) provides strength 2) flaky, scaly 4. anatomy a. free edge extends past end of digit b. nail body visible attached portion 1) lies over nail bed = stratum basale of epidermis c. root joins to skin 1) growth occurs at thickened nail matrix
8 d. nail folds skin folds on either side of nail plate e. cuticle protects joint with skin at proximal end 1) a.k.a. eponychium f. lunula white crescent over nail matrix at proximal end
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