NGS in Lung Cancer Cytology

Transcription

1 Institute of Pathology NGS in Lung Cancer Cytology Spasenija Savic University Hospital Basel, Switzerland

2 Disclosures Speakers honoraria and advisory boards: Astra Zeneca, BMS, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche

3 NGS: Technical Revolution $ $100M Sequencing costs per human genome (3000MB) 10M $1M NGS 13 years $100K $10K NHGRI $1K $ days

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5 2004: EGFR Mutations

6 Oncogenic drivers initial diagnosis acquired TMB (Mut/Mb) Checkmate 227 Hellmann MD et al., NEJM 2018 Tsao AS et al., JTO 2016 Lawrence MS et al., Nature 2013 Targeted therapy Immunotherapy

7 NSCLC: 40% diagnosed by cytology Biopsy Cell block Cytology

8 NSCLC: 40% diagnosed by cytology Biopsy Cell block Cytology Any cytology preparation suited for sequencing analyses CAP/ IASLC/AMP Guidelines 2018

9 NSCLC: 40% diagnosed by cytology Biopsy Cell block Cytology Any cytology preparation suited for sequencing analyses CAP/ IASLC/AMP Guidelines 2018 NGS Stoy SP et al., Clin Lung Cancer Piqueret-Stephan L et al., Cancer Cytopathol Treece AL et al., Cancer Cytopathol Vigliar E et al., Cytopathology 2015 de Biase D et al., PLoS One Scarpa et al., PLoS One. 2013

10 Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Many genes at the same time Multigene panels: Oncomine Solid Tumor DNA Kit (22 genes) Fast Cost-effective (many samples/run)

11 Testing for predicive mutations in routine pactice: > 50% on cytology Sanger n=1295 NGS n= (40%) 217 (44%) 777 (60%) 276 (56%) Cytology Biopsy Cytology Biopsy

12 Cytology for DNA based analyses Any kind of specimen (TBNA, effusion, liquid based, cell block ) PAP MGG ICC (AEC) Cell block Jain D and Roy-Chowdhuri S, Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2018

13 How much tumor cells do we need? Depends on NGS platform Ion Torrent for targeted sequencing: Analytic sensitivity: 20% 20% of tumor cell content For prestained, alcohol or air dryed conventional cytology specimens: 200 tumor cells

14 Tumor cell enrichment by laser capture microdissection Laser microdisscetion Sanger NGS p-value Biopsy 31% 13% <0.01 Cytology 87% 49% <0.01 Biopsy vs cytology: p<0.01

15 Effusion Collecting tumor cells for DNA extraction Tumor cells >20% Manual collection DNA extraction

16 Effusion Collecting tumor cells for DNA extraction Tumor cells >20% Manual collection DNA extraction

17 Effusion Collecting tumor cells for DNA extraction Tumor cells >20% Manual collection DNA extraction

18 Effusion Bronchial secretion Collecting tumor cells for DNA extraction PD-L1 ICC Tumor cells >20% Tumor cells <20% Manual collection 51% Laser microdissection 49% DNA extraction DNA extraction

19 Effusion Bronchial secretion Collecting tumor cells for DNA extraction PD-L1 ICC Tumor cells >20% Tumor cells <20% Manual collection 51% Laser microdissection 49% DNA extraction DNA extraction

20 Effusion Bronchial secretion Individualized, under morphological control Rejection rate < 5% PD-L1 ICC Tumor cells >20% Tumor cells <20% Manual collection 51% Laser microdissection 49% DNA extraction DNA extraction

21 NGS: Correlation input DNA (ng/ul) und library output (pm) Biopsy Cytology

22 Days NGS: From sample to report Sample DNA extraction Library preparation Sequencing Turnaround time NGS (Median) Data generation 0 Cytology Biopsie Report to cytopathologist

23 Cytology: Prevalence of oncogenic drivers in non-sq NSCLC EGFR mutations in Europe: 11-20% Midha A et al., Am J Cancer Res, 2015 Sanger (n=774) NGS (n=276) No driver 209 (27%) 109 (39%) 88 (32%) KRAS 409 (53%) 114 (15%) EGFR BRAF 11 (1%) 31 (4%) 4 (1%) 24 (9%) 51 (18%) HER2

24 NGS cytology: Distribution of EGFR mutations n=51 50% 45% 40% 47% 45% 41% 35% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 4% 4% 12% 7% Cytology UHBS Kobayashi Y, Cancer Sci, % Exon 18 Exon 19 Exon 20 Exon 21

25 1. Line treatment at times of personalized therapy Advanced NSCLC Morphology Adeno-CA PD-L1 Genomic Profiling NGS FISH/IHC EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, HER2 + other Genes ALK, ROS1, MET, RET, NTRK Squamous-CA CAP/ IASLC/AMP Guidelines 2018 NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines 2018

26 Integrated report Morphol. diagnosis All predictive markers: - ALK, ROS1 ICC - PD-L1 ICC - NGS - RET, MET, (NTRK) Methodology section 5-10 working days

27 Summery Need for comprehensive molecular testing of lung cancer emerging targetable oncogenic alterations TMB as predictor of response to immunotherapy ( gene panels) Cytology specimens provide excellent DNA for molecular testing by NGS well established in diagnostic routine Arch Pathol Lab Med 2016

28 Do More With Less The Past Resection Biopsy Biopsy Cytology Laser microdissection Liquid Biopsy The Future Courtesy of Luca Quagliata

29 Clinician (Cyto)pathology Take Home Message Cytopathologist need to be involved in predictive marker testing Molecular Pathology

30 Thank you! Lukas Bubendorf Audrey Barascud Bruno Grilli Julien Rebetez Michelle Herzog Michael Tamm Sacha Rothschild Michel Bihl Luca Quagliata Stefan Nicolet Anja Förster Luigi Terracciano Silvia Höller Matthias Matter Institute of Pathology