The mucosa associated lymphoid tissue or (MALT) Local immune component are recently being talked by immunologist as an active local immune system it

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2 The mucosa associated lymphoid tissue or (MALT) Local immune component are recently being talked by immunologist as an active local immune system it consist of both B- and T- Cells epithelial cell producing secretory piece they can fix up both humoral and cellular immune response in site, the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue or (MALT) the main mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue are the gastrointestinal tract ( including oral mucosa and salivery gland, the genitourinary tract, the respiratory tract and the secretion of the mammary glands

3 this local immune stimulated through mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue which is organized into discrete areas in the gut known as Peyer patches just below the epithelial cells in the lamina propria Antigen travels through specialized epithelium(m Cells) to the subepithelial lymphoid tissue. The main antibody produced at these sites is secretory IgA, dimeric immunoglobulin which aquires it secretory component during transport across the epithelium.

4 The mucosa associated lymphoid tissue or (MALT)

5 Follicle-associated epithelial &M cells

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7 Transport of IgA across the mucosal epithelium

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9 Role of lga mucosal component

10 immunity of oral cavity mmunity of oral cavity : the oral cavity environment is controlled primary by saliva mucosal surface saliva contain several nonspecific host factores (mucins,lactoferrin,lysozyme, peroxidase, Histatins, cystains, salivery glycoprotein) It is well established that S.IgA is predominant immunoglobulin in whole saliva it is considered to be the main specific defense mechanism in oral surface by limiting microbial adherence to epithelial & tooth surface by neutralizing toxin& host factors another part of oral cavity immunty.

11 Protective barriers of oral mucosa There are several factors which may prevent penetration intact of oral mucosa by microorganisms: 1-saliva 2-keratin 3-Granular-layer 4-Basment membrane 5-leucocytes 6-Antibody

12 Protective barriers of oral mucosa

13 Saliva It is a vey important component of oral defances both by it mechanical washing activity & by means of antimicrobial factors that it contains: 1-Mechanical cleaning 2-lysozymes 3-peroxidase 4-lactoferrine 5-leucocytes 6-Secratory lga

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15 Role of secretory lga in oral Cavity Secretory IgA is by far the most important immunoglobulin in Saliva lga is secreted by salivary gland plasma cells two molecules combined by a J chain which are also secreted by local plasma cells, the result the resultant diametric IgA is than complexes by secretory component synthesized by epithelial cell of salivary aching & the complete secretory lga into the duct lumen & thence into the mouth so secretory lga is more resistant to the proteolysis degradation than other immunoglobulin it function probably by combining with microorganisms & prevent their adherence to the host surfaces.

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17 secretory lga at mucosa surface

18 The gingival cervical fluid In addition to the immunoglobuline the (GCF)the Gingivial Cervical Fluid: including complement system both classical & alternative pathway activated in gingival cervical fluid and Blood including leucocytes are able to reach the oral cavity via the flow of fluid through the junctional epithelium of the gingival cervicular fluid increases greatly with the inflammation accompany periodontal disease in addition to immunoglobulin,complement system have been detected, other component such as lysozyme, protease and collegians & cervical fluid comprises Neutrophile with some number of macrophage and B- and T-Cell these cells migrate continuously from Blood through the junctional epithelium into the gingival cervic over 80% of macrophage as Neutrophiles are functional and can phagocytosis microorganism..

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20 It is clear therefor that the tooth surfasce is inflience by both local(mucosa) salivery immune mechanisms mediated largely by secretory lga & by systemic immunity involving all the varied immune components present in blood the way in which these contributing factors interact to provide immuity within the oral cavity

21 Immunological Techniques The study of Biological reactions relevant to the pathogenesis of disease, epidemiology & diagnosis, serology the measurement of specific antibodies in serum to diagnosis indirectly specific infection still is a major rock in clinical microbiology. Some of the most commonly used techniques involved the used of tagged or labeled antibodies when the labeled can be fluorescent dyes.

22 An enzymes or radioactive isotope. Two of the most commonly used techniques are enzymes-linked immunosorben assay (ELIZA) and immunobiotecing (Westren blotting) both techniques involes the ultimate detection of Antibod-Antigen complex where either the antibody or the antigen being assayed the third techniques latex or called coagglutenation

23 Enzyme linked immunosorben assay (ELIZA) principle: It is simplest form of this technique is summarize in diagram,it can be used to detect antibodies in serum or other body fluids by binding them to an antigen coated to a solied phas ( a well in polystyrene multi-well plate) the bond antibody can then be detected by adding a tagged second antibody which recognize the first as antigen. this second antibody covalently labeled with an enzyme the first as antigen. the complex of antigen, first antibody and the second antibody-enzyme conjugate is detected by adding achromogenk substrate for the enzyme, the intensity of colour produced which is proportional to the amount of antibody bound by microplate spectrophotomete

24 ELIZA) is one of diagnostic procedures for vast microbial pathogen particularly in virus serology. Detection of antigen is less frequently used but it has a role in detection of microorganisms or toxin of normally sterile sites such as antigen of meningitis causing in cerebrospinal fluid anther technique immunobiotcing (westering blotting) both technique involve the ultimate detection of antibody-antigen complex. From (ELIZA) The different here the product must be insoluble as well as coloured by using autoradiografy.

25 ELIZA Precedure : 1-Antige absorbed on plastic well 2-Wased 3- Dilution of test antibody solution are add to the Antigen adsorobed 4-The complex is washed 5-Add the enzyme-conjugated, anti iso- Antibody 6-washing 7-Enzymes-substrate is add The result coloured measured using spectrophotometer

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