I. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) A. Dual Innervation B. Autonomic Motor Pathway 1. Preganglionic Neuron a. Preganglionic Fibers (Axons) (1)
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1 I. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) A. Dual Innervation B. Autonomic Motor Pathway 1. Preganglionic Neuron a. Preganglionic Fibers (Axons) (1) Acetylcholine - ACh 2. Ganglion (Ganglia) 3. Ganglionic Neuron a. Ganglionic Fibers (Axons) (1) Sympathetic Fibers Release Norepinephrine NE (a) Adrenergic Fibers (2) Parasympathetic Fibers Release Acetylcholine ACh (a) Cholinergic Fibers 4. Effectors a. Glands b. Smooth Muscle c. Cardiac Muscle
2 C. Two Major Anatomical Differences 1. Location of Preganglionic Exit Points from CNS a. Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Division 1) Exit at spinal cord segments T1 through L2 to enter the thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves b. Parasympathetic (Craniosacral) Division 1) Exit CNS through certain cranial or sacral nerves 2. Location of Autonomic Ganglia in PNS a. Sympathetic Ganglia lie close to spinal cord 1) Short Preganglionic neurons 2) Long Ganglionic neurons b. Parasympathetic Ganglia lie near or within the visceral effectors 1) Long Preganglionic neurons 2) Short Ganglionic neurons
3 D. Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Division 1. Fight or Flight Response a. Exercise b. Excitement c. Emergency d. Embarrassment 2. Organization of Sympathetic Division a. Preganglionic Neurons 1) Originate in Pons & Medulla 2) Descend to Thoracic & Lumbar Segments 3) Soma Located in Lateral Gray Horns 4) Axons Exit Cord in Ventral Roots 5) Travel in nerves T1 L2 to Synapse
4 a) Sympathetic Chain (Trunk) Ganglion (Paravertebral Ganglion) (1) Ganglionic Neurons innervate Thoracic & Integumentary Organs b) Collateral (Prevertebral) Ganglia (1) Preganglionic Fibers called Splanchnic Nerves (2) Ganglia named for adjacent blood vessels (a) Celiac Ganglion (b) Superior Mesenteric Ganglion (c) Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion (d) Hypogastric Ganglion (3) Ganglionic Neurons innervate Abdominopelvic Organs c) Adrenal Medulla (1) Ganglionic Neurons release Adrenaline into the Bloodstream
5 3. Sympathetic Pathways Three Regions a. Rami Communicantes for Chain Ganglia Pathway (1) Preganglionic Fibers Pass through White Ramus (a) Usually Synapses with Ganglionic Neuron (2) Ganglionic Fibers Exit Via Either (a) Gray Ramus [1] Spinal Nerve [a] General Somatic Structure (b) Autonomic Nerve [1] Innervate Thoracic Viscera (3) Same Side Sympathetic Chain Ganglia (a) Synapse with up to 32 Ganglionic Neurons (b) Widespread Effects b. Collateral Ganglia Pathway - Preganglionic fibers pass through Chain Ganglia, enter Splanchnic Nerves then Synapse at Collateral Ganglia c. Adrenal gland Preganglionic fibers do not Synapse in either Chain Ganglia or Collateral Ganglia, pass through these to synapse with Ganglionic Neurons in Adrenal Medulla
6 E. Parasympathetic (Craniosacral) Division 1. Rest and Digest Response a. Rest b. Reading c. Restoration d. Repair 2. Innervated by Preganglionic Neurons which exit by a. CN III b. CN VII c. CN IX d. CN X Majority e. S2 S4 3. Ganglia a. Terminal Ganglia (1) Oculomotor Ciliary Ganglion (2) Facial Pterygopalatine Ganglion & Submandibular Ganglion (3) Glossopharyngeal Otic Ganglion b. Intramural Ganglia serve Vagus 4. Pelvic Nerves Preganglionic Fibers from Sacral Segments
7 5. Autonomic Plexuses - Network a. Vagus Nerve b. Pelvic Nerves 6. Ganglionic Fibers Release Acetylcholine - Ach F. Clinical Applications 1. Stress 2. Orthostatic Hypotension
8 II. Reflexes A. Reflex Arc 1. Receptor 2. Sensory Neuron 3. Integration Center (Information Processing) a. Synapse Simple Reflex b. Interneurons Complex Reflex 4. Motor Neuron 5. Effector
9 B. Types of Reflexes 1. Innate Reflex 2. Cranial Reflex a. Corneal Reflex b. Gag Reflex 3. Visceral (Autonomic) Reflex a. Pupillary Light Reflex 1) Ipsilateral response b. Consensual Reflex 1) Contralateral response c. Ciliospinal reflex d. Salivary reflex 4. Spinal Reflex 5. Somatic Reflex 6. Monosynaptic Reflex 7. Polysynaptic Reflex a. Crossed Extensor Reflex 8. Stretch Reflexes a. Patellar, Biceps, Triceps, Calcaneal (Achilles) 1) Muscle Spindles 9. Superficial Reflex a. Plantar Reflex 1) Babinski s sign b. Abdominal Reflex
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