NITROGEN AND ENERGY SUPPLEMENTS FOR LOW QUALITY ROUGHAGES INTRODUCTION JANE LEIBHOLZ*
|
|
- Della Powell
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 NITROGEN AND ENERGY SUPPLEMENTS FOR LOW QUALITY ROUGHAGES INTRODUCTION JANE LEIBHOLZ* Edibility and the digestible energy content of low quality roughages may be increased by:- (i) treatment of the forages by chemical and/or physical processes (ii) provision of supplementary nutrients. The two approaches often are complementary, as treatments which increase intake or digestibility may generate a need for additional nutrients to supply the needs of rumen bacteria as well as of the host animal. In these papers we have considered nitrogen (N) requirements of rumen bacteria and of the animal, in animals fed untreated and chemically-treated forages of low nutritive value. The reason for considering both bacterial and animal requirements is because all proteins contain rumen-degradable and by-pass fractions, the relative significance of which is likely to vary with the circumstances in which it is fed. Proteins also provide supplementary energy and minerals which may increase the edibility of roughages. Thus, effects of protein supplements may be attributed to one or more of the following factors:- (i) slow release of N in the rumen (ii) increase in the proportion of nutrients absorbed as essential amino acids (iii) supplementary energy, including gluconeogenesis (iv) stimulatory effects on intake. EFFECT OF NITROGEN SUPPLEMENTS ON INTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF LOW QUALITY FORAGES R.C. KELLAWAY* and JANE LEIBHOLZ* The N requirements for rumen bacteria can be supplied as protein and/or nonprotein nitrogen (NPN). -In vitro - studies indicate that the optimum value for NPN to amino acid N for microbial growth is 75:25 (Maeng et - al ). This suggests that amino acid N in the rumen could limit the synthesis of bacterial protein synthesis when ruminants are fed low protein diets supplemented with NPN. However, in three experiments (Table 1) it was found that the efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis with supplements of casein and HCHO-casein were no higher than with a supplement of urea. Hence, it may be concluded that the microbial N requirements can be supplied as urea in animals fed low quality roughages, and the pre-formed amino acids are probably supplied by endogenous (1977) calculated that microbial protein supplies 0.5 g N/MJ metabolizable energy (ME) which is sufficient to support growth rates of 0.5 kg/day in cattle of 200 kg live weight and 350 g/day in sheep of 40 kg live weight. Energy intakes from low quality roughages would mostly restrict growth rates below these levels, so that digestible by-pass protein should not be a factor limiting growth on these diets. The response to N supplements given in addition to urea was studied in six experiments (Table 2). The mean response to protein supplements was a 3.7% and non-significant increase in roughage intake. The conclusions from this work are that NPN and proteins are equally effect- * Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Sydney, Camden, N.S.W
2 ive in stimulating feed intake and supplying N for microbial protein synthesis in ruminants fed low quality roughages. When the supply of N for microbial protein synthesis is not limiting, protein supplements have a negligible effect on the intake of roughages. TABLE 1 Effect of supplements of urea (U), casein (C) and HCHO-casein (TC) on bacterial protein synthesis (g N/kg organic matter (OM) apparently digested in stomach) and the flow of N to the duodenum -t All animals received the same daily weight of supplements from either casein or corn starch. TABLE 2 Summary of response to protein supplements of urea (U), meat meal (M), casein (C), HCHO-casein (TC), cottonseed meal (CSM) and cracked barley (CB) given to cattle fed low quality roughages 62
3 TABLE 2 (continued) -f- See footnote Table 1 ROLE OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IN THE UTILIZATION OF LOW QUALITY FEEDS BY RUMINANTS T.J. KEMPTON* The aim in developing production feeding systems for ruminants from low quality diets is to use judicious amounts of supplements to alleviate nutritional deficiencies in the basal diet, to maintain or increase intake of the basal diet, to increase the efficiency of utilization of nutrients, and to increase production. However, not all feeds added to a diet will act as a true supplement, since often the feed added will substitute part of the nutrient supply from the basal diet. Ideally a supplement should maintain or increase intake of the basal dietary material. The important distinction therefore, is whether the feed material has a supplementary effect or a substitution effect. SUPPLEMENTATION OF LOb7 PROTEn DIETS GIVEN TO SHEEP WITH NPN AND BY-PASS PROTEINS Feeding trials with lambs given low protein roughage based diets have shown there was a need to supplement the diet with (i) NPN to maximize the outflow of microbial protein from the rumen and (ii) a source of by-pass protein to augment the supply of amino acids from microbial protein and to meet the amino acid requirement of the animal for production. The increased production associated with these supplements was attributed to anincreasedintake of the basal dietary material (Kempton 1981). Since the digestibility of low quality roughages is not increased by by-pass protein supplementation (Kempton and Leng 1979) the animal must derive additional energy to support production either from an increased intake of basal material, or from catabolism of the supplement (Abidin and Kempton 1981). EFFICIENCY OF FOOD UTILIZATION FOR GROWTH From the relation between digestible dry matter intake (DDM) and live weight * Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The University of New England, Armidale, N.S.W.,
4 gain for lambs given a variety of diets (see Kempton 1981) it was evident that (i) the efficiency of utilization of DDM above maintenance was relatively constant for all diets and (ii) liveweight gain is a function of total digestible nutrient intake and that for animals on each diet there is a response in both food intake and liveweight gain to optimizing the balance of absorbed nutrients by supplementing that diet with NPN and a by-pass protein and (iii) for production to be increased above that in response to the NPN and by-pass protein supplements, the animal must further increase DDM intake. This may not be possible if the animal is consuming diets of low digestibility. FOFMJLATION OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTS TO MEET THE LIMITATIONS TO PRODUCTION ON LOW PROTEIN DIETS Feed supplements should be formulated according to the order in which nutritional factors will limit production. (i) Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen There is a critical level of ammonia in rumen fluid (20-50 mg N/l) below which microbial growth may be impaired or efficiency reduced (Satter and Slyter 1972). Provision of readily soluble NPN supplements such as urea will increase rumen ammonia levels for a short period immediately post feeding, however, the ammonia levels may be below the critical level for a period of time until the next intake of supplement. Under these conditions the outflow of microbial protein may be considerably reduced (Helmer and Bartley 1971) and may contribute in part to the lack of response to urea in the majority of grazing studies (Leng et - al ). Studies have shown that the efficiency of utilization of NPN for microbial protein synthesis in sheep can be considerably increased by providing urea continuously in the rumen, as compared with providing the same quantity of urea in a single dose (Meggison et - al ). Formulation of supplements in which the rate of ammonia and carbohydrate release are synchronized with the rate of energy release in fermentation may give production responses where no previous response has been achieved to NPN supplements. Protein meals which are slowly degraded in the rumen may also act as slow release sources of ammonia. (ii) Protein requirements for production The protein requirements of ruminants varies with the physiological status of the animal such that during early growth, late pregnancy and lactation, the supply of amino acids from microbial protein will not meet the amino acid requirements of the animal (grskov 1977). In these cases, it is often necessary to augment the supply of protein of microbial origin with a source of by-pass protein, The need to supplement a diet with a by-pass protein must be assessed from the supply of microbial protein and dietary protein in relation to the protein requirement of the animal and can be calculated by the methods of Roy et - al. - (1977). The quantity of by-pass protein containing meal to be fed to meet a protein deficit can be determined from a knowledge of the protein content and rumen degradability of the protein meal. The ruminal degradability of protein meals can be determined from the loss of N from the meal in solvents (Craig and Broderick 1981), or from nylon bags suspended in the rumen of sheep or cattle (Mehrez and grskov 1977; Kempton 1980). (iii) ME requirement for production The energy requirements of ruminants for maintenance, or for a desired level of production, can be calculated with a degree of precision from the relationships outlined by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) (1975). These calculations, however, make no allowance for the effects of supplementary feeds. For instance, there are no allowances made for substitution or supplementary effects of feeds on food intake; nor are there allowances for the increased efficiency of utilization of energy for production
5 when the energy supplements are digested post-ruminally (Preston and Leng 1980). At present, therefore, it is necessary to calculate the ME requirements for production from methods such as outlined by MAFF (1975), and then to use the nutritional principles of supplementary feeding to formulate feeds which will increase ME intake to the extent required to support the desired level of production. The intake of low protein roughages with a low ME content (7 MJ ME/kg DM) can be maintained or increased by supplementation with NPN and a by-pass protein. However, the animal may be unable to consume sufficient DM to provide the required ME to achieve maximum production, unless the digestibility of the basal diet is increased, or the energy density increased by including an energy supplement in the diet. Digestibility of low quality roughages can be increased by grinding or pelleting, or treating the roughage with materials such as alkali (Jackson 1977). Although these techniques increase digestibility, ME intake and production, they have limited practical application to the grazing ruminant industry in Australia. Alternatively, the basal diet can be supplemented with NPN, a by-pass protein and a source of energy which is digested post-ruminally and does not inhibit intake of the basal material (see Kempton 1982). It may be concluded that the rate of production of ruminants from low protein diets is restricted by the low intake of digestible nutrients. Supplementation with a source of NPN and by-pass protein will increase amino acid supply to the animal and increase food intake. Intake of low quality diets is ultimately restricted by the physical size of the rumen such that the animals may be unable to consume sufficient DM to meet the energy requirements for maximum production. Since the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen and the efficiency of nutrient utilization for growth is not increased by supplementation, ME intake must be increased by other means. Under these conditions ME intake can be increased by increasing the digestibility of the basal dietary material, or by supplementing with an energy form which does not suppress intake of the basal material. EFFECTS OF ENERGY SUPPLEMENTS ON THE INTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF LOW QUALITY ROUGHAGES JANE LEIBHOLZ and RX. KELLAWAY The first factor limiting the performance of ruminants fed low quality roughages is usually their low intake of digestible energy. Cereal grains often are used as sources of additional energy for roughages eaten -ad libitum. - Blaxter and Wilson (1963) and Campling and Murdoch (1966) showed that, in most cases, inconcentrates, However, intake of take of roughages was reduced by addition of low quality hay (energy digestibility 45.4%) and straw was increased by feeding small amounts of concentrates (Blaxter and Wilson 1963; Campling and Murdoch 1966; Crabtree and Williams 1971).This effect may h.ave been due to the N content of the concentrate. When N was not limiting, Mulholland -et al. - (1976) found that intake of ground oat straw was not increased by inclusion of 5-40% starch in the diets. In the present experiments, intake of paspalum hay (Paspalum dilatatum) was measured when sheep and cattle were given small amounts of energy supplements. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments 1 and 2 Paspalum hay (digestible dry matter (DMD) 44-47%) was chopped and sprayed with urea (28 g/kg) and minerals. It was offered -ad libitum- to six cannulated wethers (40 kg live weight) in a crossover design in each experiment. Feed intake was measured daily. Each of the experimental diets shown in Table 3 was fed for 21 days. In Experiment 1 and for Diet 2, Experiment 2, sucrose and starch were uniformly sprayed on the hay. Faeces and urine were collected 65
6 Digest- from day and abomasal and rumen samples were taken from days ion in the stomach was estimated by reference to lignin and Cr EDTA. TABLE 3 Intake of low quality roughages and supplements Experiment 3 Paspalum hay was chopped and offered ad libitum to 30 Hereford e- steers (200 kg live weight). All steers were given 400 g/day of meat meal. Cracked wheat grain was offered once daily to 20 of the steers as shown in Table 3. The duration of the experiment was 70 days. In all experiments the energy supplement provided about 10% of the intake of air dry feed or 20% of digestible energy intake. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Total feed intake (Experiment 1) was increased by the supplement of starch or sucrose, and there was a significant increase in intake of hay with the sucrose supplement. The increased feed intake resulted in an increased flow of N to the abomasum and a greater retention of N. 66
7 In Experiment 2, results were similar to Experiment 1 when starch was continuously infused into the rumen or sprayed on the feed. However, intake of hay was not significantly increased when starch was given only once daily or infused into the abomasum. Infusion of casein into the abomasum gave similar results. When cattle were given wheat supplements once daily, there was no significant change in intake of hay (Experiment 3) which confirms findings in Experiment 2 that starch given once daily did not increase feed intake or N balance in wethers (Diet 5), but the continuous supply of starch increased feed intake (Diets 2 and 3). The treatment of barley grain with alkali results in a slower release of energy than feeding cracked grain once daily (Sriskandarajah et - al ) and this may also result in a greater intake of roughages. It may be concluded that small supplements of starch (10% of air dry feed) can increase the intake of paspalum hay if the supplement is fed continuously. This would agree with the observation of Blaxter and Wilson (1963), Crabtree and Williams (1971) and Lamb and Eadie (1979), and this response was not due to the N content of the supplement as urea or meat meal was given in addition to the energy supplements. SUPPLEMENTATION OF PREGNANT COWS WITH PROTECTED PROTEINS WHEN FED TROPICAL FORAGE DIETS J-A. LINDSAY*, G.W.J. MASON* and M.A. TOLEMAN** Native pastures in the dry tropics rapidly decline in digestibility and N content with the onset of the dry season. N supplementation is offered as a management strategy to overcome the dry season nutritional deficit. This deficit occurs despite an abundance of dry standing pasture and one of the susceptible groups of cattle is lactating cows. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty mature pregnant Brahman crossbred cows were allocated on the basis of foetal age and fasting live weight to one of four treatments. All cows had reared a calf the previous year. The treatments imposed were: chaffed native pasture hay (NP); NP plus a supplement of 55 g N as urea sulphur (US); NP plus US and 1 kg of protected protein (US+PP) - 80% formaldehyde cottonseed meal; 10% fish meal; 10% meat and bone meal; and NP plus 2.0 kg lucerne chaff (MS). The cows were individually fed in pens on a basal diet of m- ad libitum native pasture hay (predominantly Heteropogon contortus) containing 0.4% N. Urea was sprayed onto the hay in a water solution and the other supplements were fed in a separate trough. The experiment took place during the last 60 days of pregnancy and feed intake, cow live weights and calf birth weights were recorded. Data were anal.yzed by analysis of variante for a randomized block design. Dif'ferences between. treatment means were tested using the LSD procedure. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results for liveweight change and dry matter intake during a feeding period are presented in Table day One animal on the NP control treatment died from nutritional deprivation othemise health and calving were normal. * Department of Primary Indus ** Department of Primary Indus tries, tries, Swan's Lagoon, Millaroo, Qld P-0. Box 1085, Townsvill e, Qld
8 TABLE 4 Mean liveweight change (LWC), mean dry matter intake (DMI) and mean calf birth weights of cows fed native pasture diets with N supplementation for 60 days pre-calving Means within rows with dissimilar superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.01). The liveweight loss of the NP animals was dramatic, with a mean loss of 48.9 kg recorded. There was a significant reduction in liveweight loss (P < 0.01) when the US supplement was offered and the PP and MS supplements initiated a significant liveweight gain (P < 0.01). Much of the response in live weight appeared to be explained by a stimulus in roughage intake with N supplementation. Lee et - al. - (1980) working with lactating beef cows also observed that protected protein supplementation increased hay intake. There was a concomitant response in liveweight gain and milk yield. The significant increase in roughage intake (P < 0.01) when PP was added to the US supplement indicates a response to slowly degraded ruminal N supplement or to increased nutrient supply post-ruminally (Sriskandarajah et al. 1980). - - The calves of the NP control cows had a mean live weight of 22 kg and the calves from supplemented cows were on average 44% heavier. The supplements merely allowed the cows to produce a calf of normal birth weight (R.G. Holroyd, personal communication) and the NP diet limited nutrient supply sufficiently to influence foetal growth. A similar depression in calf birth weight was observed by Russell m- et al. (1979) when -pre partum - energy intake was severely restricted. These results indicate that the pregnant cows fed on the poor quality tropical forage diet used in this experiment required an increased supply of nutrients to reduce liveweight losses and ensure a normal calf birth weight. Supplementation with urea sulphur will meet this requirement. However, if the cows are in poor body condition it is likely that supplementation with protected protein or lucerne hay is necessary not only to minimize liveweight loss but also to enable an increase in live weight to occur. THE ROLE OF PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS IN THE NUTRITION OF BEEF CATTLE GRAZING NATIVE PASTURES OF THE NORTH COAST OF NEW SOUTH WALES D.W. HENNESSY* The north coast of N.S.W. has a climate in which 60% of the annual rainfall (1000 mm) falls in the hot summer months, when the temperature range is C, and this favours the dominance of pastures by summer-growing grasses. However, by July, cattle are faced with a forage which has a digestibility as low as 43% and N as low as 0.4% (Cohen 1978). Cattle are unable to meet their maintenance require- * N.S.W. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Station, Grafton, N.S.W
9 ments on these pastures and lose weight. It is the objective of this paper to discuss three grazing trials in which cattle were given supplements of protein. EXPERIMENTAL Experiment 1 Thirty-six Hereford steers were allocated to four treatment groups and set grazed a carpet grass-dominant pasture in 12 paddocks in the experiment reported by Hennessy et al. (1981). A group was offered for 140 days from June, either (i) a mineral supplement daily or (ii) 600 g/head/day of a pelleted protein or (iii) 2100 g/bead/3.5 days of the pelleted meals or (iv) 560 g/head/day of pelleted cracked sorghum grain. From late November, supplementation of group 3 continued until late March when the cattle were removed and set to graze on improved pasture for 12 months. Protein meal supplements significantly (P < 0.01) increased the live weight of young steers at the end of their first winter, and the summer following, with the advantage persisting for a further 12 months after steers were placed onto an improved pasture. Results are presented in Table 5. TABLE 5 Mean live weight (kg) of young steers at the end of three consecutive periods Experiment 2 One hundred and twenty-nine heifers were put in four groups. Half of each group was offered a supplement of linseed meal ( g/day) whilst all heifers grazed together on unfertilized carpet grass pasture. Heifers that were supplemented with linseed meal during the winter period of 3 years were significantly (P < 0.01) heavier and weaned more calves than unsupplemented heifers (Table 6). Experiment 3 Forty-four Hereford heifers (200 kg live weight) were divided into three groups and set to graze carpet grass pasture. From June, heifers were offered either (i) access to a mineral supplement or (ii) 2800 g of the pelleted protein meal mix (same as in Experiment 1) every 3.5 days or (iii) same supplement as for group 2. In November, bulls were placed with heifers of groups 1 and 2 for 9 weeks at the end of which supplementation ceased. In the following July supplementation for groups 1 and 3 recommenced as for the previous winter. Only heifers in group 2 which were pregnant were supplemented; the non-pregnant heifers being given access to a mineral supplement. Supplementation in group 2 was on the basis of 16 g pellet/kgom75 live weight. In November of the second year, all heifers were placed with bulls for mating. In the third year supplementation recommenced in July for pregnant cows on the basis of 16 g pellet/kg0'75 live weight, up to a maximum of 1.4 kg/head/day. Weaning was in March when calves were 200 days of age. 69
10 TABLE 6 Live weight of supplemented and non-supplemented heifers at joining, and proportion of heifers becoming pregnant Live weight of the heifers during the first winter was increasedsubstantially by supplements and this increased live weight enabled all heifers to be in oestrus during the joining period of the first year. In contrast, only 20% of unsupplemented heifers cycled during their first year and none became pregnant (Table 7). Protein supplements to lactating heifers improved the weaning weight of calves (Table 7) and the proportion of the group which went back into calf. TABLE 7 Iiveweight and proportion of heifers calving, and the weaning weight of their calves when offered a protein supplement during the winter of consecutive years? As a percentage of previously lactating heifers or cows These experiments have indicated the role of supplementary protein in the diet of young cattle grazing carpet grass pastures that are typical of much of the unimproved grazing lands of north coastal N.S.W. Live weight of steers and live weight and fertility of heifers have been improved by the additional protein. Protein meals contain a fraction of soluble protein and a fraction that is 70
11 insoluble but degradable in the rumen, thereby providing the rumen with ammonia precursors and dietary undegraded protein in the intestine. Linseed meal is relatively unprotected (Ferguson 1975) compared to the pelleted meal used in Experiment 1 and twice-a-week feeding of linseed may be a less efficient way of maintaining a raised rumen ammonia level and of providing dietary non-degraded protein to the intestine than by feeding the less degradable protein meal. The better growth responses in Experiment 1 than in Experiment 2 may be partly due to these features. SUMMARY JANE LEIBHOLZ Several conclusions can be drawn from the papers presented in this contract. 1. In animals fed low quality roughages, requirements for microbial protein synthesis in the rumen could be supplied entirely by NPN. 2. Supplements of both NPN and proteins stimulated the intake of roughages of low N content and increased live weights and joining percentages. 3. Protein supplements, in addition to NPN, did not stimulate the intake of roughage in steers, but increased the roughage intake of pregnant Brahman crossbred cows. 4. Energy supplements, 20% of digestible energy as starch or sucrose, increased roughage intakes by 8-23%. REFERENCES ABIDIN, Z., and KEMPTON, T-J. (1981). Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. = 6: 145. BLAXTER, K-L., and WILSON, R.S. (1963). Anim. Prod. 5: 27. CAMPLING, R-C., and MURDOCH, J-C. (1966). J. Dairy Rer. 33: 1. CRABTREE, J-R., and WILLIAMS, G.L. (1971). Anim. Prod. 13: 71. COHEN, R.D.H. (1978). Ph.D. Thesis. University of New England. CRAIG, W.M., and BRODERICK, G.A. (1981). J. Dairy Sci. 64: 769. FERGUSON, K-A. (1975). In "Digestion and Metabolism in t= Ruminant", p. 448, editors I.W. McDonald and A-C-1. Warner. (University of New England Publishing Unit: Armidale.) HELMER, L-G., and BARTLEY, E-E. (1971). J. Dairy Sci. 54: 25. HENNESSY, D-W., WILLIAMSON, P-J., LOWE, R.F., and BOIGENT7D.R. (1981). J. - Agric. Sci., Camb. 96: 205. JACKSON, M.G. (1977). Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2: 105. KEMPTON, T.J. (1980). Trop. Anim. Prod. 5: 107.= KEMPTON, T.J. (1981). In "Recent Advancesyn Animal Nutrition", p. 52, editor D.J. Farrell. (University of New England Publishing Unit: Armidale.) KEMPTON, T.J. (1982). Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 14: 649. KEMPTON, T.J., and LENG, R-A. (1979). Br. J. Nutr. 42: 289. LAMB, C-S., and EADIE, J. (1979). J. Agric. Sci., Gag. 92: 235. LEE, G.J., HENNESSY, D.W., and WILLIAMSON, P.J. (1980). Psc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 13: 483. LEIBHOLZ, JANE, a KELLAWAY, R.C. (1979). Ann. Rech. Vet. lo: 274. LENG, R-A., MURRAY, R-M., NOLAN, J-L., and NORTON, B.W. (1973) Aust. Meat Res. Comm. Rev. 15: 1. MAENG, W-J., VAN NEVETFC.J., BALDWIN, R.L., and MORRIS, J.G. (1976). J. Dairy Sci. 59: 68. MEHREZ, A-Z., anf@rskov, E.R. (1977). J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 88: 645. MEGGISON, P-A., McMENIMAN, N.P., and ARMSTRONG, D.G. (1979). Proc. Nutr. Soc. 30: 146A. 71
12 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FOOD (1975). "Energy Allowances and Feeding Systems for Ruminants". Tech. Bull. 33. (Her Majesty's Stationery Office: London.) MULHOLLAND, J-G., COOMBE, J-B., and McMANUS, W.R. (1976). Aust. J. Agric. Res. 27: 139. PRSKOV, E.R. (1977). In "Protein Metabolism and Nutrition", p. 110, E.A.A.P. Publ. No. 22. PRESTON, T-R., and LENG, R.A. (1980). In "Digestive Physiology and Metabolism in Ruminants", p. 621, editors Y. Ruckebusch and P. Thivend. (MTP Press: Lancaster.) REDMAN, R-G., KELLAWAY, R-C., and LEIBHOLZ, JANE (1980). Br. J. Nutr. 44: 343. ROY, J.H.B., BALCH, CC., MILLER, E-L., grskov, E.R., and SMITH, R.H. (l-7). In "Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Protein Metabolism and Nutrition", p RUSSELL, A.J.F., PEART, J.N Anim. Prod. 28: SATTER, L-D., and SLYTET L 2. J., and WHITE, 1-R. 35: (1979). SRISKANDARAJAH, N., ASHWOOD 1%). J. Agric. Sci., Caxib. 95: 555. SRISKANDAGAH, N., KELLAWAY, RX., and LEIBHOLZ, JANE (1981). Br. J. Nutr. (in press). 72
RESPONSES OF YOUNG SHEEP TO SUPPLEMENTS SUMMARY
1 RESPONSES OF YOUNG SHEEP TO SUPPLEMENTS R.M. DIXON* **, R. THOMAS*, A. THALEN* AND A.R. EGAN* SUMMARY Three pen experiments were undertaken to investigate growth responses of young BL x M wether lambs
More informationBeef Cattle Handbook
Beef Cattle Handbook BCH-5450 Product of Extension Beef Cattle Resource Committee Adapted from the Cattle Producer s Library Formulating Supplements Roger Brownson, Extension Beef Cattle Specialist, Montana
More informationPIONEER FEEDS DAIRY CATTLE AND CALF FEEDING TECHNICAL INFORMATION.
PIONEER FEEDS DAIRY CATTLE AND CALF FEEDING TECHNICAL INFORMATION. 1. STAGES IN LACTATION PERIOD IN DAIRY COWS The lactation period is divided into four phases based on the cow s physiological cycle and
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING OF GRAZING SHEEP - ITS EFFECT ON PASTURE INTAKE ByJ.M. HOLDER*
SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING OF GRAZING SHEEP - ITS EFFECT ON PASTURE INTAKE ByJ.M. HOLDER* Summary In three experiments conducted with Merino sheep grazing unimproved native pasture, feeding a grain supplement
More informationMOLASSES AND COTTONSEED MEAL SUPPLEMENTATION OF AMMONIATED HAY FOR YEARLING CATTLE
MOLASSES AND COTTONSEED MEAL SUPPLEMENTATION OF AMMONIATED HAY FOR YEARLING CATTLE SUMMARY W.F. Brown Two growth trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of molasses and/or cottonseed meal supplementation
More informationPROTEIN LIMITS TO PRODUCTION IN RUMINANTS
PROTEIN LIMITS TO PRODUCTION IN RUMINANTS J. P. HOGAN* Summary Although the extent of protein synthesis in non-ruminants depends on the total amounts of nutrients available, the efficiency of protein synthesis
More informationDietary Protein. Dr. Mark McGuire Dr. Jullie Wittman AVS Department University of Idaho
Dietary Protein Dr. Mark McGuire Dr. Jullie Wittman AVS Department University of Idaho Some slides adapted from Dairy Nutrition & Management (ANSCI 200/492), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
More informationQuick Start. Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System for Sheep
Quick Start Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System for Sheep The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) for Sheep is a feeding system derived from the CNCPS for cattle (Fox et al., 2003).
More informationIntro to Meat Goat Nutrition
Intro to Meat Goat Nutrition John Harper Livestock & Natural Resource Advisor Mendocino & Lake Counties University of California Cooperative Extension Adapted from presentation by Susan Schoenian,Sheep
More informationFEEDING and MANAGEMENT OF DAMASCUS GOATS CYPRUS EXPERIENCE By Miltiades Hadjipanayiotou
DAMASCUS GOAT FEEDING and MANAGEMENT OF DAMASCUS GOATS CYPRUS EXPERIENCE By Miltiades Hadjipanayiotou Damascus goat is a breed originating from Syria, and is found as pure breed in many M.E. & N. African
More informationThe Diploma in Ruminant Nutrition
Further Information on the Modules that Make Up The Diploma in Ruminant Nutrition Taken from the Module Descriptors Ruminant Animal Production and the Feed Industry A4057 Academic Level 4 Rationale and
More informationThe Ruminant Animal. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Oklahoma State University
The Ruminant Animal Chapter 10 Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Oklahoma State University Arable Land Globally: 1/32 of the land mass is suitable for cultivation. United States: United States: Today
More informationWHAT SOLUBLE SUGARS AND ORGANIC ACIDS CAN DO FOR THE RUMEN
WHAT SOLUBLE SUGARS AND ORGANIC ACIDS CAN DO FOR THE RUMEN DF Waterman, PhD MS Specialty Nutrition Milk yield per cow has continued to increase over the last two decades The increase can be attributed
More informationProtein and Carbohydrate Utilization by Lactating Dairy Cows 1
Protein and Carbohydrate Utilization by Lactating Dairy Cows 1 Bill Weiss Department of Animal Sciences Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691 email:
More informationBasic Requirements. Meeting the basic nutrient requirements
Basic Requirements It is imperative that cattle producers have an adequate understanding of the basic nutrient requirements of the cow herd to make informed and effective nutrition-related decisions. Meeting
More informationA COMPARISON OF PROTEIN CONCENTRATES FOR WOOL GROWTH. W. F. COLEBROOK*, K. A. FERGUSON*, J. A. HEMSLEY,* J. P. HOGAN*, P. J. REIS* and R. H.
A COMPARISON OF PROTEIN CONCENTRATES FOR WOOL GROWTH W. F. COLEBROOK*, K. A. FERGUSON*, J. A. HEMSLEY,* J. P. HOGAN*, P. J. REIS* and R. H. WESTON* Summary The value of 14 protein concentrates for wool
More informationTitle. Issue Date Doc URL. Type. File Information THE RUMEN DEGRADABILITY OF PROTEIN FOR VARIOUS FEEDS.
Title THE RUMEN DEGRADABILITY OF PROTEIN FOR VARIOUS FEEDS Author(s)OKUBO, Masahiko; HANADA, Masaaki; SEKINE, Junjiro; M CitationJournal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Univ Issue Date 1986-12
More information56 Trop Anim Prod :1
56 Trop Anim Prod 977 2: INVESTIGATION OF DIETARY LIMITATIONS ON SUGAR CANE BASED DIETS 2 3 4 H M Ferreiro, T R Preston, and T M Sutherland Centro de Investigación y Experimentación Ganadera Chetumal,
More informationPROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE RUMEN OF BULLS GIVEN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MOLASSES AND CASSAVA ROOT. J B Rowe, F Bordas and T R Preston
Trop Anim Prod 1980 5:1 57 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE RUMEN OF BULLS GIVEN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MOLASSES AND CASSAVA ROOT 1 2 J B Rowe, F Bordas and T R Preston CEDIPCA, CEAGANA, Apartado 1256, Santo Domingo,
More informationCOW SUPPLEMENTATION: GETTING THE BEST BANG FOR YOUR BUCK. Low Quality Forage. Ruminant Digestive Anatomy. How do we get the best bang for the buck?
COW SUPPLEMENTATION: GETTING THE BEST BANG FOR YOUR BUCK Ken Olson Extension Beef Specialist How do we get the best bang for the buck? 2 aspects: Biology: Use the right feeds to provide the right nutrients
More informationProduction Costs. Learning Objectives. Essential Nutrients. The Marvels of Ruminant Digestion
Feeding for 2: Understanding How to Feed the Goat and her Rumen Robert Van Saun, DVM, MS, PhD Extension Veterinarian Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences The Marvels of Ruminant Digestion This
More informationCEREAL OR LEGUME GRAINS AS SUPPLEMENTS FOR ANIMALS GRAZING STUBBLE OR DRY PASTURE SUMMARY
72 CEREAL OR LEGUME GRAINS AS SUPPLEMENTS FOR ANIMALS GRAZING STUBBLE OR DRY PASTURE J B Rowe *, GD Tudor**, RM Dixon t and AR Egan SUMMARY A principal role of supplements for grazing sheep and cattle
More informationTHE USE OF BYPASS PROTEINS AND NPN IN DIETS HIGH IN SUGAR R.A. LENG* SUMMARY
82 THE USE OF BYPASS PROTEINS AND NPN IN DIETS HIGH IN SUGAR R.A. LENG* SUMMARY Sugar based diets for ruminants are now in common use in a number of countries. Research into supplementation of these diets
More informationINTAKE AND QUALITATIVE ASPECTS OF GUINEA GRASS GRAZED BY SHEEP OVER THREE DIFFERENT SEASONS. W.A. van Niekerk. Africa
INTAKE AND QUALITATIVE ASPECTS OF GUINEA GRASS GRAZED BY SHEEP OVER THREE DIFFERENT SEASONS ID # 09-40 W.A. van Niekerk Department of Animal & Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002,
More informationAnimal Science: Isotopes and Nuclear Techniques
Animal Science: Isotopes and Nuclear Techniques by John E. Vercoe In many regions of the world, animal production is limited by poor growth, reproductive performance and milk output of livestock, thus
More information2. Digestible and Metabolisable Energy
Module 1 The Theory and Practice of Animal Nutrition 2. Digestible and Metabolisable Energy John Nolan and Darryl Savage Learning objectives On completion of this topic you should be able to: Describe
More informationCHAMPION TOC INDEX. Protein Requirements of Feedlot Cattle. E. K. Okine, G. W. Mathison and R. R. Corbett. Take Home Message
TOC INDEX CHAMPION Feed Services Ltd. Protein Requirements of Feedlot Cattle E. K. Okine, G. W. Mathison and R. R. Corbett Take Home Message The new Nutrient Requirements (NRC) of Beef Cattle published
More informationPhosphorus nutrition & management overcoming constraints to wider adoption
Phosphorus nutrition & management overcoming constraints to wider adoption Rob Dixon, David Coates, Bill Holmes, Bernie English & Joe Rolfe & with thanks to other members of the team preparing the new
More informationSUPPLEMENTS FOR LIGHT WEIGHT CALVES RECEIVED AND GROWN ON NATIVE GRASS HAY. Story in Brief
SUPPLEMENTS FOR LIGHT WEIGHT CALVES RECEIVED AND GROWN ON NATIVE GRASS HAY M.A. Kaill and K.S. Lusby2 Story in Brief Fifty-eight 3- to 4-month old Hereford and Hereford X Angus calves (240 lb) were used
More informationBasic Cow Nutrition. Dr. Matt Hersom 1
Basic Cow Nutrition Dr. Matt Hersom 1 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Sciences, Gainesville, FL Introduction The cow is our basic production unit and most important employee of the beef enterprise.
More informationBasic Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cows 1
AN190 1 Matt Hersom 2 Introduction Meeting the basic nutrient requirements of beef cows is a key component of meeting cow herd production and profitability goals for the beef cattle enterprise. Adequate
More informationNutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle E-974
Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle E-974 Department of Animal Science Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Oklahoma State University David Lalman
More informationEFFECTS OF DAILY OR WEEKLY FEEDING OF WHEAT ON WOOL PRODUCTION. M. K. HILL*, M. J. WATSON and G. L. McCLYMONT
EFFECTS OF DAILY OR WEEKLY FEEDING OF WHEAT ON WOOL PRODUCTION M. K. HILL*, M. J. WATSON and G. L. McCLYMONT Summary Non pregnant Merino ewes were fed for survival on isocaloric wheat rations given either
More informationRecent Applications of Liquid Supplements in Dairy Rations
Recent Applications of Liquid Supplements in Dairy Rations R. D. Shaver, Ph.D., PAS Department of Dairy Science College of Agricultural & Life Sciences University of Wisconsin - Madison University of Wisconsin
More informationDietary Protein 10/21/2010. Protein is Required for: Crude Protein Requirement. Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP)
Dietary Protein Dr. Mark McGuire VS Department University of Idaho Some slides adapted from Dairy Nutrition & Management (NSI 200/492), University of Illinois at Urbana-hampaign, Dr. Mike Hutjens & Jimmy
More informationTHE EFFECT OF UREA BLOCK SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE UTILISATION OF ROUGHAGE BY SHEEP
THE EFFECT OF UREA BLOCK SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE UTILISATION OF ROUGHAGE BY SHEEP P. McINNES* and N. W. MANGELSDORF Summary Blocks containing urea were provided to groups of penned sheep fed ad libitum
More informationUsmc BYPASS PROTEIN SOURCES TO MINIMIZE SUPPLEMENTATION COSTS
Usmc BYPASS PROTEIN SOURCES TO MINIMIZE SUPPLEMENTATION COSTS M. & Petersen, L A Appeddu-Richards, S. Serra%o-Corona, L. Knax D. Hawkins and G. Donart Introduction Protein supplementation has been demonstrated
More informationControl of Energy Intake Through Lactation
Control of Energy Intake Through Lactation Michael S. Allen and B. J. Bradford 1 Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824 Email: allenm@msu.edu Summary Feed intake is
More information172 Trop Anim Prod :2
7 Trop Anim Prod 979 4: AMMONIA TREATED WHEAT STRAW AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR MAIZE SILAGE FOR GROWING LAMBS R Tejada, Beatriz Murillo and M T Cabezas University San Carlos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria
More informationRELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF RUMINAL AND POSTRUMINAL DIGESTION WITH RESPECT TO PROTEIN AND ENERGY NUTRITION IN RUMINANTS 1. E R Orskov
Trop Anim Prod 1977 3:2 91 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF RUMINAL AND POSTRUMINAL DIGESTION WITH RESPECT TO PROTEIN AND ENERGY NUTRITION IN RUMINANTS 1 E R Orskov Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen
More informationFEEDING SHEEP FOR PROF$T
FEEDING SHEEP FOR PROF$T Jess Revell Livestock Nutritionist Rumenate Livestock Services What is your aim? Is it profitable $$ (Budget)? Contents What nutrients are important? Benefits of a balanced & consistent
More informationEvaluating Feed Purchasing Options: Energy, Protein, and Mineral Supplements
Evaluating Feed Purchasing Options: Energy, Protein, and Mineral Supplements W.E. Kunkle and D.B. Bates Department of Animal Science University of Florida, Gainesville Introduction Cow calf production
More informationIntroduction. Carbohydrate Nutrition. Microbial CHO Metabolism. Microbial CHO Metabolism. CHO Fractions. Fiber CHO (FC)
Introduction Carbohydrate Nutrition Largest component of dairy rations CHO comprise to 80% of ration DM Major source of energy for milk production One-third of milk solids is lactose 4.9 lbs. of lactose
More informationFORAGE = BEEF (1) The researchers compared three diets for cows on dormant winter range: 1. Control (no supplement) 2. Corn Gluten Feed. 3.
FORAGE = BEEF (1) A cow s job is to convert forage into beef. The more forage a cow harvests, the more and bigger calves she weans. Supplement can help cows or really the microbes in their rumen - harvest
More informationChallenges in ruminant nutrition: towards minimal nitrogen losses in cattle
Challenges in ruminant nutrition: towards minimal nitrogen losses in cattle Jan Dijkstra Wageningen, the Netherlands Efficiency of N utilization Proportion of feed N captured as milk and meat (N efficiency)
More informationChapter-6 Feed formulation - nutrients requirement for different category of dairy animals, balanced/complete ration, methods of feed formulation
Chapter-6 Feed formulation - nutrients requirement for different category of dairy animals, balanced/complete ration, methods of feed formulation Objectives 1. To study the nutrient requirements of different
More information268 Trop Anim Prod :3
268 Trop Anim Prod 979 4: PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA WITH AND WITHOUT MOLASSES FOR THE PRESERVATION AND UTILIZATION OF ENSILED SISAL PULP 2 R Godoy, F Herrera, R Carcano,
More informationForage Intake of Range Cows as Mfected Breed and Level of Winter Supplement
Forage Intake of Range Cows as Mfected Breed and Level of Winter Supplement by K.S. Lusby, D.F. Stephens, Leon Knori and Robert Totusek Story in Brief The effects of breed and level of winter supplement
More information186 Trop Anim Prod :3
186 Trop Anim Prod 1977 3:3 CASSAVA OR SWEET POTATO FORAGE AS COMBINED SOURCES OF PROTEIN AND ROUGHAGE IN MOLASSES BASED DIETS: EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION WITH SOYBEAN MEAL 1 D Ffoulkes and T R Preston
More information172 Trop Anim Prod 1980: 5:2
7 Trop Anim Prod 980: 5: EFFECT OF A METHANE INHIBITOR ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND RUMEN VFA OF STEERS FED SUGAR CANE AND MOLASSES Angela Fernandez, J B Rowe & T R Preston CEDIPCA, CEAGANA, Apartado 56,
More informationEFFECT OF WATER, NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM LOADING ON SODIUM RETENTION BY CATTLE ON A LOW SODIUM INTAKE. D. W. HENNESSY and G. L.
EFFECT OF WATER, NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM LOADING ON SODIUM RETENTION BY CATTLE ON A LOW SODIUM INTAKE D. W. HENNESSY and G. L. McCLYMONT* Summary Steers grew- at 0.25 kg per day for over a year on a ration
More informationAmino Acid Balancing in the Context of MP and RUP Requirements
Amino Acid Balancing in the Context of MP and RUP Requirements Charles G. Schwab, Ryan S. Ordway, and Nancy L. Whitehouse Department of Animal and Nutritional Sciences University of New Hampshire Durham,
More informationMINERAL SUPPLEMENTS AND FEED ADDITIVES CAN THEY ELIMINATE FESCUE TOXICITY?
MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS AND FEED ADDITIVES CAN THEY ELIMINATE FESCUE TOXICITY? John Thomas Johns Beef Cattle Extension University of Kentucky Fescue is the predominate cool season grass in much of the United
More informationSupplementation for the Cow-Calf Calf Producer
Supplementation for the Cow-Calf Calf Producer Jason Cleere Assistant Professor Extension Beef Cattle Specialist Department of Animal Science Texas A&M University Why is nutrition important??? Animal Nutrition
More informationNEED FOR RUMINALLY DEGRADED NITROGEN BY FINISHING CATTLE FED PROCESSED GRAINS Mike Brown West Texas A&M University Canyon, TX
NEED FOR RUMINALLY DEGRADED NITROGEN BY FINISHING CATTLE FED PROCESSED GRAINS Mike Brown West Texas A&M University Canyon, TX msbrown@mail.wtamu.edu ABSTRACT Assuring an adequate supply of ruminally degraded
More informationFeeding the Doe Herd. Lyle W. McNichol PAg. Lyle McNichol Livestock Consulting Services
Feeding the Doe Herd Lyle W. McNichol PAg. Lyle McNichol Livestock Consulting Services Goals for the Doe Herd Maximize conception rate Minimize embryo and fetal mortality Birth of viable kids capable of
More informationProtein in Beef Cattle Diets
Protein in Beef Cattle Diets Feed costs account for a large proportion of cash costs in beef cattle operations. Protein is a critical nutrient in all beef cattle diets. Although protein supplementation
More informationFeed Management to Improve Nitrogen and Phosphorus Efficiency. Charles C. Stallings Professor and Extension Dairy Scientist Virginia Tech
Feed Management to Improve Nitrogen and Phosphorus Efficiency Charles C. Stallings Professor and Extension Dairy Scientist Virginia Tech The two nutrients that have the greatest potential for negative
More informationLamb Weaning and Nutrition
Lamb Weaning and Nutrition Weaner survival (%) 100 90 80 70 60 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Liveweight at weaning (kg) A balanced ration must provide: Energy Protein Roughage Vitamins and Minerals Effect of Energy
More informationEFFECT OF INCREASING DIETARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION ON INTAKE, DIGESTION, AND RUMINAL FERMENTATION IN LIMIT-FED STEERS
EFFECT OF INCREASING DIETARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION ON INTAKE, DIGESTION, AND RUMINAL FERMENTATION IN LIMIT-FED STEERS An Undergraduate Research Scholars Thesis by KELLI FRANKS Submitted to the Undergraduate
More informationExercise 2 Feed Composition and Nutrient Requirements 20 Points
Exercise 2 Feed Composition and Nutrient Requirements 20 Points The objective of this laboratory exercise is to familiarize the student with the feed composition and nutrient requirement tables in the
More informationCOMPLETE LACTATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF COWS FED WET CORN GLUTEN FEED AND PELLET CONSISTING OF RAW SOYBEAN HULLS AND CORN STEEP LIQUOR
Dairy Day 2002 COMPLETE LACTATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF COWS FED WET CORN GLUTEN FEED AND PELLET CONSISTING OF RAW SOYBEAN HULLS AND CORN STEEP LIQUOR E. E. Ferdinand, J. E. Shirley, E. C. Titgemeyer, J. M.
More informationIntroduction. Use of undf240 as a benchmarking tool. Relationships between undigested and physically effective fiber in lactating dairy cows
Relationships between undigested and physically effective fiber in lactating dairy cows R. Grant 1, W. Smith 1, M. Miller 1, K. Ishida 2, and A. Obata 2 1 William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute,
More informationThe four stomachs of a dairy cow
The four stomachs of a dairy cow Left side view 1) Rumen 2) Reticulum 3) Omasum 4) Abomasum Reticulo-omasal orifice (reticulo-rumen exit) (on the right side of the cow) (on the right side of the cow) Esophagus
More informationWhy Graze? Supplementing Lactating Cows Requires Different Thinking. Grazing when grazing wasn t cool!! WHY? Good Pasture WVU Circular 379 Early 50s
Supplementing Lactating Cows Requires Different Thinking Why Graze? Low cost feed source for seasonal dairy Least cost way to begin dairying Protein source for conventional dairy Carl E. Polan, Virginia
More informationAnimal Digestion and Nutrition. Objective 7.02: Understand the digestive process
Animal Digestion and Nutrition Objective 7.02: Understand the digestive process RUMINANTS Ruminant Animals Animals with complex digestive systems Capable of digesting material with a high fiber concentration
More informationBeef Cattle Nutrient Requirements
Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements Nutrients Required by Beef Cattle Beef cattle require nutrients to support body maintenance, reproduction, lactation, and growth. The nutritional needs of beef cattle
More informationResponse of Ruminants to Protein Supplementation is Affected by Type of Low-quality Forage 1
Oregon State University BEEF0028 Beef Research Report Beef Cattle Sciences Response of Ruminants to Protein Supplementation is Affected by Type of Low-quality Forage 1 David W. Bohnert 2, Timothy DelCurto
More informationStretching Limited Hay Supplies: Wet Cows Fed Low Quality Hay Jason Banta, Extension Beef Cattle Specialist Texas A&M AgriLife Extension
ASWeb - 145 September 2018 Stretching Limited Hay Supplies: Wet Cows Fed Low Quality Hay Jason Banta, Extension Beef Cattle Specialist Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Many producers are facing low hay supplies
More informationMatching Hay to the Cow s Requirement Based on Forage Test
Matching Hay to the Cow s Requirement Based on Forage Test Ed Rayburn, Extension Specialist WVU Extension Service, Agriculture and Natural Resources October 2013 The conventional method for matching hay
More informationKashif Ishaq PhD; DVM
Kashif Ishaq PhD; DVM Hind gut fomenters Stomach is not chambered Other animals are donkey, rabbits Parts of Digestive System Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine is 21 m long Large intestine 40-50
More informationFeeding dry cows - down but not out
Feeding dry cows - down but not out Jon Moorby and Richard Dewhurst Growth 54 Replenishing fat reserves 55 Replenishing protein reserves and preparing for lactation 56 Rumen development and feed intake
More informationSoybean, Canola and Cottonseed Meal
Soybean, Canola and Cottonseed Meal In- Sacco technique for estimation of ruminal degradability of soybean, canola, and cottonseed meal Authors: K. Jafari Khorshidi H. Kioumarsi S. Abedi C M. Ahmady G.
More informationBeef Cattle Nutrient Requirements
Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements Nutrients Required by Beef Cattle Beef cattle require nutrients to support body maintenance, reproduction, lactation, and growth. The nutritional needs of beef cattle
More informationLesson 3 Understanding Nutrients and Their Importance
Unit B Understanding Animal Body Systems Lesson 3 Understanding Nutrients and Their Importance 1 Terms Balanced ration Carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates Disaccharides Essential nutrients Ether Fat Fat-soluble
More informationThe effects of defaunation of the rumen on the growth of lambs on low-protein-high-energy diets
Br. J. Nutr. (1g7g), 42, 81 81 The effects of defaunation of the rumen on the growth of lambs on low-protein-high-energy diets BY S. H. BIRD, M. K. HILL* AND R. A. LENG Departments of Biochemistry and
More informationGoat Nutrition Dr Julian Waters Consultant Nutritionist
Goat Nutrition Dr Julian Waters Consultant Nutritionist Agenda Ruminant Digestive Systems Basic Nutrition Energy & Protein Other Nutrients Rearing Kids Does Pregnancy Lactation Bucks Minerals & Issues
More informationNonstructural and Structural Carbohydrates in Dairy Cattle Rations 1
CIR1122 Nonstructural and Structural Carbohydrates in Dairy Cattle Rations 1 Barney Harris, Jr. 2 Carbohydrates are the largest component in the dairy ration and contribute 60 to 70% of the net energy
More informationForage Testing and Supplementation
Outline Forage Testing and Logan Wallace Livestock Specialist Testing Hay Nutrient Value/Requirements Strategies Management based Feed substitution Variance in Hay Species Maturities Weathering Why take
More informationForage Quality and Livestock Nutrition on Pasture. Patrick Davis, Ph. D. Johnson County MU Extension Livestock Specialist
Forage Quality and Livestock Nutrition on Pasture Patrick Davis, Ph. D. Johnson County MU Extension Livestock Specialist Topics Ruminant Nutrition Factors Effecting Forage Quality Nutrient requirements
More informationRICE POLISHINGS AS A SUPPLEMENT IN SUGAR CANE DIETS: EFFECT OF LEVEL OF RICE POLISHINGS IN WET AND DRY SEASON CONDITIONS
Tropical Animal Production 1976 Vol 3 No 1 15 RICE POLISHINGS AS A SUPPLEMENT IN SUGAR CANE DIETS: EFFECT OF LEVEL OF RICE POLISHINGS IN WET AND DRY SEASON CONDITIONS 1 2 3 4 J M Lopez, T R Preston, T
More informationEFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENT SOURCE ON INTAKE, DIGESTION AND RUMINAL KINETICS OF STEERS FED PRAIRIE HAY. Authors:
1999 Animal Science Research Report Authors: EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENT SOURCE ON INTAKE, DIGESTION AND RUMINAL KINETICS OF STEERS FED PRAIRIE HAY Story in Brief Pages 216-221 T.N. Bodine, H.T. Purvis II, M.T.
More informationEFFECT OF SODIUM BICARBONATE IN THE DRINKING WATER OF RUMINANTS ON THE DIGESTIBILITY OF A PELLETED COMPLETE RATION 1
EFFECT OF SODIUM BICARBONATE IN THE DRINKING WATER OF RUMINANTS ON THE DIGESTIBILITY OF A PELLETED COMPLETE RATION 1 ORK reported recently indicates that W concentrated or pelleted complete rations which
More informationFeed Efficiency in Beef Finishing Systems
Feed Efficiency in Beef Finishing Systems M. McGee Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath Teagasc-IGFA Nutrition Conference Portlaoise June 2014 Feed costs
More informationMANAGING THE DAIRY COW DURING THE DRY PERIOD
Department of Animal Science MANAGING THE DAIRY COW DURING THE DRY PERIOD Dairy Cattle Production 342-450A Page 1 of 11 Background The dry period is a critical period for the health, production and reproduction
More informationThe Nutritionist 2019
The Nutritionist 2019 Live and Recorded Ruminant Nutrition Webinars More Information at https://agmodelsystems.com/webinars/ Email: webinars@agmodelsystems.com 14 February 2019 9:00 am EST 5:00 pm EST
More informationCOOPERATIVE EXTENSION UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS. Rumen Escape Protein of some Dairy Feedstuffs
UC CE COOPERATIVE EXTENSION UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Rumen Escape Protein of some Dairy Feedstuffs P.H. Robinson Cooperative Extension Specialist University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8521 Dairy
More informationNutritive Value of Feeds
Nutritive Value of Feeds Chapter 12 A working knowledge of the nutrient composition of available feeds is an integral part of a successful beef cattle operation. * The rumen fermentation process allows
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF CORN SILAGE HYBRID VARIETY ON BEEF STEER GROWTH PERFORMANCE. Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph
THE INFLUENCE OF CORN SILAGE HYBRID VARIETY ON BEEF STEER GROWTH PERFORMANCE P.L. McEwen 1 and J.G. Buchanan-Smith 2 1 Animal and Poultry Science Department, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology
More informationLick Supplementation
Lick Supplementation 4 August 2017 1 2 KAMOGELO! Re a le amogela mo Nutri feeds mo nakong ya jaanong Welcome to the Nutri Feeds presentation. Puo ya rona etla nna English The talk will be held in English.
More informationImproving protein utilization in silage to increase animal performance and reduce environmental burden. E. Charmley 1
1 1 2 3 4 Improving protein utilization in silage to increase animal performance and reduce environmental burden E. Charmley 1 Research Farm, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Nappan, NS, B0L 1C0, Canada
More informationTHE ROLE OF RUMEN PROTOZOA IN THE NUTRITION OF RUMINANTS. R.A. LENG*, S.H. BIRD* and W. BURGGRAAF* SUMMARY
4 THE ROLE OF RUMEN PROTOZOA IN THE NUTRITION OF RUMINANTS R.A. LENG*, S.H. BIRD* and W. BURGGRAAF* SUMMARY Recent resultshave tended to support the concept that protozoa are preferentially retained in
More informationFormulating Lactating Cow Diets for Carbohydrates
for Carbohydrates MIKE ALLEN Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 2265G Anthony Hall Tel: 517-432-1386 Fax: 517-432-0147 allenm@pilot.msu.edu Take Home Messages The goal of formulating
More informationThere are six general classes of nutrients needed in the horse s diet: water carbohydrates fats protein minerals vitamins.
HORSE NUTRITION Nutrients A nutrient is defined as any feed constituent that is necessary to support life. The following is a list of functions that nutrients perform in the horse's body: source of energy
More information4º International Symposium on Advances on Ruminant Nutrition Research Techniques. Pirassununga, SP, Brazil. April 10-11, 2014.
4º International Symposium on Advances on Ruminant Nutrition Research Techniques. Pirassununga, SP, Brazil. April 10-11, 2014. Omasal and Reticular Sampling Techniques for Assessing Ruminal Digestion,
More informationSupplementation of High Corn Silage Diets for Dairy Cows. R. D. Shaver Professor and Extension Dairy Nutritionist
INTRODUCTION Supplementation of High Corn Silage Diets for Dairy Cows R. D. Shaver Professor and Extension Dairy Nutritionist Department of Dairy Science College of Agricultural and Life Sciences University
More informationBalanced nutritional solutions for optimal animal performance
Balanced nutritional solutions for optimal animal performance Maxcare ruminant mineral range Add performance to nutrition Introduction The Maxcare mineral range has been formulated to help meet the requirements
More informationMUNs - It s only a Piece of the Puzzle!
MUNs - It s only a Piece of the Puzzle! With the recent introduction of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) testing by Ontario DHI, there has been some confusion over the interpretation of the new reports. This article
More informationINTAKE AND GROWTH OF STEERS OFFERED DIFFERENT ALLOWANCES OF AUTUMN GRASS AND CONCENTRATES. E.G. O Riordan, P. French, P. O Kiely and A.P.
ID # 19-16 INTAKE AND GROWTH OF STEERS OFFERED DIFFERENT ALLOWANCES OF AUTUMN GRASS AND CONCENTRATES. E.G. O Riordan, P. French, P. O Kiely and A.P. Moloney Teagasc, Grange Research Centre, Dunsany, Co.
More informationEffect of time of ensiling on the nutritive value of wheat straw treated with urea and molasses
Alquadisia j.vet.med.7 (2), 2008 Effect of time of ensiling on the nutritive value of wheat straw treated with urea and molasses A. A. Saeed and F. A. Latif College of Agriculture College of Agriculture
More information