Guidelines for anaesthesia and analgesia in fish
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1 Guidelines for anaesthesia and analgesia in fish Gidona Goodman DVM MSc Wild Animal Health MRCVS Biological Services The University of Edinburgh United Kingdom
2 Fish Tropical Zebra fish Guppies Temperate Salmon Trout
3 Anaesthesia or no anaesthesia
4 Anaesthesia and sedation Difficult to handle Struggle Restraint required (sampling, weighing, measuring) Large number of fish to be handled
5 Stress signs Ataxia (erratic swimming) Tachypnoea (increased operculum rate) Colour change Posture Use of water column
6 Pre anaesthetic considerations Starve hours or Fish should not be fed on the day they are to be anaesthetised Weight Prepare equipment and anaesthetic solution
7 Frequency of Anaesthesia Fish should not be anaesthetised more than 4 times weekly. Fish should be allowed to fully recover prior to the next anaesthetic/sedation
8 The ideal anaesthetic agent Rapid induction and recovery time The anaesthetic agent should provide adequate immobilisation and analgesia for the duration of the procedure Have a wide safety margin. An anaesthetic agent that is easy to administer and water soluble harmless to the environment and operator is preferred.
9 Anaesthesia Adding the anaesthetic agent to the water inhalation anaesthetic inhaled through the water, enters the arterial blood and the remainder or metabolites excreted via the gills, kidney and skin. Agents have a mechanism of action similar to local anaesthetics.
10 MS222 Tricaine methane sulphonate (TMS) MS222 at present this is the only anaesthetic agent licensed* for use in fish and has the added advantage of being water soluble. * In the UK
11 MS222 Tricaine methane sulphonate (TMS) MS222 Tricaine methane sulphonate (TMS) mg/l Anaesthesia 15-50mg/l Sedation 1g/l Euthanasia
12 It is important to ensure that the anaesthetic is buffered
13 Inhalation anaesthesia Holding bath Anaesthetic bath Recovery bath
14 Anaesthesia protocol Use water originating from the aquatic system water parameters are within acceptable range all at the same temperature. Oxygenated water
15 Anaesthesia protocol The fish are placed in a pre-prepared bath with the required anaesthetic concentration. Fish should be anaesthetised in small batches (3-4 at a time) Remain no longer than 10 minutes in the anaesthetic solution (usually less time is required). If longer anaesthetic is required a second anaesthetic bath with a lower maintenance concentration of anaesthetic agent is used.
16 Maintaining anaesthesia Artificial ventilation Non-recirculating Recirculating
17 Anaesthetic assessment Depth of anaesthesia can be assessed by ataxia loss of righting reflex and response to stimuli (squeezing the base of the tail).
18 Anaesthetic monitoring Heart rate (Doppler/ECG) Respiratory rate observe the movement of the operculum.
19 Anaesthetic monitoring The gills should be pink to light red Pale gills are suggestive of hypoxia hypotension anaemia
20 Anaesthetic monitoring Respiratory arrest: concentration of anaesthetic should be decreased or the fish placed in the recovery bath.
21 Anaesthesia protocol Signs of recovery are seen within minutes of placement in the recovery bath. Recovery times of longer than a couple of minutes are considered prolonged. Recovery can be aided by manually moving the fish forward in the recovery bath.
22 Once the fish are placed in the recovery bath the analgesic and immobilising effects of the anaesthetic drugs diminish quickly.
23 Analgesia
24 Recognising pain Subjective Requires knowledge of the specieswide variation Requires experience Stress Pain
25 Changes in appearance or behaviour Ataxia (erratic swimming) Rubbing Increased respiratory rate Colour change Posture Use of water column
26 Guidelines When is anaesthesia required? How frequently should we allow a particular fish to be anaesthetised? Should we create a set rules or code of best practice? e.g. Use buffers Choice of anaesthetic agent Number of fish per anaesthetic bath Should analgesia be mandatory?
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