Animal Form and Function. Exchange surfaces. Animal Form and Function

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1 Animal Form and Function Surface:Volume ratio decreases with size Today s topics: Review for exam Physical Constraints affect the design of animals Homeostasis Sensors and effectors Exchange surfaces Design of Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Exchange Exchange Exchange 12 November 2018 (a) Single cell (b) Two layers of cells Exchange surfaces Root Hairs Intestinal villi Animal Form and Function Leaf cross section Lung cross section Surface:Volume ratio decreases with size Fig External environment Young salmon can breathe through gills and skin. Mouth Food Animal body CO 2 O2 Respiratory 50 µm Gills 0.5 cm Nutrients Heart Cells Lung tissue Circulatory 10 µm Skin Digestive Interstitial fluid Lining of small intestine Excretory Anus Kidney tubules Unabsorbed matter (feces) Metabolic waste products (nitrogenous waste) 1

Fig. 40-7 40 River otter (temperature regulator) Response: er turned

conformer) Physiological s are usually regulated via feedback s.

20ºC Sensor Effector Stimulus: Control center (thermostat) reads too

40 Ambient (environmental) temperature (ºC) Response: er turned on

Signaling by neurons STIMULUS STIMULUS Endocrine cell Cell body of

Nerve impulse Axon Signal travels to a specific location.

2 Fig River otter (temperature regulator) Response: er turned off Body temperature ( C) Largemouth bass (temperature conformer) Physiological s are usually regulated via feedback s. Room temperature decreases Room temperature increases Set point: 20ºC Sensor Effector Stimulus: Control center (thermostat) reads too hot Stimulus: Control center (thermostat) reads too cold Ambient (environmental) temperature (ºC) Response: er turned on Communication by Hormones and Neurons (a) Signaling by hormones (b) Signaling by neurons STIMULUS STIMULUS Endocrine cell Cell body of neuron Hormone Signal travels everywhere. Nerve impulse Axon Signal travels to a specific location. Blood vessel Nerve impulse Axons Response Response Radiation Balance Evaporation Figure Convection Conduction 2

and absorption Energy lost in feces Artery 1 35ºC 30º 3 Vein 33º 27º 3 1 3 Vein Artery Carbon skeletons Nutrient

Cellular work To From foot foot Warm blood Cool blood Blood flow transfer Metabolic rate scales with body size

40 P O2 = 100 P CO2 = 46 P CO2 = 40 P O2 40 mm Hg Oxygen Body tissue P CO2 46 mm Hg Carbon dioxide Design principles

have closed loops. Why? Therefore lungs and gills should have: A. Large surface area B. Thin membrane C.

3 Figure Canada goose Bottlenose dolphin Energy Balance External environment Organic molecules in food Animal body Digestion and absorption Energy lost in feces Artery 1 35ºC 30º 3 Vein 33º 27º Vein Artery Carbon skeletons Nutrient molecules in body cells Cellular respiration Energy lost in nitrogenous waste 20º 10º 18º 9º 2 Biosynthesis ATP 2 Cellular work To From foot foot Warm blood Cool blood Blood flow transfer Metabolic rate scales with body size Alveolus P O2 = 100 mm Hg P CO2 = 40 mm Hg P O2 = 40 P O2 = 100 P CO2 = 46 P CO2 = 40 Circulatory Circulatory P O2 = 40 P O2 = 100 P CO2 = 46 P CO2 = 40 P O2 40 mm Hg Oxygen Body tissue P CO2 46 mm Hg Carbon dioxide Design principles for lungs and gills: Rate of diffusion = K * Area * (P 2 -P 1 ) / Dist Some animals have open circulatory s and others have closed loops. Why? Therefore lungs and gills should have: A. Large surface area B. Thin membrane C. Large difference in partial pressure (efficient circulatory ) D. All of the above Heart Hemolymph Pores Tubular heart Open circulatory Dorsal vessel (main heart) Auxiliary hearts Heart Blood Small branch vessels In each organ Ventral vessels Closed circulatory 3

Single or Double Circulatory Loop why? Diffusion always moves down a concentration gradient.

Air is 21% O 2 Therefore the Partial Pressure of O 2 = 0.

Everest, atmospheric pressure is only 250.

Respiration in Aquatic Species Use gills instead of lungs In water Solubility of O 2 is only.

42-22 Anatomy of gills Gill arch Gill arch Oxygen-poor blood Oxygen-rich blood Gill filament organization Fluid flow through

4 Single or Double Circulatory Loop why? Diffusion always moves down a concentration gradient. Diffusion of gasses depends on their partial pressure. Atmospheric pressure = 760 mm Hg at sea level. Air is 21% O 2 Therefore the Partial Pressure of O 2 = 0.21*760 = 160 mm Hg High pressure loop to body and low pressure loop to lungs At top of Mt. Everest, atmospheric pressure is only 250. Therefore P O2 = How does your body respond to low O 2 concentration at high altitude? Respiration in Aquatic Species Use gills instead of lungs In water Solubility of O 2 is only.003% Fish have to process more water than air breathers to get the same O 2 Fig Anatomy of gills Gill arch Gill arch Oxygen-poor blood Oxygen-rich blood Gill filament organization Fluid flow through gill filament Lamella Temperature Cold water can hold more dissolved gas. For fish, warm water is the same as high elevation for us. Water flow Operculum Blood vessels Water flow between lamellae Blood flow through capillaries in lamella Water surface area, turbulence, salinity, etc. Shallow, fast moving bodies of water hold more oxygen Gill filaments Net diffusion of O 2 from water to blood Countercurrent exchange P O2 (mm Hg) in water P O2 (mm Hg) in blood 4

Countercurrent Flow increases the efficiency of Gas Exchange in gills Countercurrent Exchange

Human Water Budget Water intake water intake in form of fluids 1000-1500 ml water intake in form of

We lose about a cup of water a day just by breathing (and we lose a similar amount through our

through lungs 400 ml water loss in stools 100 ml Total daily output 2000-2500 ml Source: http://www.

befdde916a254231bf46392979ba89ea Fish must move lots of water past their gills in order to breathe.

Move water out of the cells, into the pond C. Ultimately be balanced by increased turgor pressure.

5 Countercurrent Flow increases the efficiency of Gas Exchange in gills Countercurrent Exchange Figure Figure 31.6 Exchange surfaces and water balance Approx. Human Water Budget Water intake water intake in form of fluids ml water intake in form of semi-solid and solid foods 700 ml water from oxidation 300 ml Total daily water intake ml We lose about a cup of water a day just by breathing (and we lose a similar amount through our skin) Water output water loss in urine ml water loss through skin 500 ml water loss through lungs 400 ml water loss in stools 100 ml Total daily output ml Source: Fish must move lots of water past their gills in order to breathe. In FRESH water, osmosis will A. Move water into the cells of the fish B. Move water out of the cells, into the pond C. Ultimately be balanced by increased turgor pressure. Fig. 44-4b Uptake of water and some ions in food Uptake of salt ions by gills Osmotic water gain through gills and other parts of body surface Excretion of large amounts of water in dilute urine from kidneys Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish 5

18 Fluid Moves out of Capillaries into the Interstitial Fluids Gain of water and salt ions from drinking

6 Fig. 44-4a Gain of water and salt ions from food Excretion of salt ions from gills Osmotic water loss through gills and other parts of body surface Figure Fluid Moves out of Capillaries into the Interstitial Fluids Gain of water and salt ions from drinking seawater Excretion of salt ions and small amounts of water in scanty urine from kidneys Osmoregulation in a saltwater fish We have a second circulatory, the Lymphatic System 6

Chapter 16. Urinary System and Thermoregulation THERMOREGULATION. Homeostasis

Chapter 16. Urinary System and Thermoregulation THERMOREGULATION. Homeostasis Homeostasis Chapter 16 Urinary System and Thermoregulation! Homeostasis Maintenance of steady internal conditions despite fluctuations in the external environment! Examples of homeostasis Thermoregulation