Michigan Nutrition Network Outcomes: Balance caloric intake from food and beverages with caloric expenditure.

Transcription

1 DRAFT 1 Obesity and Heart Disease: Fact or Government Conspiracy? Grade Level: High School Grades Subject Area: Mathematics (Statistics) Setting: Classroom and/or Computer Lab Instructional Time: One to two class periods (45 to 75 minutes) High School Content Expectations: Probability and Statistics: S1.1.1 Construct and interpret dot plots, histograms, bar graphs and boxplots with appropriate labels and scales; determine which kinds of plots are appropriate for different types of data; compare data sets and interpret differences based on graphs and summary statistics. S1.1.2 Given a distribution of a variable in a data set, describe its shape, measures of center and variation with particular attention to the effects of outliers and gaps on these measures. S1.2.1 Calculate and interpret the measures of center S1.2.3 Calculate and interpret the measures of variation S1.3.1 Explain the concept of distribution and the relationship between summary statistics for a data set and parameters of a distribution. S2.1.1 Construct a scatterplot for a bivariate set of data with appropriate labels and scales. S2.1.2 Given a scatterplot, indemnify clusters, patterns and outliers. Recognize association, strength and linearity or curvature. Michigan Nutrition Network Outcomes: Balance caloric intake from food and beverages with caloric expenditure. Goal: The primary goal of this lesson is to use statistics as a tool to analyze food consumption choices and the relationship to heart disease. Learning Objectives: Using data from the Centers for Diseased Control (CDC), the National Institute of Health (NIH) and other health related institutions, make appropriate graphs showing the relationship between nutrition and heart disease. Interpret the pictures describing the association between weight and heart disease and make any conclusions for being healthy. Understand that gardening is a healthy physical activity that also provides healthy foods. Background: For decades, doctors and other health professionals have made the case that being overweight or obese is a significant factor contributing to circulatory and heart disease. We hear on television and in newspapers and magazines that being at a healthy weight is probably the most effective way to reduce the risk for heart disease.

2 Between 1988 an 1994, about 58% of adult males were noted as being overweight or obese according to the CDC. From 2003 to 2006, a similar survey of about the same number of adults found that the percent of men who are either overweight or obese was over 69%. A person who is overweight or obese has a BMI of over 25kg/m 2. For example, a man who is 6 feet tall (72 inches) would be considered overweight at 184 pounds and obese at 221 pounds according to the NIH BMI table. Most adults participate in either light or no activity several days per week. The good news is that nearly 50% of teens and young adults participate in some kind of rigorous activity on a regular basis. Even though heart disease related deaths have decreased in the last 50 years, other diseases such as Type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure has increased dramatically in this same period. Also, significant advances in pharmaceuticals have prolonged death and prevented deaths by heart disease in favor of an increased mortality rate for other diseases. Students should have experience making the various types of statistical plots such as bar charts, histograms and scatterplots. They should also have experience making some interpretations of these graphs and looking at tables to determine some distribution or association. If students work in pairs, this lesson may only take 45 minutes. You may choose to go beyond this lesson to use statistics for other diseases or to have them do more writing related to statistics and disease. Vocabulary: Most of these terms should have some use by students prior to this lesson. Students with a reading disability will perform better if paired with a grade level reader. Cardiovascular disease any disease of the heart or circulatory system Diabetes a disease where the pancreas no longer produces insulin to control blood sugar levels. Advanced Preparation Teacher should make copies of all attached tables and questions for either every student or each pair of students if doing this lesson in 45 minutes. An assessment is also included based on health and statistics. It should not take more than 30 minutes to complete. Supplies MyPyramid Poster (Teacher note: MyPyramid for Kids is for children 6-11 years. If the majority of your class is over 11years of age use the adult MyPyramid.) No additional supplies are needed other than the black line masters and copies for students.

3 Procedures: This lesson is designed to be finished within one class period so the first step is to have students get into pairs or to assign pairs. Pass out the data tables, graphs and questions sheets. If students do not finish by end of class, have them take as homework or work on it next class period. The following pages are blackline masters to give to students. If you have access to a computer lab you can eliminate the tables and figure on the next four pages and have the students look up these statistics on their own.

4 Heart Disease Mortality Rates from 1950 to 2005 for Males and Females over 24 years (deaths per 100,000 people) All Age , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,460.8 over 85 9, , , , , , , , ,778.4 Males Age , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,829.4 over 85 9, , , , , , , , ,143.4 Females Age , , , , , , , , , , , ,210.5 over 85 8, , , , , , , , ,610.8 Taken from the CDC publication Health,United States, 2008, National Center for Health Statistics, Permission granted from page 2 of copyright information.

5 Table State Obesity Rates State % State % State % State % Alabama 28.9 Illinois 25.1 Montana 21.3 Rhode Island 21.0 Alaska 27.4 Indiana 27.2 Nebraska 26.0 South Carolina 29.1 Arizona 21.1 Iowa 25.4 Nevada 21.2 South Dakota 25.5 Arkansas 28.0 Kansas 23.9 New Hampshire 23.1 Tennessee 27.4 California 22.7 Kentucky 28.6 New Jersey 22.1 Texas 27.0 Colorado 17.8 Louisiana 30.8 New Mexico 21.7 Utah 21.2 Connecticut 20.1 Maine 22.7 New York 22.2 Vermont 20.2 Delaware 23.5 Maryland 24.4 North Carolina 25.9 Virginia 25.1 Washington DC 21.7 Massachusetts 20.7 North Dakota 25.4 Washington 23.3 Florida 22.8 Michigan 26.2 Ohio 24.3 West Virginia 30.6 Georgia 26.5 Minnesota 23.7 Oklahoma 26.8 Wisconsin 24.4 Hawaii 29.7 Mississippi 30.9 Oregon 23.8 Wyoming 24.2 Idaho 24.5 Missouri 26.9 Pennsylvania 25.3 Taken from the CDC webpage Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Prevalence and Trends data from 2005 using BMI data from each state. See webpage

6 Table State CVD Mortality Rates (per 100,000) State State State State Alabama Illinois Montana Rhode Island Alaska Indiana Nebraska South Carolina Arizona Iowa Nevada South Dakota Arkansas Kansas New Tennessee Hampshire California Kentucky 324 New Jersey Texas Colorado Louisiana New Mexico Utah Connecticut 239 Maine 247 New York 293 Vermont Delaware Maryland North 287 Virginia Carolina Washington Massachusetts North Dakota Washington DC Florida Michigan 310 Ohio West Virginia Georgia Minnesota 208 Oklahoma Wisconsin Hawaii Mississippi Oregon Wyoming Idaho Missouri Pennsylvania US Taken from the American Heart Association Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2009 Update: A Report From The American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Committee, 2009, Dallas, TX

7 Figure 1 From the CDC Webpage Division for Heart Disease and Prevention updated heart disease maps.

8 For the Student This activity is designed to help you see how to use statistics to make sense of nutrition and heart disease. Your teacher will pass out several figures and tables showing various statistics related to being overweight and cardiovascular disease. You are to use them to make a histogram, boxplot, scatterplot or bar chart to show the data in a picture form. After making a picture you are to use it to describe what you might see in the statistics. Look for trends and patterns in distributions and associations. You also need to answer the following questions to complete the lesson. 1. Use one or more of the tables to make a picture that shows some distribution or association in the statistics. Don t forget your labels and a scale. (10 pts.)

9 2. Describe the picture you made above. If it is a histogram and boxplot make sure you describe the shape, center, spread and any exceptions. If it was a scatterplot, make sure you describe the direction, form and strength. Bar charts should have a description of the association and whether there is independence. (10 pts.) 3. For those that made a histogram and/or boxplot of obesity rates, what is a typical obesity rate for the U.S.? Are there any unusual states? What would you consider a high obesity rate? If the U.S. obesity rate was 21% in 1991 was there a significant increase over the period from 1991 to 2005? What is the percent increase? (5 pts.) 4. If you made a scatterplot of obesity rates in 2005 vs. heart disease mortality rates in 2005, did you notice an obvious association? How does this compare to the change in mortality rate from 1950 to 2005? (5 pts.)

10 5. If you made a bar chart or line graph of the trend of mortality rates over time from Table 1, how does this compare to the fact that the obesity rate in the U.S. has doubled in the same period? Might there be other factors that contribute to the change? (5 pts.) 6. Overweight and obesity has been cited in recent years as a significant factor for Type 2 diabetes in teens. Type 2 diabetes is also known as adult onset diabetes. It used to occur almost exclusively in adults who had poor diets due to excesses in sugar and lack of exercise. It is also a genetically related disease. What could a researcher who is concerned about teen health analyze to see if there is a significant change in the last 10 years regarding type 2 diabetes? (5 pts.) 7. Many people don t realize that fad diets just do not work in the long run. All of us have heard of the movie star that used some diet program like Jenny Craig or South Beach or Atkins then gained the weight back and more some time later. The American Dietician Association and the USDA espouse three main behaviors: eating fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low fat dairy and a minimum of fats and refined sugars; being physically active every day and balancing calories in with calories out. One pound of fat has 3500 kilocalories. If you burned an extra 200 calories each day beyond daily intake you would lose nearly two pounds of fat. An average adult can burn 200 calories by walking vigorously for a half hour or doing an hour of easy yard work. What things do you do to maintain a healthy lifestyle? How often do you do these activities? If you live just one to two miles away from school, you could use the walk to school and back as an easy way to control weight and improve fitness. (5 pts.)

11 8. Using the formula below, calculate your own BMI value. If your BMI is over 25.0 you are considered overweight by the NIH. The healthy BMI range is between 18.5 and How much would a person need to lose to decrease their BMI by 3 points? (5 pts.) Body Mass Index (BMI) = (weight in lbs.) * 703/(height in inches) 2 9. If your school has a garden, how might this be an advantage to the school and the community to reduce the percentage of people in your state who are overweight or obese? This of at least three different ways a garden can help with this. (5 pts.) 10. Extension activity: Track what you eat and how much physical activity you do for a week. Determine the amount of calories were in the food and the amount of calories you expended during you activity. Calorie King is a good website for food calories and there are several calories burned calculators on the internet, too.

12 Assessment on Health Effects of Being Overweight Name Date Class Period Below is a bar chart showing the number of new cases for Type1 and Type 2 diabetes for the years 2002 and The graph is from the National Institute of Health SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. NHW = non Hispanic white; AA = African American; H = Hispanic; API = Asian Pacific Islanders; AI = American Indian 1. Describe the distribution of each age group. What are the similarities and differences? 2. Which people group has the greatest incidence of Type 2? 1. Type 2 diabetes related costs to the U.S. four years ago were about 90 million dollars of which about half of this is likely due to being overweight or obese. A study done by the NIH showed that 58% of people who reduced their weight by 5 to 7 percent and were active at least five days a week reduced their risk of getting

13 Type 2 diabetes. Estimate how much having a healthier lifestyle might save our country. References Robert Larson Duyff, Complete Food and Nutrition Guide, 2 nd Edition, 2002, American Dietetic Association, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. BMI Chart from NIH Mortality Rate Table 35 for Heart Disease Ways to Enhance Children s Activity and Nutrition Dietary guidelines for Americans 2005 from the US Dept of Health ad Human Services, USDA Small Steps to the Health and Well Being of America Map of heart disease mortality for each county Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Overweight and Obesity Trends