Hepatitis C Virus Disease
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1 Hepatitis C Virus Disease
2 Emilio Jirillo Editor Hepatitis C Virus Disease Immunobiology and Clinical Applications
3 Editor Emilio Jirillo University of Bari and National Institute for Digestive Disease Castellana Grotte, (Bari), Italy Library of Congress Control Number: ISBN: e-isbn: c 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights springer.com
4 Preface Hepatits C virus (HCV) infection represents a worldwide disseminated disease, but despite numerous studies, its pathogenesis and medical treatment have not been completely elucidated. As far as HCV pathogenesis is concerned, HCV genotypes and viral antigens have been investigated with the aim to find a correlation with disease severity and response to treatment. On the other hand, according to current literature, immunological response is implicated in disease progression rather than in host protection. Finally, use of interferon (IFN)-alpha alone or in combination with other antiviral drugs, e.g., ribavirin (RIB), at the moment represents the most effective treatment in chronic HCV disease, even if the percentage of cured patients is still low. On these grounds, the present book, entitled Hepatis C Virus Disease: Immunobiology and Clinical Applications, will emphasize the most recent advances in HCV infection, moving from basic research to clinical application. In particular, in the first chapters of this volume, the full spectrum of immune responses to HCV is analyzed, taking into account either innate or adoptive immunity involvement. In this respect, the role of antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic celsl) and Toll-like receptors and that of T helper, T cytotoxic, natural killer, and T regulatory cells will be discussed in the course of HCV disease. At the same time, deficits of innate immunity at the peripheral level with an easier access of microbes into the host will be described also in view of a putative interference of microbial products with IFN trreatment. In the last part of this volume, a series of contributions elucidates the state of the art of IFN-alpha treatment in HCV patientsand the effectivenessof therapyalso in relation to HCV genotypes. Besides the combined treatment with IFN-alpha and RIB, the use and applications of pegylated IFNs aree the object of intensive speculation in specific chapters. Finally, the complicated HCV disease and its treatment are discussed. In summary, this volume, written by various scientists with specific expertise in the field of HCV infection, should represent an efficacious up-to-date on the state of the art of HCV disease in diifferent geographical areas. Moreover, a clear description of disease pathogenesis, a detailed clarification of immune mechanisms, and a deep elucidation of the pharmacology of antiviral drugs should be very useful for v
5 vi Preface a large readership, even including medical students who may wish to learn basic principles of HCV infection. Emilio Jirillo, M.D. University of Bari and National Institute for Digestive Disease Castellana Grotte (Bari), Italy
6 Contents 1 Innate Immunity in Type C Hepatitis... 1 Tetsuo Takehara and Norio Hayashi 2 Mechanisms of Interferon Action and Resistance in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Lessons Learned from Cell Culture Studies Srikanta Dash, Sidhartha Hazari, Robert F Garry, and Fredric Regenstein 3 Immunological Parameters Influencing Adaptive Immune Responses to the Hepatitis C Virus Patrick Bertolino, Geoffrey W. McCaughan, and David G. Bowen 4 Immune Responses Against the Hepatitis C Virus and the Outcome of Therapy Paul Klenerman and Eleanor Barnes 5 Other Microbial Components Associated with Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Their Effects on Interferon- α/ribavirin Treatment Luigi Amati, Vittorio Pugliese, and Emilio Jirillo 6 Interferon-Induced Effector Proteins and Hepatitis C Virus Replication Michael Frese and Eva Dazert 7 Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C with Different Genotypes James Fung, Ching-Lung Lai, and Man-Fung Yuen 8 Interferon Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: From Basic Biology to Clinical Application Norihiro Furusyo, Masayuki Murata, and Jun Hayashi 9 Interferon-Based Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus Infections Ming-Lung Yu and Wan-Long Chuang vii
7 viii Contents 10 Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C in Difficult-to-Treat Patients in the Clinical Setting Ana Moreno, Rafael Bárcena, and Carmen Quereda 11 Effects of Combined IFN-Alpha/Ribavirin Treatment in HCV Disease-Related Progression Davide Festi, Francesca Lodato, Giuseppe Mazzella, and Antonio Colecchia 12 Pegylated Interferons: Clinical Applications in the Management of Hepatitis C Infection S. James Matthews and Christopher McCoy Subject Index
8 List of Contributors Luigi Amati National Institute for Digestive Diseases Castellana Grotte (Bari), Italy Rafael Bárcena Service of Liver-Gastroenterology Universidad de Alcala de Henares Madrid, Spain Eleanor Barnes Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford, UK Patrick Bertolino AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology Sidney, Australia David G. Bowen AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology Sidney, Australia Antonio Colecchia Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology University of Bologna Bologna, Italy Wan-Long Chuang Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung, Taiwan Srikanta Dash Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Tulane University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA USA Eva Dazert Department of Molecular Virology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany Davide Festi Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology University of Bologna Bologna, Italy Michael Frese School of Health Sciences University of Canberra Canberra, Australia James Fung Department of Medicine University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR ix
9 x Norihiro Furusyo Department of Environmental Medicine and Infectious Diseases and Department of General Medicine Kyushu University Hospital Fukuoka, Japan Robert F Garry Department of Microbiology and Immunology Tulane University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA USA Sidharta Hazari Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Tulane University Healthy Sciences Center New Orleans, LA USA Jun Hayashi Department of Environmental Medicine and Infectious Diseases and Department of General Medicine Kyushu University Hospital Fukuoka, Japan Norio Hayashi Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka, Japan Emilio Jirillo Immunology University of Bari, Bari Italy and National Institute for Digestive Diseases Castellana Grotte (Bari), Italy Paul Klenerman Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford, UK Ching-Lung Lai Department of Medicine University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR List of Contributors Francesca Lodato Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology University of Bologna Bologna, Italy S. James Matthews School of Pharmacy Bouve College of Health Sciences Boston, MA USA Giuseppe Mazzella Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology University of Bologna Bologna, Italy Geoffrey W. McCaughan AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology Sidney, Australia Christopher McCoy Department of Infectious Diseases Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston, MA USA Ana Moreno Service of Infectious Diseases Universidad de Alcala de Henares Madrid, Spain Masayuki Murata Department of Environmental Medicine and Infectious Diseases and Department of General Medicine Kyushu University Hospital Fukuoka, Japan
10 List of Contributors xi Vittorio Pugliese National Institute for Digestive Diseases Castellana Grotte (Bari), Italy Carmen Quereda Service of Infectious Diseases Universidad de Alcala de Henares Madrid, Spain Tertsuo Takehara Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka, Japan Ming-Lung Yu Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung, Taiwan Man-Fung Yuen Department of Medicine University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR
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