William A. Yost and George Gourevitch Editors. Directional Hearing. With 133 Figures. Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo

Transcription

1 Directional Hearing

2 William A. Yost and George Gourevitch Editors Directional Hearing With 133 Figures Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo

3 William A. Yost Director Parmly Hearing Institute Loyola University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Directional hearing. Includes bibliographies and index. I. Directional hearing. 2. Auditory perception. I. Yost, William A. II. Gourevitch, George. [DNLM: I. Audiology. 2. Auditory Perception. 3. Sound Localization. WV 270 D598) QP469.D ' ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: DOl: / by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth A venue, New York, New York 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Typeset by David E. Seham Associates, Metuchen, New Jersey I ISBN-13: Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg

4 Preface All living creatures interact with their environments. For many animals, directional information on the contents of their surroundings is provided to a greater or lesser extent by the auditory system in conjunction with other sensory systems. The present volume, which evolved from "a conference on directional hearing held in 1983 at the meetings of the Acoustical Society of America in Cincinnati, Ohio, introduces the reader to the current facts and theory on how vertebrates, from fish to man, locate sound sources in space. We invited some of the most creative scientists investigating directional hearing to acquaint the reader with their approaches to this subject. The diversity of topics they have covered characterizes the study of directional hearing and offers an overview not only of the problems confronting their field of inquiry, but also of the strategies that have been developed to resolve them. In their contributions to this volume, the authors describe the fundamental dimensions of directional hearing, that is, the stimuli that serve sound localization; the anatomical and functional characteristics of the auditory nervous system responsible for it; the various proficiencies achieved by different animals in this task; and, of great importance to man, the practical implications of sound localization. It is, therefore, not surprising to find variation in the style of the chapters from almost "howto-do-it" manuals to mostly theoretical discourse. It should be noted that more than half the chapters in this volume are based on human research. This is due, in part, to a historical element in the study of sound localization, namely, it has been examined for a much longer time and in much greater detail in man than in animals; consequently, much of our knowledge of directional hearing rests on the study of humans. In part, it also reflects man's need for applied knowledge in this field to answer medical and environmental questions. A broader understanding of directional hearing-one that is derived not only from knowledge gained from human study, but also from knowledge of the comparative, neurophysiological, and evolutionary aspects of sound 10-

5 vi Preface calization-must depend on a wide range of animal studies. This book is an attempt to introduce a broad informational base for directional hearing. The work on this book was made easier by the assistance of the staff of the Parmly Hearing Institute, especially the Institute's administrative assistant, Marilyn Larson. WAY GG Before this book was completed, George Gourevitch, my friend and coeditor, passed away. George died on May 19, George's scholarly input was crucial in producing this book and in planning the symposium. This book, Directional Hearing, is dedicated to George Abraham Gourevitch in recognition of his lifelong commitment to the scholarly study of hearing. WAY

6 Contents Preface... Contributors... v IX Part I THE PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOACOUSTICAL FOUNDATIONS OF DIRECTIONAL HEARING.... I. Physical Acoustics and Measurements Pertaining to Directional Hearing... 3 George F. Kuhn 2. A New Approach to the Study of Human Sound Localization Frederic L. Wightman, Doris J. Kistler, and Mark E. Perkins 3. Lateralization William A. Yost and Ervin R. Haiter 4. The Precedence Effect P.M. Zurek 85 Part II STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MAMMALIAN BINAURAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Central Auditory Pathways in Directional Hearing 109 John H. Casseday and Ellen Covey 6. Physiological Studies of Directional Hearing Shigeyuki Kuwada and Tom C.T. Yin 146

7 viii Contents Part III DIRECTIONAL HEARING IN VERTEBRATES: ANIMAL PSYCHOPHYSICS AND SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS Mechanisms for Directional Hearing among Nonmammalian Vertebrates Richard R. Fay and Albert S. Feng 8. Directional Hearing and Sound Localization in Echolocating Animals James A. Simmons 9. Binaural Hearing in Land Mammals George Gourevitch 226 Part IV PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF DIRECTIONAL HEARING IN THE REAL WORLD Hearing in Rooms David A. Berkley Binaural Directional Hearing-Impairments and Aids 261 H. Steven Colburn. P. M. Zurek. and Nathaniel I. Durlach 12. Some Modern Techniques and Devices Used to Preserve and Enhance the Spatial Qualities of Sound Constantine Trahiotis and Leslie R. Bernstein Index of Names Subject Index

8 Contributors DAVID A. BERKLEY, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA LESLIE R. BERNSTEIN, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA JOHN H. CASSEDAY, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA H. STEVEN COLBURN, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA ELLEN COVEY, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA NATHANIEL I. DURLACH, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA RICHARD R. FAY, Parmly Hearing Institute, Loyola University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA ALBERT S. FENG, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA GEORGE GOUREVITCH, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA ERVIN R. HAFTER, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA DORIS J. KISTLER, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

9 x Contributors GEORGE F. KUHN, Vibrasound Research Corporation, Denver, Colorado, USA SHIGEYUKI KUWADA, Department of Anatomy, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA MARK E. PERKINS, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA JAMES A. SIMMONS, Department of Psychology and Section of Neurobiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA CONSTANTINE TRAHIOTIS, Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, USA FREDERIC L. WIGHTMAN, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA TOM C.T. YIN, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA WILLIAM A. YOST, Parmly Hearing Institute, Loyola University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA P. M. ZUREK, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA