THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF ADDICTION: USING EASTERN PRINCIPLES TO TREAT WESTERN ADDICTIONS AND MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS.

Transcription

1 THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF ADDICTION: USING EASTERN PRINCIPLES TO TREAT WESTERN ADDICTIONS AND MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS. Presented by: Chris Allen Shreve, PhD Candidate LPC, NCC, MAC Oakland Psychiatric Associates P.C. Oakland Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Depression Treatment Center

2 TRAINING OBJECTIVES Participants will be able to explains the processes of addiction at the cellular level; identifying the various structures and systems that underlie addictive pathology. Participants will be able to understand how unregulated pleasure or trauma creates the addiction foundation in the brain; highlighting the battle between the thinking brain and the survival brain. Participants, in the second half of the training will learn the underlying principles and practices of Eastern Medicine and other Complimentary & Alternative Medicinal practices used in ancient healing. Participants will learn how energy medicine can be applied to treat addiction and mental health disorders.

3 WHAT CAUSES ADDICTION? LET S GET TO THE MATTER.GRAY MATTER THAT IS!

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5 PHYSICAL DEPENDENCY MODEL After repeated exposure to certain drugs, withdrawal symptoms appear if the drug is discontinued.

6 Processes 400 billion bits of information per second Dedicated to 3 areas----self-awareness of body, Environment and Time. Researchers believe to be controlled by an Intelligent Design Universe- Body-Cells-Genes-DNA The body makes 10 million cells per second as we lose 10 million cells per second. Every one of the 100 Trillion cells in the body undergoes 100K chemical reactions per second. There are 3.2 billion Nucleic Acid molecules in one cell which is our DNA. One stand of DNA inside one cell is 6 ft. long. We have enough DNA in our body to go to the Sun and back 150 times. THE BRAIN IS ITS OWN UNIVERSE

7 BRAIN WEAVING OF NEURO FIBER BUNDLES DT-MRI TECHNOLOGY

8 BRAIN S INTERNAL HIGHWAY Research has found that parts of brain are continuously being wired. Neuron to neuron connection is called a learning : repetition of connection is a memory. In utero, 3 rd month of life 8K neurons wire/minute; 6 th month of life 4 mil. neurons wire/sec. up to age 2. Intentional thinking, experiences and learning something new causes dendritic growth. Creative thinking, open ended questions and contemplating the future causes neurons to be organize. This network of connections and circuits are the finger print of who we are as it codes our genes. DNA works in such a way that our parents give us their best genes or the circuits that they practiced the most. Brain is wired for 2 states: Survival and Creativity ---80% survival based on the environment. It takes 17 years for a new piece of information to be processed into our DNA due to survival wiring. Therefore, the body is wired in our past, our DNA is wired based on past experiences upregulated by emotional footprint and stamping. You cant be or get what your brain isn t wired for!

9 MESSAGES LEAVING THE STATION

10 LOOK BUT DON T TOUCH!

11 KEY OPENS THE LOCK

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14 A FLOOD OF PLEASURE CHEMICALS!

15 NEURO-CHEMICAL STRUCTURES

16 COCAINE S ACTIONS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS Cocaine binding to uptake pumps; inhibition of dopamine uptake

17 OPIATE RECEPTOR SITE ACTIVITY Opiates binding to opiate receptors in the nucleus accumbens: increased dopamine release

18 A PLEASURABLE EXPERIENCE (IE. DRUGS, ALCOHOL & BEHAVIORS) INVOLVES SEVERAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN; REWARDS SMELLS, TASTES, PLACES, MEMORIES AND EMOTIONS. THE BRAIN WEAVES THESE THINGS TOGETHER TO CREATE A PLEASURABLE EXPERIENCE. /brain/3d/index.ht ml

19 Pleasure circuit that includes Nucleus Accumbems and VTA Wired for survival Operates 15 seconds at a time Keeps us alive Connects survival drives with reward, pleasure, emotions and memory SEX*HUNGER*THIRST* MID BRAIN DOES NOT THINK!!!

20 Experiments have been done where rats have had a wire inserted directly into their nucleus accumbens. The rats preferred to press on a switch that delivered a pleasurable surge of electricity to the nucleus accumbens The rats would literally starve to death rather than stop pressing the switch. This area is where drugs, alcohol and behaviors impact on the release of dopamine. This creates dopamine surges that activate the reward and survival systems. NUCLEUS ACCUMBEMS

21 Processes how are needs are being satisfied. This area is where drugs, alcohol and behaviors create a large release of dopamine while decreasing serotonin. These dopamine surges activate the reward and memory systems. The serotonin regulates satiety and inhibitions. Experiments have been done where rats have had a wire inserted directly into their nucleus accumbens. The rats preferred to press on a switch that delivered a pleasurable surge of electricity to the nucleus accumbens The rats would literally starve to death rather than stop pressing the switch. VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA

22 ANOTHER VIEW

23 Links sensations, emotions from environmental input that aid in survival. Responsible for what and where memories are stored in the brain. Thought to determine how huge an emotional response an event invokes by releasing dopamine. Drugs cause a huge release of dopamine that activates glutamate. Glutamate reinforces drug memories and drug seeking in conjunction with the VTA or Ventral Tegmental area. MEMORY CIRCUITRY org/wnet/brain/ 3d/index.html

24 Once thought that addiction starts here. Suggests that addiction is a choice. The MPFC is the thinking brain. Normally, exerts a downward impact on the Mid-Brain s survival impulses. The Prefrontal Cortex is overridden by mid brain when a user is involved in drug seeking behaviors and reinforced when they receive the reward, the drugs. MOTOR PREFRONTAL CORTEX

25 PLEASURE OVERRIDES SURVIVAL--REVERSE HYPOFRONTALITY MPFC loses influence over Survival Brain in the battle over drug usage. Mid-Brain sends dopamine (reward) up to Frontal cortex; Frontal cortex releases glutamate (memory) down to the mid brain. Reward-Survival-Pleasure are incorrectly woven together!

26 Survival Brain 1.Food 2.Water 3.Shelter 4.Mating instinct 5. Safety THE HIGH-JACKED BRAIN Through continual drug use, drugs move up the survival chain where drugs = survival

27 Choice, Pleasure and Addiction Connection FIVE LAYER PROCESS: GENETIC->REWARDS->MEMORY->STRESS->CHOICE= CONTROL=ADDICTION & RELAPSE LOSS OF FRONTAL CORTEX RELIES ON THESE LAYERS TO MAKE GOOD CHOICES

28 The Memory of Drugs Front of Brain Amygdala not lit up Amygdala activated Back of Brain Nature Video Cocaine Video Many incarcerated heroin addicts have reported experiencing physical withdrawal symptoms returning home from prison due to memory cues locked in the Amygdala and hippocampus.

29 The Hedonic System of Pleasure Dopamine level trigger pleasure Glutamate locks it into memory Allostasis - new pleasure set point Homeostasis line Drugs Sex LOW dopamine levels Foo d Thirst After repeated exposure to dopamine spiking drugs or activities, the brain begins to records these activities as related to pleasure then survival. Tolerance is building and patient has acute response to withdrawal via stress hormone hydro-cortisol. Stress triggers relapse-deepens addiction.

30 Relapse circuit THE LOCUS COERULEUS IS ACTIVATED BY FALLING DRUG CONCENTRATIONS-CAUSES A RELEASE OF OREXIN THAT PROMOTES DRUG ABUSERS' DESIRE FOR DRUGS INCREASE THEIR RISK FOR RELAPSE.

31 PART II EAST MEETS WEST: UNDERSTANDING HOW WELLNESS BACKED BY NEUROSCIENCE CAN HELP IN TREATING MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS

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33 Mental Illness Body Parts Medical Paradigm Dependent & Reactive Chemicals Wellness Mind-body Wellness Paradigm Independence & Proactive Energy DIVERGENT MODELS OF HEALTH CARE

34 THE DISCONNECT BETWEEN EASTERN AND WESTERN MEDICINE Western nations follows the way of hypothetical deduction and the Eastern approach uses the inductive method. The Western approach clearly divides the health from the disease, yet the Eastern approach considers health as a balanced state versus disease as an unbalanced state. The Western approach tends to change the environment and the Eastern way is to prefer to adapt to the environment. Western model is pathogenic, reductionist, diseasefocused and diagnostically-driven.

35 NEUROSCIENCE AND THE REEMERGENCE OF WELLNESS

36 WHOLE MEDICAL SYSTEMS Ayurveda Traditional Chinese Medicine Native American Shaman Homeopathy Naturopathy

37 WHOLE MEDICAL EASTERN & CHINESE MEDICINE Suggests the body can heal itself if the body is in balance. Health is perceived as a harmonious equilibrium that exists between the interplay of: 'yin' and 'yang The five internal elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth) The six environmental conditions (dry, wet, hot, cold, wind and flame), External sources of harm (physical injury, insect bites, poison, overeat and overwork), The seven emotions (joy, sorrow, anger, worry, panic, anxiety and fear).

38 NATIVE AMERICAN HEALING Believed that disease is due to disharmony with nature which includes family, friends and the environment. No division between mind and body Natural disorders-treated with herbs, diet, massage and sweat baths Supernatural (mental health) disorders-treated with rituals, magic like medicine wheels and sand paintings. Research has found 60% of herbs used had unquestionable medicinal value.

39 WHOLE MEDICAL--->NATUROPATHY Proposes healing power in the body that can restore one s health. Nutrition Lifestyle Counseling Exercise Herbal medicine from traditional Chinese Medicine.

40 WHOLE MEDICAL->NATUROPATHY->EXERCISE Archives of Internal Medicine in 1999, divided 156 men and women with depression into three groups. One group took part in an aerobic exercise program, another took the SSRI sertraline (Zoloft), and a third did both. At the 16-week mark, depression had eased in all three groups by about 60%-70%. A follow-up to that study found that exercise s effects lasted longer than those of antidepressants. A study published in 2005 found that walking fast for about 35 minutes a day five times a week or 60 minutes a day three times a week had a significant influence on mild to moderate depression symptoms.

41 Bio-electromagnetic-based Therapies Light Therapies - SAD Magnets - TMS Bio-field Therapies Acupuncture Qi Gong Reiki Therapeutic touch ENERGY MEDICINE

42 WHAT IS BODY ENERGY?

43 ENERGY MEDICINE BIO FIELD ACUPUNCTURE Pain is the number one reason why people seek acupuncture treatment, A new study by researchers at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical School, published in the journal Medical Acupuncture, found high-level evidence to support the use of acupuncture for treating major depressive disorder in pregnancy. Published data suggest that acupuncture, including manual-, electrical-, and laser-based, is a generally beneficial, well-tolerated, and safe monotherapy for depression. Can J Psychiatry Jul;57(7): Acupuncture for depression: a review of clinical applications. Wu J, Yeung AS, Schnyer R, Wang Y, Mischoulon D.

44 ANCIENT CHINESE SECRET: ACUPRESSURE, ACUPUNCTURE & THE ART OF REFLEXOLOGY

45 ACUPUNCTURE AND MIGRAINE TREATMENT The report found that over a 12-month period, headache patients who received regular acupuncture sessions reported fewer headaches, had a higher quality of life, missed fewer days from work, used less medication, and made fewer visits to a general practitioner than patients given standard treatment for headaches. N=401 British Medical Journal 2013

46 ENERGY MEDICINE BIO-FIELD QIGONG Qigong, from which tai chi (qi) originates, is a discipline that involves the mind, breath, and movement to create a calm, natural balance of energy that can be used in work, recreation or self-defense. Like yoga, where many varieties have evolved, there are more than 3,000 varieties of qigong. Five major traditions: Taoist, Buddhist, Confucian, martial arts, and medical. Two major types: "soft" and "hard." Soft qigong is called inner qigong, of which tai chi is an example.

47 MANIPULATIVE AND BODY BASED PRACTICES Chelation-removal of Toxins Diet Based therapies Dietary supplements Chiropractic Massage Movement Therapies Dance Pilates Tai Chi Yoga

48 MANIPULATIVE MASSAGE THERAPY What new research shows: A review of more than a dozen massage studies conducted by the Touch Research Institute at the University of Miami School of Medicine concludes that massage therapy relieves depression and anxiety by affecting the body's biochemistry. In a series of studies including about 500 men, women, and children with depression or stress problems, researchers measured the stress hormone cortisol in participants before and immediately after massage and found that the therapy lowered levels by up to 53%. Cortisol can drive up blood pressure and blood sugar levels and suppress the immune system. Massage also increased serotonin and dopamine, neurotransmitters that help reduce depression.

49 THE RESEARCH ON MASSAGE Depression According to Health Canada, 11 percent of men and 16 percent of women will experience severe depression over the course of their lives. Studies show, however, that massage therapy can be an effective tool for dealing with depression. In a study published in Support Care Cancer (2010), breast cancer patients who received two 30-minute massages weekly for five weeks reported significant reductions in depression and anxious depression compared to those who received no massage therapy. In addition, a meta-analysis of 17 studies conducted by Taiwanese researchers found massage therapy was strongly associated with relieving depressive symptoms. Anxiety Health Canada reports that of all mental disorders, anxiety conditions top the list. They estimate that 10 percent of Canadians suffer anxiety in some form. But anxiety can be reduced by the positive effects of massage. Turkish researchers measured burn patients anxiety levels before and after massage therapy sessions. Over the course of a five-week period participants showed a significant reduction of symptoms, including itching, pain, and anxiety from the first treatment to the last.

50 MASSAGE IN THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY Promotes deeper breathing Improves posture Improves circulation Enhances skin tone and skin health Increases and promotes joint flexibility Enhances a calm mind Reduces anxiety Increases self-awareness Promotes mental alertness Increases peace of mind Satisfies need for human touch

51 MANIPULATIVE MOVEMENT YOGA

52 THE RESEARCH ON YOGA Since the 1970s, meditation and other stress-reduction techniques have been studied as possible treatments for depression and anxiety. 7.5% of U.S. adults had tried yoga at least once, and that nearly 4% practiced yoga in the previous year. Many of the studies evaluating yoga's therapeutic benefits have been small and poorly designed. However, a 2004 analysis found that, in recent decades, an increasing number have been randomized controlled trials the most rigorous standard for proving efficacy. Ezzat suggests that those with severe problems should be managed and treated primarily [in conjunction with] the patient s family doctor and/or naturopathic doctor s recommendations.

53 MIND-BODY MEDICINE Art & Music Therapy Biofeedback & Neuro-feedback Guided & Non Directive Imagery Hypnosis Meditation

54 MIND-BODY NEURO FEEDBACK Is a relatively new biofeedback technique that focuses on helping a person train themselves to directly affect brain function. rewards for patterns of brainwave activity that are better for the person. This is referred to as self-regulation, because the individual is learning how to regulate their own actual brainwave patterns. Key brainwave frequencies are turned into a combination of images and sound feedback, which the person watches and hears. The brainwave activity information is presented to the person in the form of a video game. The person is effectively playing the video game with his or her brain. Eventually the brainwave activity is shaped toward more desirable and more regulated performance.

55 MIND-BODY GUIDED IMAGERY Guided imagery is a process of using the connection between body and mind to bring about positive changes in yourself, and it has been used to treat depression. It involves entering into a calm state of mind to increase the function of the right side of the brain, which controls creativity, spatial abilities, and more. Guided imagery is the use of visualizations, words, and/or music to evoke positive images that bring beneficial effect for a person. Guided imagery is more than just visualizing something you want or imagining things a different way; it is a process of using the connection between body and mind to bring about positive changes in yourself, and it has been used to treat depression.

56 MIND-BODY GUIDED IMAGERY MEDITATION 2 foci of meditation: Concentrative-focus on single object Non-concentrative- focus on one s mental activity 4 Forms of Meditation Transcendental Meditation Respiratory One method Clinically Standardized Meditation Mindfulness Meditation

57 ENERGY MEDICINE BIO-ELECTROMAGNETIC TMS 35 minutes 30 days Used in the treatment of Chronic recurrent resistant depression. 50% -Remission rate in 6 weeks; additional 35% see a 50% reduction in HAM-D scores. At 12 months post treatment, 68% maintained their treatment gains.

58 THE SCIENCE BEHIND MEDITATION Research has shown that meditators are healthier, shorter length of stays inpatient (53%) and outpatient (44.4%) 3 year study by Kabot-Zinn (1992), Miller et al (1995) found that outcome achieved at 3 months were maintained at 3 years in reducing anxiety. Benson et al. (1972) found decrease in drug, alcohol and cigarettes after 21 months of meditation. (n=1862)

59 Reduced stress hormones & ability to manage pain better Increases Frontal Alpha waves - denotes absence of Anxiety. Increases willpower and mental strength. Creates better internal rhythms through mantras. EEG proves balancing of brain hemispheres. BENEFITS OF MEDITATION

60 AT THE CROSSROADS: GENETIC REPROGRAMMING AND ENERGY MEDICINE

61 Thank you