What is Anatomy and Physiology?
|
|
- Sabina Neal
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Introduction BI 212 BI 213 BI 211 Ecosystems Organs / organ systems Cells Organelles Communities Tissues Molecules Populations Organisms Campbell et al. Figure 1.4 Introduction What is Anatomy and Physiology? Anatomy: Study of internal / external structure and the physical relationships between body parts Microscopic Anatomy (requires magnification ) Cytology = Study of cells Histology = Study of tissues Gross Anatomy (visible to naked eye ) Regional Anatomy = Study of structures in particular region (e.g., limb) Systemic Anatomy = Study of organ systems Physiology: Study of how living organisms perform vital functions Physical / chemical factors Cell physiology Special physiology System physiology The two disciplines are interrelated (structure dictates function...) Introduction 1) Cellular level Molecular interactions 2) Tissue level Similar cells specific function 3) Organ level 2 tissues specific function 5) Organism level Organ systems = life 4) Organ system level 2 organs specific function 1
2 Feedback Introduction Primary Tissue Types: Campbell et al. Figure 40.5 Introduction Regulatory System Function: For life to continue, precise internal body conditions must be maintained regardless of external conditions The principle function of regulatory systems is to maintain Homeostasis Homeostasis: The process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment (Bernard 19 th century) Not a static process (dynamic equilibrium) Requires energy (unlike a true equilibrium state) Conditions maintained via feedback systems Introduction Feedback System: Information Input (Set Point) Control Center Nervous System Endocrine System Receptor (transducer) Output Effector (Change in system) Effect Negative Feedback: Drives system toward set point Positive Feedback: Drives system away from set point 2
3 Chapter 48 / 49: Fundamentals of the Nervous System Histology: Neurons Specialized excitable cells Allow for communication throughout body (via electrical impulses) Neuron Anatomy: Glial cells: Support cells that nourish, insulate, and protect neurons 1) Dendrites: Receive information (environment / other neurons) 2) Cell body (soma): Integrates information / initiate response 3) Axon: Conducts action potential (AP electrical impulse) 4) Synaptic terminals: Transmit signal (other neurons / effector organs) Axon hillock (AP generation) Dendrites Axon Synaptic terminals Centrioles (Can not divide) Cell body Histology: Neurons Specialized excitable cells Allow for communication throughout body (via electrical impulses) Neural Processes: AP Action potentials never travel retrograde AP Anterograde AP Dendrites AP Retrograde 3
4 Histology: Neurons Specialized excitable cells Allow for communication throughout body (via electrical impulses) Neural Processes: Synapse Neurotransmitter: Chemicals released by one neuron that affect the activity of a second neuron Campbell et al. Figure 48.4 Information Processing: Monitor internal / external environment Control Center (interneurons) (sensory neurons) Issue commands (maintain homeostasis) (motor neurons) Campbell et al. Figure
5 Organization of Nervous Systems: Nerve Net Nerves Cephalization Cephalization: Clustering of sensory neurons / interneurons at anterior end Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Campbell et al. Figure 49.2 Neurons are highly irritable If adequately stimulated, an electrical impulse (action potential) is conducted along the axon... Setting the Stage... Amplifier Electrode At rest, the inside of a neuron is (-) compared to the outside () (Polarized) Oscilloscope Resting Membrane Potential WHY? 5
6 Resting Membrane Potential: Membrane Proteins: (Passive) K Channel (Passive) Na Channel (Active) Na /K Pump K Na Anion (Cl - or Protein) Ions Resting Membrane Potential: >> Na outside In the beginning... Charge equal across membrane >> K inside Resting Membrane Potential: Equilibrium Potential (Nernst / Goldman equation) () Na ATP Leaky 2 K Net effect: More () ions move out than in (neg. charge develops inside cell) 6
7 Neurons use changes in membrane potential to communicate: Stimulus opens ion gates: 1) Open Na gates 2) Open K gates Na K 70 mv 0 mv Depolarization 70 mv 0 mv Hyperpolarization Inside becomes less negative Inside becomes more negative Neurons use two primary types of signals to communicate: 1) Graded Potentials (Short-range communication) Local changes in membrane potential (limited range) Na Magnitude of potential depends on stimulus strength 70 mv 0 mv (e.g., brief opening of gate) Weak stimulus 70 mv 0 mv (e.g., prolonged opening of gate) Strong stimulus Magnitude of potential decreases with distance from source 7
8 Neurons use two primary types of signals to communicate: 1) Graded Potentials (Short-range communication) Graded potentials initiate action potentials Axon Hillock Types of Signals used by Neurons: 2) Action Potentials (Long-range communication) Short-lived, self-propagating depolarization event Occurs only along axon of neuron (or muscle sarcolemma) Cell interior goes from (-) to () Magnitude of signal independent of signal strength (all-or-none principle) Types of Signals used by Neurons: 2) Action Potentials (Long-range communication) Action Potential Events: Na 30 mv 0 mv Threshold 1) Graded potential (depolarization) reaches axon hillock 2) Event reaches threshold; Na gates open (voltage-gated) Positive feedback cycle (all-nor-none event) 3) Membrane reverses polarity; Na gates close (~ 30 mv) 8
9 Types of Signals used by Neurons: 2) Action Potentials (Long-range communication) Action Potential Events: 30 mv 0 mv Threshold 3 Na K 2 K 4) K gates open (voltage gated); cell repolarizes 5) Cell returns to resting membrane potential Na / K pumps re-establish solute concentrations Refractory Period: Cell can not fire additional APs... Needs to recharge Max APs ~ 750 / sec Tetrototoxin (TTX) How does an action potential move down an axon? 1) Continuous Conduction (unmyelinated axons) Chain-reaction along membrane of axon (slow 10 m/s) Campbell et al. Figure
10 How does an action potential move down an axon? 2) Saltatory Conduction (myelinated axons) Protects / electrically insulates neurons from one another Increases speed of impulse transmission (1 m/s vs. 150 m/s) Nodes of Ranvier Schwann Cells Action potential jumps from node to node Demyelination: Loss of myelination Multiple Sclerosis Campbell et al. Figure Coding for Stimulus Intensity: Remember: Magnitude of action potential is independent of signal strength (signal fixed all-or-none) However: Rate is not fixed AP frequency = stimulus (the stronger the stimulus, the more AP s per second) How Do Neurons Communicate Together? Synapse: Functional point of contact between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell Electrical Synapse: Gap junctions connect cells allowing for direct transfer of ions Chemical Synapse: Neuotransmitters (chemicals) mediate signal transfer (unidirectional ) 10
11 Events at a Chemical Synapse: Synaptic vesicles (neurotransmitter) (30 50 nm) Synaptic cleft Receptor proteins Presynaptic cell Postsynaptic cell (e.g., dendrite) Events at a Chemical Synapse: 1) Action potential arrives at synaptic terminal 2) Ca voltage gates open; Ca enters cell 3) Synaptic vesicles fuse with plasma membrane Ca Presynaptic cell Ca Postsynaptic cell (e.g., dendrite) Events at a Chemical Synapse: 1) Action potential arrives at synaptic terminal 2) Ca voltage gates open; Ca enters cell 3) Synaptic vesicles fuse with plasma membrane Ca 3) Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft (exocytosis) 4) Neurotransmitter binds with postsynaptic receptors 5) Neurotransmitter removal Enzyme degradation Presynaptic cell reuptake Diffusion from cleft Presynaptic cell Ca Depolarization event (excitatory) Hyperpolarization event (inhibitory) Postsynaptic cell (e.g., dendrite) 11
12 Neuron activity depends on a balance of excitatory and inhibitory input: EPSP (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential) A single EPSP cannot induce an action potential EPSPs add together (summate) to trigger postsynaptic cell Marieb & Hoehn Figure Types of Summation: Spatial Summation: Simultaneous stimulation from separate synapses Temporal Summation: Repeated stimulation from a single synapse Neuron activity depends on a balance of excitatory and inhibitory input: IPSP (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential) - Cell bodies / dendrites may have > 10,000 connections 12
13 At present, ~100 neurotransmitters identified (1) (2) Feel Good Effects (3) (4) (5) (natural opiates) 13
Chapter 11: Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
Chapter 11: Nervous System and Nervous Tissue I. Functions and divisions of the nervous system A. Sensory input: monitor changes in internal and external environment B. Integrations: make decisions about
More informationANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF NEURONS. AP Biology Chapter 48
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF NEURONS AP Biology Chapter 48 Objectives Describe the different types of neurons Describe the structure and function of dendrites, axons, a synapse, types of ion channels, and
More informationBranches of the Nervous System
The Nervous System Branches of the Nervous System There are 2 main branches of the nervous system Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System All nerves leading to rest of body Anatomy
More informationOutline. Neuron Structure. Week 4 - Nervous System. The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses
Outline Week 4 - The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses Neurons Neuron structures Types of neurons Electrical activity of neurons Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization Synapses Release of
More information3) Most of the organelles in a neuron are located in the A) dendritic region. B) axon hillock. C) axon. D) cell body. E) axon terminals.
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Multiple-Choice Questions 1) A simple nervous system A) must include chemical senses, mechanoreception, and vision. B) includes a minimum of 12 ganglia. C) has
More informationNeurons. Pyramidal neurons in mouse cerebral cortex expressing green fluorescent protein. The red staining indicates GABAergic interneurons.
Neurons Pyramidal neurons in mouse cerebral cortex expressing green fluorescent protein. The red staining indicates GABAergic interneurons. MBL, Woods Hole R Cheung MSc Bioelectronics: PGEE11106 1 Neuron
More informationAP Biology Unit 6. The Nervous System
AP Biology Unit 6 The Nervous System Branches of the Nervous System There are 2 main branches of the nervous system Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System All nerves leading
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More informationNeurons, Synapses and Signaling. Chapter 48
Neurons, Synapses and Signaling Chapter 48 Warm Up Exercise What types of cells can receive a nerve signal? Nervous Organization Neurons- nerve cells. Brain- organized into clusters of neurons, called
More informationChapter 7 Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling
Chapter 7 Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling 7.1. Overview of the Nervous System (Figure 7.1) 7.2. Cells of the Nervous System o Neurons are excitable cells which can generate action potentials o 90%
More informationAmeen Alsaras. Ameen Alsaras. Mohd.Khatatbeh
9 Ameen Alsaras Ameen Alsaras Mohd.Khatatbeh Nerve Cells (Neurons) *Remember: The neural cell consists of: 1-Cell body 2-Dendrites 3-Axon which ends as axon terminals. The conduction of impulse through
More informationEndocrine System Nervous System
Cells Endocrine System Nervous System Tissues Controls Organs Nervous System vs Endocrine System Electrical signals (graded potentials and action potentials) and chemical signals (neurotransmitters) Fast
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling The Neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. Neurons are composed of a cell body, which contains the nucleus and organelles; Dendrites which are extensions
More informationCHAPTER 44: Neurons and Nervous Systems
CHAPTER 44: Neurons and Nervous Systems 1. What are the three different types of neurons and what are their functions? a. b. c. 2. Label and list the function of each part of the neuron. 3. How does the
More informationPSY 215 Lecture 3 (1/19/2011) (Synapses & Neurotransmitters) Dr. Achtman PSY 215
Corrections: None needed. PSY 215 Lecture 3 Topic: Synapses & Neurotransmitters Chapters 2 & 3, pages 40-57 Lecture Notes: SYNAPSES & NEUROTRANSMITTERS, CHAPTER 3 Action Potential (above diagram found
More informationBIOLOGY 2050 LECTURE NOTES ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I (A. IMHOLTZ) FUNDAMENTALS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND NERVOUS TISSUE P1 OF 5
P1 OF 5 The nervous system controls/coordinates the activities of cells, tissues, & organs. The endocrine system also plays a role in control/coordination. The nervous system is more dominant. Its mechanisms
More informationNeurophysiology. Corresponding textbook pages: ,
Neurophysiology Corresponding textbook pages: 436-440, 442-455 Organization Helps maintain homeostasis in the body Nervous system and endocrine system Nervous system is faster due to nerve impulses 1 Fig.
More informationNa + K + pump. The beauty of the Na + K + pump. Cotransport. The setup Cotransport the result. Found along the plasma membrane of all cells.
The beauty of the Na + K + pump Na + K + pump Found along the plasma membrane of all cells. Establishes gradients, controls osmotic effects, allows for cotransport Nerve cells have a Na + K + pump and
More informationPeriod: Date: Module 28: Nervous System, Student Learning Guide
Name: Period: Date: Module 28: Nervous System, Student Learning Guide Instructions: Work in pairs (share a computer). Make sure that you log in for the first quiz so that you get credit. Go to www.sciencemusicvideos.com.
More informationSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND MAINTENANCE OF NEURONS (a) (b) Dendrites Cell body Initial segment collateral terminals (a) Diagrammatic representation of a neuron. The break in
More informationEndocrine System Nervous System
Cells Endocrine System Nervous System Tissues Controls Organs Nervous System vs Endocrine System Electrical signals (graded potentials and action potentials) and chemical signals (neurotransmitters) Fast
More informationThe Nervous System. Nervous System Functions 1. gather sensory input 2. integration- process and interpret sensory input 3. cause motor output
The Nervous System Nervous System Functions 1. gather sensory input 2. integration- process and interpret sensory input 3. cause motor output The Nervous System 2 Parts of the Nervous System 1. central
More informationNervous System. Master controlling and communicating system of the body. Secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters
Nervous System Master controlling and communicating system of the body Interacts with the endocrine system to control and coordinate the body s responses to changes in its environment, as well as growth,
More informationNEURONS Chapter Neurons: specialized cells of the nervous system 2. Nerves: bundles of neuron axons 3. Nervous systems
NEURONS Chapter 12 Figure 12.1 Neuronal and hormonal signaling both convey information over long distances 1. Nervous system A. nervous tissue B. conducts electrical impulses C. rapid communication 2.
More informationNeurons Chapter 7 2/19/2016. Learning Objectives. Cells of the Nervous System. Cells of the Nervous System. Cells of the Nervous System
Learning Objectives Neurons Chapter 7 Identify and describe the functions of the two main divisions of the nervous system. Differentiate between a neuron and neuroglial cells in terms of structure and
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Overview: Lines of Communication Chapter 8 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Fig. 8- The cone snail kills prey with venom that disables neurons Neurons are nerve s that transfer information within the body
More informationPortions from Chapter 6 CHAPTER 7. The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses. Chapter 7 Outline. and Supporting Cells
CHAPTER 7 The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses Chapter 7 Outline Neurons and Supporting Cells Activity in Axons The Synapse Acetylcholine as a Neurotransmitter Monoamines as Neurotransmitters Other
More informationNeurophysiology scripts. Slide 2
Neurophysiology scripts Slide 2 Nervous system and Endocrine system both maintain homeostasis in the body. Nervous system by nerve impulse and Endocrine system by hormones. Since the nerve impulse is an
More informationIntroduction to Neurobiology
Biology 240 General Zoology Introduction to Neurobiology Nervous System functions: communication of information via nerve signals integration and processing of information control of physiological and
More informationOmar Sami. Muhammad Abid. Muhammad khatatbeh
10 Omar Sami Muhammad Abid Muhammad khatatbeh Let s shock the world In this lecture we are going to cover topics said in previous lectures and then start with the nerve cells (neurons) and the synapses
More informationEE 791 Lecture 2 Jan 19, 2015
EE 791 Lecture 2 Jan 19, 2015 Action Potential Conduction And Neural Organization EE 791-Lecture 2 1 Core-conductor model: In the core-conductor model we approximate an axon or a segment of a dendrite
More informationNEURAL TISSUE (NEUROPHYSIOLOGY) PART I (A): NEURONS & NEUROGLIA
PART I (A): NEURONS & NEUROGLIA Neural Tissue Contains 2 kinds of cells: neurons: cells that send and receive signals neuroglia (glial cells): cells that support and protect neurons Neuron Types Sensory
More information10.1: Introduction. Cell types in neural tissue: Neurons Neuroglial cells (also known as neuroglia, glia, and glial cells) Dendrites.
10.1: Introduction Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cell types in neural tissue: Neurons Neuroglial cells (also known as neuroglia, glia, and glial
More informationChapter 2: Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition
Chapter 2: Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Two principles about neurons were defined by Ramón y Cajal. The principle of connectional specificity states that, whereas the principle
More informationStudy Guide Answer Key Nervous System
Biology 12 Human Biology Textbook: BC Biology 12 Study Guide Answer Key Nervous System 1. Draw a neuron, label 3 parts and give the function of those parts. Dendrite: carry signals to the cell body Cell
More informationOutline. Animals: Nervous system. Neuron and connection of neurons. Key Concepts:
Animals: Nervous system Neuron and connection of neurons Outline 1. Key concepts 2. An Overview and Evolution 3. Human Nervous System 4. The Neurons 5. The Electrical Signals 6. Communication between Neurons
More informationCommunication within a Neuron
Neuronal Communication, Ph.D. Communication within a Neuron Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons The Membrane Potential The Action Potential Conduction of the Action Potential 1 The withdrawal reflex
More informationAction potential. Definition: an all-or-none change in voltage that propagates itself down the axon
Action potential Definition: an all-or-none change in voltage that propagates itself down the axon Action potential Definition: an all-or-none change in voltage that propagates itself down the axon Naturally
More informationFunction of the Nervous System
Nervous System Function of the Nervous System Receive sensory information, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands to form a response Composed of neurons (functional unit of the nervous system)
More informationUnit Three. I. General Functions of the Nervous System. I. General Functions of the Nervous System
10 Refer to the following URLs. It is a good idea to print them and bring them to class. Be sure to study these along with your book. http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/nervous.html http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/ap.html
More informationLecture 22: A little Neurobiology
BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 22: A little Neurobiology http://compbio.uchsc.edu/hunter/bio5099 Larry.Hunter@uchsc.edu Nervous system development Part of the ectoderm
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 8 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Eighth Edition Overview: Lines of Communication The cone snail kills prey with venom that disables neurons Neurons are nerve
More informationH. An electrical signal travel down the dendrite.
Nervous System Group Activity Objectives: To be able to describe the nervous system structure and function To understand how neurons communicate using both electrical and chemical signals To know how the
More informationChapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline
Chapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline Module 11.1 Overview of the Nervous System (Figures 11.1-11.3) A. The nervous system controls our perception and experience
More information6.5 Nerves, Hormones and Homeostasis
6.5 Nerves, Hormones and Homeostasis IB Biology SL Part 1 - Nerves Outcomes Part 1 6.5.1State that the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nerves, and is composed
More informationTHE HISTORY OF NEUROSCIENCE
THE HISTORY OF NEUROSCIENCE BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR: THE NEURON & NEURAL COMMUNICATION NERVOUS SYSTEM Combined activity of the brain, spinal cord & other nerve fibers Acts as an information processing
More informationChapter 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue
Chapter 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue I. Functions of the Nervous System A. List and describe the five major nervous system functions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. II. Divisions of the Nervous System
More informationFunctions of Nervous System Neuron Structure
Chapter 10 Nervous System I Divisions of the Nervous System Cell Types of Neural Tissue neurons neuroglial cells Central Nervous System brain spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System nerves cranial nerves
More informationNEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES 34.3
NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES 34.3 NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES Neurons communicate with other neurons or target cells at synapses. Chemical synapse: a very narrow
More informationThe Nervous System -The master controlling and communicating system of the body
The Nervous System -The master controlling and communicating system of the body Functions: -Sensory input -Integration -Motor output Organization of the Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS) -Brain
More informationChapter 4 Neuronal Physiology
Chapter 4 Neuronal Physiology V edit. Pg. 99-131 VI edit. Pg. 85-113 VII edit. Pg. 87-113 Input Zone Dendrites and Cell body Nucleus Trigger Zone Axon hillock Conducting Zone Axon (may be from 1mm to more
More informationTHE HISTORY OF NEUROSCIENCE
1. Historically, how have neuroscientists determined the function of various brain regions? 2. Describe the impact of the Phineas Gage case on the field of neuroscience. 3. Explain neuron theory. THE HISTORY
More informationPrinciples of Anatomy and Physiology
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14 th Edition CHAPTER 12 Nervous Tissue Introduction The purpose of the chapter is to: 1. Understand how the nervous system helps to keep controlled conditions within
More information9/28/2016. Neuron. Multipolar Neuron. Astrocytes Exchange Materials With Neurons. Glia or Glial Cells ( supporting cells of the nervous system)
Neuron Multipolar Neuron https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lw-psbnu5xago to :38 Glia or Glial Cells ( supporting cells of the nervous system) 10X more numerous than neurons but one-tenth the size make up
More informationConcept 48.1 Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer
Name Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Period Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Concept 48.1 Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer 1. What is
More informationNeurons: Structure and communication
Neurons: Structure and communication http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/gall1.html Common Components of a Neuron Dendrites Input, receives neurotransmitters Soma Processing, decision Axon Transmits
More informationChapter 7. The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement
Chapter 7 The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement Objectives Discuss the general organization of the nervous system Describe the structure & function of a nerve Draw and label the pathways
More informationChapter 7. Objectives
Chapter 7 The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement Objectives Discuss the general organization of the nervous system Describe the structure & function of a nerve Draw and label the pathways
More information35-2 The Nervous System Slide 1 of 38
1 of 38 35-2 The Nervous System The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. 2 of 38 Neurons Neurons The messages carried by
More informationFLASH CARDS. Kalat s Book Chapter 2 Alphabetical
FLASH CARDS www.biologicalpsych.com Kalat s Book Chapter 2 Alphabetical absolute refractory period absolute refractory period Time when neuron will not re-fire no matter how much stimulus it gets. action
More informationHole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition. Chapter 10
PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier Butler Lewis Chapter 10 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
More informationCell communication. Gated ion channels. Allow specific ions to pass only when gates are open
increase decrease Cell communication Gated ion channels Allow specific ions to pass only when gates are open Triggered by: potential change, chemical binding, temperature change, stretching 1 Voltage-Gated
More informationCell communication. Gated ion channels. Voltage-Gated Na + Channel. Allow specific ions to pass only when gates are open
increase decrease Cell communication Gated ion channels Allow specific ions to pass only when gates are open Voltage-Gated Na + Channel Activation gate ECF Triggered by: change, chemical binding, temperature
More informationNervous System Review
Nervous System Review Name: Block: 1. Which processes are involved in the movement of molecule Y from point X to point Z? A. exocytosis and diffusion B. endocytosis and diffusion C. exocytosis and facilitated
More information5-Nervous system II: Physiology of Neurons
5-Nervous system II: Physiology of Neurons AXON ION GRADIENTS ACTION POTENTIAL (axon conduction) GRADED POTENTIAL (cell-cell communication at synapse) SYNAPSE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION NEURAL INTEGRATION CNS
More informationThursday, January 22, Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse Transmembrane Potential caused by ions moving through cell membrane at different rates Two main ions of concern Na + - Sodium K + - potassium Cell membrane not freely permeable therefore
More informationDO NOW: ANSWER ON PG 73
DO NOW: ANSWER ON PG 73 1. Name 1 neurotransmitter that we have learned about. 2. Draw a basic graph of a neuron action potential. Label resting potential, threshold, depolarization, and repolarization
More information2/27/2019. Functions of the Nervous System. Nervous Tissue and Neuron Function. Fundamentals Of The Nervous System And Nervous Tissue
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Function Fundamentals Of The Nervous System And Nervous Tissue Learn and Understand 1. Like muscle cells, neurons use membrane polarity upset (AP) as a signal therefore keeping
More informationChapter 17 Nervous System
Chapter 17 Nervous System 1 The Nervous System Two Anatomical Divisions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Two Types of Cells Neurons Transmit nerve impulses
More informationTHE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Neurons & Impulses
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Neurons & Impulses Organization of the Nervous System: Two Major Portions: The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). CNS = Brain/Spinal Cord PNS = Nerves-provide
More informationYou can follow the path of the neural signal. The sensory neurons detect a stimulus in your finger and send that information to the CNS.
1 Nervous system maintains coordination through the use of electrical and chemical processes. There are three aspects: sensory, motor, and integrative, which we will discuss throughout the system. The
More information浙江大学医学院基础医学整合课程 各论 III. The Nervous System. Dr. ZHANG Xiong Dept. of Physiology ZJU School of Medicine
The Nervous System Dr. ZHANG Xiong Dept. of Physiology ZJU School of Medicine xiongzhang@zju.edu.cn http://10.202.77.12/ 1 Part 1. Summary of the nervous system 2 The Nervous System Central Nervous System
More informationHuman Brain and Senses
Human Brain and Senses Outline for today Levels of analysis Basic structure of neurons How neurons communicate Basic structure of the nervous system Levels of analysis Organism Brain Cell Synapses Membrane
More informationNervous System. Chapter 9 Pages
Nervous System Chapter 9 Pages 211-257 Chapter 9 Wordbytes 1. af- = toward 11. -ferrent = carried 2. arachn- = spider 12. gangli- = swelling 3. astro- = star 13. -glia = glue 4. auto- = self 14. mening-
More informationElectrical Properties of Neurons. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Electrical Properties of Neurons Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Neuronal Communication Neurons communicate with other cells, often over long distances. The electrical
More informationThe Nervous System. Dr. ZHANG Xiong Dept. of Physiology ZJU School of Medicine.
The Nervous System Dr. ZHANG Xiong Dept. of Physiology ZJU School of Medicine Http://10.10.10.151 Part 1. Summary of the nervous system The Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain + Spinal Cord Peripheral
More informationAxon Nerve impulse. Axoplasm Receptor. Axomembrane Stimuli. Schwann cell Effector. Myelin Cell body
Nervous System Review 1. Explain a reflex arc. 2. Know the structure, function and location of a sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron 3. What is (a) Neuron Axon Nerve impulse Axoplasm Receptor
More informationAnatomy Review. Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (
Anatomy Review Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) Page 1. Introduction Neurons communicate with other cells at junctions
More informationMOLECULAR AND CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE BMP-218 November 4, 2014 DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system is composed of two primary divisions: 1. CNS - Central Nervous System (Brain + Spinal Cord)
More informationHuman Anatomy & Physiology
PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Barbara Heard, Atlantic Cape Community College Ninth Edition Human Anatomy & Physiology C H A P T E R 11 Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images 2013 Pearson Education,
More informationHole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Tenth Edition. Chapter 10
PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Tenth Edition Shier Butler Lewis Chapter 10 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or
More informationChapter Nervous Systems
The Nervous System Chapter Nervous Systems Which animals have nervous systems? (Which do not) What are the basic components of a NS? What kind of fish performs brain operations? What differentiates one
More informationThe Nervous System 12/11/2015
The Nervous System Biology 12 Unit 3: Homeostasis December 11, 2015 The nervous system is an elaborate communication system that contains more than 100 billion nerve cells in the brain alone There are
More informationBIOLOGY 12 NERVOUS SYSTEM PRACTICE
1 Name: BIOLOGY 12 NERVOUS SYSTEM PRACTICE Date: 1) Identify structures X, Y and Z and give one function of each. 2) Which processes are involved in the movement of molecule Y from point X to point Z?
More informationChapter 7. The Nervous System
Chapter 7 The Nervous System General overview of the nervous system functions Sensory input (info travels in along afferent pathways) Integration (information is processed) Sensory neurons Spinal cord
More informationTHE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Homeostasis Strand
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Homeostasis Strand Introduction In general, a nervous system has three overlapping functions : 1. Sensory input conduction of signals from sensory receptors to integration centres 2.
More informationElizabeth Biopsychology (PSY 302) The Synapses 08/29/2017. The Synapses
Elizabeth Biopsychology (PSY 302) The Synapses 08/29/2017 The Synapses Conduction of a Depolarization o In dendrites: passive propagation : There is attenuation of signal transmission -Further away they
More informationD) around, bypassing B) toward
Nervous System Practice Questions 1. Which of the following are the parts of neurons? A) brain, spinal cord, and vertebral column B) dendrite, axon, and cell body C) sensory and motor D) cortex, medulla
More informationQUIZ YOURSELF COLOSSAL NEURON ACTIVITY
QUIZ YOURSELF What are the factors that produce the resting potential? How is an action potential initiated and what is the subsequent flow of ions during the action potential? 1 COLOSSAL NEURON ACTIVITY
More informationPARTS central nervous system brain and spinal cord nerve bundle of neurons wrapped in connective tissue
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Electrical Properties of Nerve cells (neurons) Electro physiology of neurons lie in Membrane Physiology Model organisms is Squid Giant Axon (SGA) diversity of Nervous systems NERVOUS SYSTEM
More informationLearning expectations for BIOL 131. Chapters 11, Nervous System Overview Read Chapter 11. You should be able to:
NOTE The quiz will have question ONLY from the material we get through on Tuesday. The first midterm will cover all material from day one until the lecture before the second midterm. Learning expectations
More informationBiology 201-Worksheet on Nervous System (Answers are in your power point outlines-there is no key!)
Bio 201 Tissues and Skin 1 March 21, 2011 Biology 201-Worksheet on Nervous System (Answers are in your power point outlines-there is no key!) 1. The study of the normal functioning and disorders of the
More informationNervous System. 2. Receives information from the environment from CNS to organs and glands. 1. Relays messages, processes info, analyzes data
Nervous System 1. Relays messages, processes info, analyzes data 2. Receives information from the environment from CNS to organs and glands 3. Transmits impulses from CNS to muscles and glands 4. Transmits
More informationBIOL Week 6. Nervous System. Transmission at Synapses
Collin County Community College BIOL 2401 Week 6 Nervous System 1 Transmission at Synapses Synapses are the site of communication between 2 or more neurons. It mediates the transfer of information and
More informationNervous Tissue and Neurophysiology
Nervous Tissue and Neurophysiology Objectives Describe the two major divisions of the nervous system and their characteristics. Identify the structures/functions of a typical neuron. Describe the location
More informationBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES CHAPTER 3 1 LEARNING GOALS Discuss how the nervous system communicates internally. Describe the structure and function of neurons Describe how the neuron transmits information Describe
More informationThe Nervous System 7PART A. PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Nervous System 7PART A Functions of the Nervous System Sensory input gathering information To monitor
More informationChapter 2 The Brain or Bio Psychology
Chapter 2 The Brain or Bio Psychology 1 2 3 1 Glial Cells Surround neurons and hold them in place Make Myelin (covering for neurons) Manufacture nutrient chemicals neurons need Absorb toxins and waste
More informationChapter 2. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 2 nd Ed.,
Chapter 2. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 2 nd Ed., M. S. Gazzaniga, R. B. Ivry, and G. R. Mangun, Norton, 2002. Summarized by B.-W. Ku,
More informationAnatomy of a Neuron. Copyright 2000 by BSCS and Videodiscovery, Inc. Permission granted for classroom use. Master 2.1
Anatomy of a Neuron Master 2.1 Neurons Interact With Other Neurons Through Synapses Master 2.2 How Do Neurons Communicate? 1 2 3 4 5 6 Master 2.3 Neurons Communicate by Neurotransmission Neurons communicate
More information