Index. CH-100 (Chinese traditional medicine) 108 chemotherapy, HBV reactivation during

Transcription

1 ACCELERATE study 44 acyclic phosphonates see adefovir; alamifovir; tenofovir adefovir (ADV) in children 149 combined with lamivudine as first-line therapy 181 2, 183 in HBV/HIV co-infection 176, 177 for LMV-resistant HBV 182 for prevention of reactivation during chemotherapy 171, 172 prodrugs 228 resistance 155 6, 183, 185 adherence 39, 73, 74 and development of resistance 154, adiponectin 62 ADV see adefovir adverse effects see side effects AFP (alpha-fetoprotein), in HCC screening 9 12 African Americans iron excess 82 SVR rates 7, 90 alamifovir alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in acute HCV infection 30 in the HBV inactive carrier state 130 in HBV/HIV co-infection 175 as indication for treatment of HBV in children 147 albumin interferon 237 alloimmune hepatitis 113 alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), in HCC screening 9 12 ALT see alanine aminotransferase alternative medicine amantadine 56 anaemia, ribavirin-induced 48, 65 7, 102 3, 120 anorexia 102 anti-lkm1 antibody 77, 78, 79 antinuclear antibody (ANA) 77, antioxidants 107 autoantibodies autoimmune hepatitis 76, 78, 79 B cells, HCV and 78 BILB1941 (non-nucleoside inhibitor) 217 biopsy, liver 4 5 in autoimmune hepatitis 76, comorbid liver disease discovered by 5, 6 complications of 4, 6 in HBV 131 2, 136 in HBV/HIV co-infection in HCV 6 7, 8 children 96 dialysis patients 51 post-transplant 112, 113 sampling/observation errors 4, 6 7 boceprevir combined with peginterferon 215 combined with peginterferon/ribavirin 41, , 216 monotherapy bone marrow disorders, interferon-induced 48, 67 8, 112, brain, HCV and 21 2 CH-100 (Chinese traditional medicine) 108 chemotherapy, HBV reactivation during Clinical Dilemmas in Viral Liver Disease Edited by Graham R. Foster, K. and Rajender Reddy 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN:

2 253 children HBV infection HCV infection 94 7 vertical transmission 94, Child Turcotte Pugh classification of cirrhosis 115 Chinese traditional medicine 108 ChronVac-C vaccine (HCV) 224 cirrhosis diagnosis 3, 5 HBV and kidney transplantation 178 natural history 131, 146 HBV/HCV co-infection 193 HBV/HIV co-infection 175, 177 HCV and natural history 115, 246 7, treatment 90, 91, screening for HCC 6, 120 see also fibrosis cirrhosis risk score (CRS) 15 citalopram 102 cognitive function, impaired 20 1, 125 colchicine 36 community-based care in the UK complementary therapies compliance see adherence Compound 861 (Chinese traditional medicine) 108 computed tomography (CT) 9 consensus interferon 41, 237 contraception 201 COPILOT study 36, 120 corticosteroids for dermatological symptoms/side effects 103 reactivation of HBV 169, 178 counselling children with HBV/HCV 97, 149 HBV inactive carrier state 132 prevention of antiviral resistance role of nurse practitioners side effects 100, 103, 201 Crohn s disease 179 cytochrome P450-induced prodrugs 228 cytokines CNS effects 22 genetic polymorphism affecting viral clearance HBV treatment 228 in the immune response 231 interfering with treatment in obese patients 61 2 prevention of thrombocytopenia 68 silymarin and cytopenia 48, 65 8 in cirrhosis in post-transplant patients 112 darbepoetin 66, deferasirox 48 deferiprone 48 depression 20, 22, 58, 59, 74 treatment of 102 des-g-carboxyprothrombin (DCP) desferrioxamine 48 diabetes mellitus 56 diagnosis HBV 130, 175 HCV 30, 78 dialysis patients HBV in 127, HCV in 50 3 diet 62, 83 DNA vaccines 224, 228, combined with lamivudine 233 drug users 73 5, 203 economic issues see financial issues elasticity of the liver 3 4 eltrombopag 68 emtricitabine 155, encephalopathy, hepatic 20, 125 entecavir 140, 141, 184, 190 in children 149 in HBV/HIV co-infection 176 for lamivudine-resistant HBV 182 for prevention of reactivation during chemotherapy 171, 172 in renal disease 178 resistance 140, 156, 184, 185 enzyme immunoassays (EIA), for HCV 78 EPIC3 study 35, 120 epidemiology autoantibodies in HCV infection 77 8 HBV 125, 199 HBV/HCV co-infection 192 HBV/HIV co-infection 174

3 254 epidemiology (cont d) HCV 30, 94, 199 long-term progression hepatocellular carcinoma 9, 175 epoetin alfa (erythropoietin) 66, 67, 102 3, 120 ethnicity iron excess 82 SVR rates 7, 90 European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), guidelines for treatment of HBV infection 136, fatigue 20, 21, Fibroscan 3 4 fibrosis 3 biopsy for 4 5, 6, in children 94, 146 HCV genotype 3 and response to treatment 90, 91 insulin resistance and 89 iron overload and 48, 83, 85 after kidney transplantation 56 non-invasive markers 3 4, 5, 7 silymarin inhibits 105 see also cirrhosis filgastrim 67 filibuvir 218 financial issues cost-effectiveness of community-based treatment in the UK cost-effectiveness of HCV vaccines 224 treatment costs in the USA 200 flu-like syndrome 100 fulminant hepatitis 125 7, genetics, host 13 constraints on clinical utility HFE mutations in HCV infection 82 3, 83, 84 interferon response and 15, 212 progression of the disease vaccine efficacy 15 16, 164 viral clearance genetics, viral HBV interferon response and 189 resistance to antivirals 155 6, 182, 183, 184 risk of developing complications 132, 161 HCV heterogeneity 70, resistance to protease inhibitors GI-5005 vaccine (HCV) 224 glomerulonephritis 56 glucosidase inhibitors 227 glycyrrhizin granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) 67, 120 granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 165 GS9190 (non-nucleoside inhibitor) 217 HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) 175 6, 177 haemochromatosis 85 haemodialysis patients HBV in 127, HCV in 50 3 HALT-C trial 36, 41, 107, 116, 120 HAV (hepatitis A virus) 16 HBIG see hepatitis B immunoglobulin HBV see hepatitis B virus HCC see hepatocellular carcinoma HCV see hepatitis C virus HCV-796 (non-nucleoside inhibitor) 218 health-related quality of life (HRQL) 19 20, 99 healthcare models community-based (UK) nurse practitioners (USA) healthcare workers management of workers infected with HBV nurse practitioners/physician assistants risk of HBV infection 163 treatment of vaccination failures after high-risk exposure hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) 112 hepatitis A virus (HAV) 16 hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) in non-immune healthcare workers in pregnancy hepatitis B virus (HBV) acute infection liver failure and adefovir see adefovir in children co-infections HCV HIV 174 7, 179

4 255 combination therapies , 157 lamivudine plus interferon 242, 244 diagnosis 130, 175 EASL treatment guidelines 136, genetics of HBV interferon response and 189 resistance to antivirals 155 6, 182, 183, 184 risk of developing complications 132, 161 genetics of host disease progression 14 interferon response 15 vaccine efficacy 15 16, 164 viral clearance HBeAg-negative disease with abnormal LFTs inactive carrier state , 149 in healthcare workers high-risk exposure in non-responders to vaccination immune response to in immunosuppressed patients chronic infection 147, progression of acute to chronic 127 infectivity mechanism interferon treatment see interferon therapies, for HBV lamivudine see lamivudine natural history 14, 125, 127, , 135, 230 in pregnancy reactivation during chemotherapy in immunosuppressed patients 175, 177, in renal disease 127, research drugs 226 7, vaccines 227 8, resistance see resistance, to anti-hbv drugs vaccination see vaccination, for HBV hepatitis C virus (HCV) acute infection autoantibodies and care models community-based (UK) nurse practitioners (USA) in children 94 7 cirrhosis and 90, 91, co-infections HBV HIV 33 multiple HCV genotypes 70 1 complementary therapies cytopenia and 48, 65 8, 112, diagnosis 30, 78 drug users and 73 5, 203 easy-to-treat patients 7 8, 43 4, 88 9 epidemiology 30, 94, 199 genetic heterogeneity of 70 1, genotype 1 7 acute infection 32 in children 95, 96 non-responders/relapsers 34 41, 116 subtypes 70 genotype 2 7 acute infection 32 in children 95, 96 non-responders/relapsers 44 5, 116 standard treatment 43 4, 89, 91 genotype 3 7 acute infection 32 in children 95, 96 less easy-to-treat 44, non-responders/relapsers 44 5, 116 standard treatment 43 4, 88 9 genotype 4 7, 32, 97 genotype 5 51 genotype 6 51 host genetics and disease progression HFE mutations 82 3, 83, 84 interferon response 15, 212 viral clearance 14 immune response to 30, 78, 107 infectivity 222 interferon treatment see interferon therapies, for HCV iron overload 48 9, 82 5 liver biopsy 6 7, 8 children 96 dialysis patients 51 post-transplant 112, 113 liver transplantation 71, , 117, 119 natural history of the disease 14, 94 5, 115, in non-hepatic cells 21 2, 71, 78 non-responders/relapsers 120

5 256 hepatitis C virus (HCV) (cont d) genotype , 116 genotypes 2 and , 116 triple therapy (plus protease inhibitors) 41, in obese patients 45, 61 4, 90 polymerase inhibitors 210, protease inhibitors 41, , , 218 psychiatric conditions and 20 2, 58 60, 74, 102 quality of life 19 20, 99 red cell dyscrasias and 47 9 renal conditions and dialysis 50 3 kidney transplants 55 7 research drugs 36, 41, 45, vaccines resistance to antivirals , , 218 ribavirin see ribavirin symptom control , vaccination hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in children 149 epidemiology 9, 175 HBV/HCV co-infection 193 HBV/HIV co-infection 175 iron overload and 84 5 screening for 8, 9 12, 120, 132, 149 herbal medicine heteroaryldihydropyrimidines 227 HFE gene 82 3, 83, 84 highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) 175 6, 177 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) co-infection with HBV 174 7, 179 co-infection with HCV 33 IC41 vaccine (HCV) 224 immune reconstitution hepatitis 177 immune response to HBV to HCV 30, 78, 107 to vaccines 222 3, 224, immunization see vaccination immunosuppressed patients HBV and chronic infection 147, progression of acute to chronic 127 HCV and HIV infection 33 after kidney transplantation 55 7 after liver transplantation 71, , 119 inflammatory bowel disease 179 infliximab 179 INFORM-1 trial 213, 218 insulin resistance 44, 61, 62, insurance (medical) 200 interferon therapies bioavailability 62 for HBV acute infections in children 148 combined with lamivudine 242, 244 combined with vaccination 233 HBeAg-negative infection 137 and HIV co-infection 177 host genetics and 15 monotherapy 188 9, 190, 241 2, treatment of non-responders 189 for HBV/HCV co-infection for HCV 236 acute infection (monotherapy) 31 2 in autoantibody-positive patients (monotherapy) 79 in blood dyscrasias (+ ribavirin) 48 in children (+ ribavirin) 95 7 compensated cirrhosis (+/- ribavirin) decompensated cirrhosis (+ ribavirin) in dialysis patients (+/- ribavirin) 50 3 in drug users (+ ribavirin) 74 5 genetically engineered 41, 237 half-life modification host genetics and 15, 212 iron overload and (+/- ribavirin) 83 after kidney transplantation (+/- ribavirin) 56 7 after liver transplantation (+ ribavirin) non-responders/relapsers (+ ribavirin) 35 6, 40 1, 45, 116, non-responders/relapsers (maintenance monotherapy) 36, 41, 120 in obese patients (+ ribavirin) 62 3 in patients with psychiatric conditions with protease inhibitors (+/- ribavirin) 41, , side effects 100 2, 103 alloimmune hepatitis 113

6 257 bone marrow toxicity 48, 67 8, 112, in children 95, 97 neuropsychiatric 22, 58 9, 74, 102 in patients with cirrhosis , in patients on dialysis 50, 52 3 transplant rejection interleukins 14, 62 prevention of thrombocytopenia 68 treatment of HBV 228 iron overload in hepatic cells 48, 82 5 iron supplementation 66 Japanese traditional medicine 108 Kampo medicine 108 kidney see renal disease; renal transplants lamivudine (LMV) in acute infection 126 7, in children combined with adefovir combined with peginterferon 242, 244 combined with vaccination as first-line therapy 181, in HIV/HBV co-infection in interferon non-responders 190 in pregnancy 143 prophylactic 170 1, 172, 179, 183 in renal disease 177 resistance 140, 155, 156, 171, 182 3, 185 LB80380 (HBV prodrug) 229 leptin 62 lichen planus 103 liquorice root extract (glycyrrhizin) liver disease acute liver failure fulminant hepatitis after kidney transplantation 56 see also cirrhosis; fibrosis; hepatocellular carcinoma liver stiffness 3 4 liver transplantation in children with HCV 95 for HBV-induced liver failure 125, 159 pre-transplant antiviral treatment 117, 161, 183 recurrent HCV infection , 119 multiple genotypes 71 reinfection with HBV 127 liver-targeted drug delivery 228 lymphocytes see B cells; T cells magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 3, 9 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) 21 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens 13, 14, 16 mania 58, 102 MELD (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease) scores 117 membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) 56 metformin 62 methadone users 74 methylphenidate milk thistle (silymarin) mirtazapine 102 modafinil mortality chronic HCV infection 248 HCV in dialysis patients 50 HCV in kidney transplant patients 55 6 mother-to-child transmission HBV HCV 94 NAC (N-acetylcysteine) 107 neuropsychological disorders, in patients with HCV 19 22, 58 60, 102 side effects of interferon 22, 58 9, 74 treatment of 102 neutropenia 48, 67, 112, non-adherence see adherence nucleoside analogues for HBV see emtricitabine; lamivudine; telbivudine; valtorcitabine for HCV 215, 217 nucleotide analogues in development see also adefovir; tenofovir nurse practitioners obesity, HCV and 45, 61 4, 90 oprelvekin (IL-11) 68 paediatric infections HBV HCV 94 7 vertical transmission 94, 142 5

7 258 paracetamol 100 paroxetine 102 patient education children with HBV/HCV 97, 149 HBV inactive carrier state 132 prevention of antiviral resistance role of nurse practitioners side effects 100, 103, 201 patient support websites 200 peginterferon alfa for HBV combined with lamivudine 242, 244 and HIV co-infection 177 monotherapy 188 9, 190, 241 2, for HBV/HCV co-infection for HCV acute infection (monotherapy) 32 in autoantibody-positive patients (monotherapy) 79 in children (+ ribavirin) 95 7 compensated cirrhosis (+/- ribavirin) decompensated cirrhosis (+ ribavirin) in dialysis patients (+ ribavirin) 52 after kidney transplantation (+ ribavirin) 57 after liver transplantation (+ ribavirin) non-responders/relapsers (+ ribavirin) 35 6, 40 1, 45, 116, non-responders/relapsers (maintenance monotherapy) 36, 41, 120 in obese patients (+ ribavirin) 62 3 with protease inhibitors (+/- ribavirin) 41, , side effects see side effects, interferon/peginterferon phenylpropenamides 227 phlebotomy 83, 85 physician assistants pioglitazone 62 Plantago asiatica 108 platelets, thrombocytopenia 68, 120 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests 29 polymerase inhibitors for HCV 210, 215, pradefovir 228 pregnancy HBV and screening for HCV 94 primary care in the UK prognosis HBV 126, 131 HCV prophylaxis antivirals for HBV reactivation , 179 prevention of post-transplant recurrence 111, 119, 161, 183 HBIG after high-risk exposure in vaccination failures in infants of HBV-positive mothers protease inhibitors for HCV 210, 214 combined with peginterferon 215 combined with peginterferon/ribavirin 41, , monotherapy resistance , , 216, 218 PROVE 1/2 trials 211, 216 psoriasis 103 psychiatric disorders see neuropsychological disorders psychosis 58 quality of life 19 20, 99 R1626 (nucleoside analogue) 217 R1728 (nucleoside analogue) 217 race iron excess 82 SVR rates 7, 90 rapid virological response (RVR), in HCV infection 39, 44, 90 1 renal disease HBV and 127, HCV and 50 3 renal transplants HBV and 177, 178 HCV and 55 7 REPEAT trial 35 6 resistance to anti-hbv drugs 154 7, adefovir 155 6, 183, 185 cross-resistance 140, 156, 185 entecavir 140, 156, 184, 185 genetics 155 6, 182, 183, 184 lamivudine 140, 155, 156, 171, 182 3, 185 prevention 139, 156 7, 184, 185

8 259 telbivudine 155, 156, 185 tenofovir 155 6, 185 to anti-hcv drugs , , 218 REVEAL study 132 rheumatic disease ribavirin in blood dyscrasias 48 in children 95 7 in compensated cirrhosis in decompensated cirrhosis in dialysis patients 52 in drug users 74 5 for HBV/HCV co-infection iron overload and 83 after kidney transplantation 57 after liver transplantation non-responders/relapsers 35, 40 1, 45, 116, in obese patients 63 with protease inhibitors 41, , side effects 48, 65 7, 102 3, 120 rituximab 56, 169, 179 RNA interference (RNAi) 227 RVR (rapid virological response), in HCV infection 39, 44, 90 1 screening for HCC 8, 9 12, 120, 132, 149 for HCV in pregnant women 94 see also surveillance selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) 102 seroconversion HBV , 146 HCV 29 serum markers fibrosis 4, 7 HCC 9 12 see also alanine aminotransferase SF-36 questionnaire 100 sho-saiko-to (TJ-9) 108 sickle cell disease 47 8, 49 side effects of epoetin alfa 66 of interferon/peginterferon 100 2, 103 alloimmune hepatitis 113 bone marrow toxicity 48, 67 8, 112, in children 95, 97 neuropsychiatric 22, 58 9, 74, 102 in patients with cirrhosis , in patients on dialysis 50, 52 3 transplant rejection of ribavirin 103 anaemia 48, 65 7, 102 3, 120 treatment of 100 3, , 201 silymarin (milk thistle) sirna 227 skin conditions associated with HCV 103 smooth muscle antibody (SMA) 77, SPRINT-1 trial 212 STAT-C drugs 36, 45, 209, 214 combination therapies 41, 210, , 218 polymerase inhibitors 210, protease inhibitors 41, , , 218 steatosis, hepatic 44, 89 steroid therapy for dermatological symptoms/side effects 103 reactivation of HBV 169, 178 Stronger Neominophagen C (SNMC) 108 surveillance for development of antiviral resistance 157 of HBV inactive carrier state 130, 132, 149 in HBV/HIV co-infection 177 in HBV/HVC co-infection 194 see also screening SVR (sustained virological response), in HCV 7, 38 systemic inflammatory response syndrome 127 T cells in HBV infection 231 in HBV vaccine responses in HCV infection 30, 107 in HCV vaccine responses 222 3, 224 telaprevir 45 combined with peginterferon 215 combined with peginterferon/ribavirin 41, , 216 monotherapy telbivudine in HBV/ HIV co-infection 177 not for LMV-resistant HBV 182 resistance 155, 156, 185 tenofovir 140, 141, in HBV/HIV co-infection and interferon 190 for LMV-resistant HBV 182 prevention of reactivation during chemotherapy 172

9 260 tenofovir (cont d) in renal disease 178 resistance 155 6, 185 TG4040 vaccine (HCV) 224 thalassemia 47 9 thiazolidinediones 62 thrombocytopenia 68, 120 thymic extracts thyroid dysfunction 97, 103 TJ-9 (sho-saiko-to) 108 transfusions HCV transmission and 47 8 therapeutic 48, 49 transmission routes HBV during medical procedures vertical HCV 30, 47 8, 73 vertical 94 trazodone 102 tumour necrosis factor ( TNF)-a 61, 105 6, 231 inhibitors 179 UK, care models ultrasound HCC screening 9, liver stiffness assessment 3 4 USA, care models vaccination for HAV 16 for HBV in chronic infection 227 8, combined with antivirals efficacy 15 16, 163, 164 in immunosuppressed patients 175, 178 methods for improvement of response neonatal target populations treatment of non-responders after high-risk exposure for HCV valopicitabine 217 valtorcitabine 228 VCH-759 (non-nucleoside inhibitor) 218 vertical transmission HBV HCV 94 viral load allowable levels in healthcare workers in HBeAg-negative disease 130, 136 HBV/HCV co-infection 192 reactivation of HBV during chemotherapy 169 and response to HCV treatment 90 vitamin E 107 websites 200 weight loss as a side effect 95, 102 therapeutic 62