Dimensions of girls vulnerability in rural & urban Ethiopia

Transcription

1 1 Dimensions of girls vulnerability in rural & urban Ethiopia Annabel S. Erulkar PhD Population Council Gender dimensions of HIV & adolescent programming in Ethiopia Hilton Hotel, Addis Ababa, April 11, 2007

2 HIV Epidemic in Ethiopia Percentage of Ethiopian men and women who are HIV positive, by sex and age, and female to male ratio Age group All ages 15 to to to to 34 Female Male Population Council tabulations of EDHS HIV 2005, weighted data Female to Male Ratio 2 to 1 7 to 1 4 to 1 3 to 1 ~1 to 1 2

3 Profiling the urban HIV epidemic 3 HIV infection among urban adolescents, by sex All urban Addis Ababa Boys (n=707) Girls (n=1121) Boys (n=310) Girls (n=465) 15 to to to Population Council tabulations of EDHS HIV 2005, weighted data

4 Profiling the urban HIV epidemic HIV infection among urban females, by level of education All urban Addis Ababa HIV+ HIV- HIV+ HIV- 4 No educ/ Primary Secondary /University Population Council tabulations of EDHS HIV 2005, weighted data Within urban settings, girls with higher levels of education are NOT more likely to be HIV infected.

5 Identifying Ethiopia girls who are at-risk in urban and rural settings Emerging themes Social isolation Living away from parents Little social capital: few friends, no one to turn to in case of problems Possible categories of Ethiopian girls Domestic workers Migrants Married adolescents 5

6 Data for presentation Population based surveys of adolescent boys and girls aged 10 to 19 Addis Ababa (Mercato: Kebele 13/15) Rural Amhara Household listing of eligible households; random selection of one adolescent per household Female interviewers interviewed females; male interviewers interviewed males Mostly close-ended instrument with limited openended responses, probed verbatim 1076 adolescents interviewed in Addis Ababa; 1865 adolescent interviewed in rural Amhara 6

7 Urban Ethiopia: Adolescent Domestic Workers 15 percent of the urban female sample were domestic workers Working boys engaged in a wide array of work roles: manual labour (26 percent), tradesmen (15 percent), shoeshine (11 percent), petty trade (8 percent) 77 percent of working females were in domestic work 7

8 Urban Ethiopia: Adolescent Domestic Workers Characteristics of domestic workers versus other categories of adolescents 8 All Males (n=398) All Females (n=676) Female, not domestic workers (n=577) Females, domestic workers (n=99) Education No education 1 to 8 years 9+ years *** *** Live with at least 1 parent Yes No *** *** Migrated to Addis Ababa Yes No *** *** 3.0

9 Urban Ethiopia: Adolescent Domestic Workers 9 Working conditions of adolescents by sex and type of work Males (n=111) Females nondomestic (n=30) Females Domestic workers (n=99) Mean no. of work hours in the last week 41 hours 58 hours 64 hours*** Mean earnings in last month 160 Birr ($18.60) 96 Birr ($11.20) 52 Birr*** ($6.00)

10 Domestic workers are isolated and not likely to be reached by conventional programs At the place where I used to work, they [employers] never used to let me wash myself and they d not give me any food -- I used to starve to death. And because I was not able to wash my body, I had sores. I was carrying so much water on my back, I used to fall down (Female domestic worker, age 10, never been to school, migrated from Amhara region with employers at age 9, worked 91 hours in last week, earns 20 Birr/$2.30 per month) I hate the job because I am not allowed to go outside and also they insult me Most of the time, the child of the employers beats me without having a reason. When I ask him why he does that, he beats me again. (Female domestic worker, age 14, 2 years education, migrated from SNNP at age 5, worked 49 hours in last week, earns 32 Birr/$3.70 per month) 10

11 Domestic workers have few social connections and low self-esteem Males (n=398) Female, non- Dom. workers (n=577) 11 Female Domestic Workers (n=99) Self Esteem You feel as intelligent as most young people your age *** At times you feel worthless *** Social connections & support Have many friends in the neighborhood *** Feel scared of being raped *** If you needed money urgently, there is someone from whom you could borrow money * Domestic workers had lower HIV/RH knowledge than other adolescents

12 Differential exposure to youth programs among young people in various circumstances Exposure to youth or HIV programs in the last year, by sex and working status 12 Males Females Not working (n=285) Working (n=111) Not working (n=545) Domestic workers (n=99) Youth Center Peer educator HIV Lecture