in vitro in vivo [hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E)] HVJ-E (Scid) HVJ-E HVJ-E

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1 57 pp [hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E)] HVJ-E HVJ-E 60% 80% (Scid) In vitro HVJ-E HVJ(live HVJ) HVJ-E live HVJ IL-6 RT-PCR HVJ-E CD4 + T CD8 + T T (CTL) HVJ-E Foxp3 + CD4 + CD25 + T (Treg) IL-6 HVJ-E IL-6 Treg IL-6 HVJ-E HVJ-E Treg HVJ-E NK TEL FAX kurooka@gts.med.osaka-u.ac.jp HVJ-E RNA 7,8 DNA RNA in vitro in vivo 9,10 HVJ-E 11,12 sirna 13 HVJ-E 14

2 20 57 CT26 Balb/c HVJ-E ( 1.5x10 10 ) 4 3 (day 4, 8 and 12)HVJ-E *p < =HVJ-E, =, =. 3 HVJ-E HVJ-E 5 3 B7.1 IL-2, GM-CSF HVJ-E HVJ-E T Treg HVJ-E 1HVJ-E CT26 Balb/c 1.5x10 10 HVJ-E % 80% HVJ- E Scid 14 HVJ-E NK HVJ-E

3 pp (a) HVJ-E live HVJ HVJ-E live HVJ CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86 HVJ-E live HVJ (b,c) HVJ-E live HVJ I (IFN-, IFN-) (b) (IL-6, TNF- IL-12) (c) live HVJ HVJ-E IL-6 live HVJ 80% 20% 14 2HVJ-E HVJlive HVJ IL-6 21,22 HVJ-E live HVJ HVJ-E live HVJ CD40 CD80 HVJ-E live HVJ HVJ-E live HVJ HVJ-E I live HVJ

4 22 57 HVJ-E T CTL (a) Real-Time PCR HVJ-E 24,48,120 mrna CD11c, CD4, CD8 HVJ-E CD11c CD4 48 CD8 120 =HVJ-E, = (b) HVJ-E CD11b, CD11c, CD4,CD8 HVJ-E (c) 51 Cr CT26 CTL CT26 HVJ-E =HVJ-E, =, =. IL-6 live HVJ HVJ-E IL-6 3HVJ-E T T HVJ-E CD11c T CD4CD8 HVJ-E RT-PCR mrna

5 pp (a) CD4 + CD25 T Foxp3 + CD4 + CD25 + Treg () IL-6 Treg ( = IL-6 ) IL-6 Treg ( = IL-6 + IL-6 )(b) HVJ-E (H-DCCM) Treg IL-6 H-DCCM IL-6 = H-DCCM = H-DCCM, = H-DCCM+IL-6 Treg 1x10 5 HVJ-E CD11c CD4 HVJ-E 48 CD8 120 CD11b, CD11c, CD4,CD8 HVJ-E HVJ-E CT26 T CTL HVJ-E 10 CTL HVJ-E CT26 CTL Scid Scid CD4 + CD8 + CD8 + CTL CD8 + CD HVJ-E T T T Foxp3 + CD4 + CD25 + T Treg IL-6 Treg T 27,28 HVJ-E live HVJ IL-6 HVJ-E Treg In vitro CD3 Treg CD4 + CD25 T T Treg T Treg IL-6 IL-6 IL-6 27 HVJ-E H- DCCM Treg IL-6 H- DCCM H-DCCM Treg T IL-6 H-DCCM H- DCCM Treg IL-6 In vivo HVJ-E IL-6 Treg

6 24 57 HVJ-E IL-6 Treg (a) HVJ-E IL-6 (%)(b) HVJ-E Foxp3 + CD4 + CD25 + Treg CD4 + CD25 T in vitro in vivo HVJ-E Treg = HVJ-E = = Treg 1x10 5 HVJ-E IL-6 CD4 CD8 T Treg T Treg HVJ-E Treg IL-6 HVJ-E IL-6 HVJ-E IL-6 IL-6 HVJ-E 14 HVJ-E Treg T

7 pp HVJ-E NK HVJ-E IL-6 HVJ-E RNA 7-13 HVJ-E HVJ-E 14 HVJ-E IL-6 CTL HVJ-E IL-6 T HVJ-E HVJ- E F-, HN-,M 8 HVJ-E HVJ- E HVJ-E HVJ-E NK CT26 HVJ-E 13 NK HVJ-E HVJ-E NK NK HVJ-E NK HVJ-E 29

8 Steinman RM, Mellman I. Immunotherapy: bewitched, bothered, and bewildered no more. Science 2004; 305(5681): Blattaman JN, Greenberg PD. Cancer immunotherapy: a treatment for the masses. Science 2004; 305(5681): Pawelec G. Immunotherapy and immunoselectiontumor escape as the final hurdle. FEBS Lett 2004; 567(1): Ahmad M, Rees RC, Ali SA. Escape from immunotherapy: possible mechanisms that influence tumor regression/progression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53(10): Staveley-O'Carrol K, Sotomayor E, Montgomery J, et al. Induction of antigen-specific T cell anergy: An early event in the cause of tumor progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95(3): Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Restifo NP. Cancer immunotherapy: moving beyond current vaccines. Nat Med 2004; 10(9): Kaneda Y, Yamamoto S, Nakajima T. Development of HVJ envelope vector and its application to gene therapy. Adv Genet 2005; 53PA: Kaneda Y. New vector innovation for drug delivery: development of fusigenic non-viral particles. Curr Drug Targets 2003; 4(8): Kaneda Y, Nakajima T, Nishikawa T, et al. Hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ) envelope vector as a versatile gene delivery system. Mol Ther 2002; 6(2): Ito M, Yamamoto S, Nimura K, Hiraoka K, Tamai K, Kaneda Y. Rad51 sirna delivered by HVJ envelope vector enhances the anti-cancer effect of cisplatin. J Gene Med 2005; 7(8): Yamano T, Kaneda Y, Huang S, Hiramatsu SH, Hoon DS. Enhancement of immunity by a DNA melanoma vaccine against TRP2 with CCL21 as an adjuvant. Mol Ther 2006; 13(1): Hiraoka K, Yamamoto S, Otsuru S, et al. Enhanced tumor-specific long-term immunity of Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan-mediated dendritic cell-tumor fused cell vaccination by coadministration with CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides. J Immunol 2004; 173(7): Mima H, Yamamoto S, Ito M, et al. Targeted chemotherapy against intraperitoneally disseminated colon carcinoma using a cationized gelatin-conjugated HVJ envelope vector. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5(4): Kurooka M and Kaneda Y. Inactivated Sendai Virus Particles Eradicate Tumors by Inducing Immune Responses through Blocking Regulatory T Cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67(1): Worgall S, Busch A, Rivara M, et al. Modification to Capsid of the Adenovirus vector that enhances dendritic cell infection and transgene-specific cellular immune responses. J Virol 2004; 78(5): Kaufman HL, DeRaffele G, Mitcham J, et al. Targeting the local tumor microenvironment with vaccinia virus expressing B7.1 for the treatment of melanoma. J Clin Invest 2005; 115(7): Bristol JA, Zhu M, Ji H, et al. In vitro and in vivo activities of an oncolytic adenoviral vector designed to express GM-CSF. Mol Ther 2003; 7(6): Dasgupta S, Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M, O'Malley BW Jr, et al. Recombinant vaccinia virus expressing interleukin-2 invokes anti-tumor cellular immunity in an orthotopic murine model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Ther 2006; 13(1): Leitner WW, Hwang LN, deveer MJ, et al. Alphavirusbased DNA vaccine breaks immunological tolerance by activating innate antiviral pathways. Nat Med 2003; 9(1): Lu W, Zheng S, Li XF, Huang JJ, Zheng X, Li Z. Intratumor injection of H101, a recombinant adenovirus, in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced cancers: A pilot phase II clinical trial. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10(24): Akira S, Takeda K. Toll-like receptor signaling. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4(7): Yoneyama M, Kikuchi M, Natsukawa T et al. The RNA helicase RIG-I has an essential function in double-strand RNA-induced innate antiviral responses. Nat Immunol 2004; 5(7): Maloy KJ, Powrie F. Regulatory T cells in the control of immune pathology. Nat Immunol 2001; 2(9): Piccirillo CA, Shevach EM. Cutting edge: control of CD8 + T cell activation by CD4 + CD25 + immunoregulatory cells. J Immunol 2001; 167(3): Sakaguchi S. Naturally arising Foxp3-expressing CD25 + CD4 + regulatory T cells in immunological tolerance to self and non-self. Nat Immunol 2005; 6(4): Shevach EM. Regulatory T cells in autoimmunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2000; 18: Pasare C, Medzhitov R. Toll pathway-dependent Blockade of CD4 + CD25 + T cell-mediated suppression by dendritic cells. Science 2003; 299(5609): Doganci A, Eigenbrod T, Krung N, et al. The IL-6R alpha chain controls lung CD4 + CD25 + Treg development and function during allergic airway inflammation in vivo. J Clin Invest 2005; 115(5): Kaneda Y, Yamamoto S, Nakajima T. Development of HVJ envelope vector and its application to gene therapy. In: Huang L, Hung MC, Wagner E, editors. Nonviral vectors for gene therapy. London: Elsevier Academic Press; p

9 pp Anticancer Immunotherapy using Inactivated Sendai Virus Particles Masayuki KUROOKA, Yasufumi KANEDA Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya , Japan Ultraviolet-inactivated, replication-defective Sendai virus particles (Hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope, HVJ-E) injected into murine colon carcinoma (CT26) tumors growing in syngeneic Balb/c mice eradicated 60-80% of the tumors and obviously inhibited the growth of the remainder. Induced adaptive anti-tumor immune responses were dominant in the tumor eradication process because the effect was abrogated in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Murine and human dendritic cells (DCs) underwent dose-dependent maturation by HVJ-E in vitro. Profiles of cytokines secreted by DCs after HVJ-E stimulation showed that the amount of IL-6 released was comparable to that elicited by live HVJ. Real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistory revealed that HVJ-E induced a remarkable infiltration of DCs, CD4 + and CD8 + T cells into tumors and CT26 specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were induced. On the other hand, conditioned medium from DCs stimulated by HVJ-E (H-DCCM) rescued CD4 + CD25 - effector T cell proliferation from Foxp3 + CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cell (Treg) mediated suppression and IL-6 was presumably dominant for this phenomenon. We also confirmed such rescue in mice treated with HVJ-E in vivo. Moreover, anti-tumor effect of HVJ-E was significantly reduced by an in vivo blockade of IL-6 signaling. Depending on cancer cell types, it is also expected that HVJ-E eradicates tumor by its direct cytotoxity against cancer cells or activating NK cells. Because it can enhance anti-tumor immunity and simultaneously remove Treg mediated suppression, HVJ-E shows promise as a novel therapeutic for cancer immunotherapy.

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