on November 3, 2018 by guest
|
|
- Godwin Wilkins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 JVI Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 19 October 2016 J. Virol. doi: /jvi Copyright 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved The long and complicated relationship between Epstein-Barr virus and epithelial cells Lindsey Hutt-Fletcher Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA Downloaded from on November 3, 2018 by guest
2 11 12 ABSTRACT The role of epithelial cells in infection and persistence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has 13 long been difficult to resolve. Recent developments have, however, reinforced both the conclusion that they are a major site of virus replication and raised the possibility that, like papillomaviruses, EBV has evolved to take advantage of epithelial differentiation to ensure both survival persistence and spread. INTRODUCTION Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is well known as a human lymphotropic herpesvirus isolated from a Burkitt s lymphoma in the early 1960 s (1). It is well described as a causal agent of infectious mononucleosis and an important player in the development of lymphoid tumors. It is well used as a tool for immortalizing human B cells. Soon after its discovery its additional association with epithelial malignancies was revealed (2) and the presence of the virus was confirmed within the epithelial cells of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (3). And yet as late as 2005 a distinguished speaker at an international herpesvirus meeting declared that epithelial cells were not relevant to the general biology of EBV. How was that possible and where are we today? EARLY WORK Early work described EBV DNA and RNA in squamous epithelial cells shed in the oral cavity during acute infectious mononucleosis (4, 5). Thus the model of B cells as the reservoir of latent EBV and epithelial cells as the site of productive lytic replication in vivo began to be developed. However, additional support for the routine involvement of epithelial cells in primary or persistent infection was, for many years, quite elusive. In the absence of any obvious lesions, such as are seen in herpes simplex infections, finding an infected cell in the oral cavity was a lot like looking for the proverbial needle in the haystack. Compounding the problem was the difficulty found in infecting epithelial cells in vitro. With the advent of the AIDS epidemic, oral hairy leukoplakia appeared, the first and so far only disease caused entirely by productive
3 replication of EBV. Oral hairy leukoplakia, which is an epithelial hyperplasia, typically found on the lateral tongue (6), is full of and driven by EBV lytic replication (7, 8). It bolstered the case for epithelial cells in the oral cavity being responsible for production of cell-free virus in saliva, but still, only in individuals coinfected with the human immunodeficiency virus were normal epithelial cells readily found to contain virus (9). For a while the model of persistence pivoted to towards the idea that, in the absence of malignancy or other underlying disease, B cells alone were involved in infection (10). Three sets of observations subsequently helped spur a return to the yin and yang of both epithelial and B cell infection. Despite the uncertainty about the role of epithelial cells in EBV biology its presence in epithelial cells of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric cancer indicated that it remained important to understand how the virus accessed both cell types. The fusion machinery used for the two cell types, glycoproteins gb and a complex of gh, gl and gp42 for B cells and gb, and a complex of gh and gl alone for epithelial cells (11), was different as were the cellular partners responsible for triggering the event. B cell fusion was triggered by an interaction between gp42 and HLA class II (12) and epithelial fusion was triggered by an interaction between gh and what ultimately turned out to be any one of three alpha v integrins (13, 14). Virus replicating in a B cell lost some gp42 containing complexes to the HLA class II processing pathway, which delivered them to the peptide loading compartment and its proteases. This did not happen in an HLA class II-negative epithelial cell (15). The gp42 enriched virus made in an epithelial cell was as much as two logs more infectious for a B cell than virus made in a B cell. In contrast, virus made in a B cell was slightly more infectious for an epithelial cell, about fivefold more than virus made in an epithelial cell, because the presence of gp42 impedes access of gh to an integrin. This generated the hypothesis that a switch in tropism occurred during infection in vivo which led naturally to alternate replication in the two cell types. Beyond this, the change in glycoprotein composition of B cell derived and epithelial 62 derived virus made it possible to determine the most likely source of virus in saliva. A
4 comparison of virus shed in saliva and virus made in B cells from the same donor transformed by the virus shed in saliva revealed that virus in saliva had a much higher ratio of gp42 to gh than virus produced in a B cell, implicating it as being derived from an epithelial source (16). The third set of observations was made by Thorley-lawson and colleagues who measured the rate at which virus is shed in saliva. They concluded that the most likely explanation for its unexpectedly high value was that virus reactivated from B cells is amplified in epithelial tissues (17). NOW AND THE FUTURE The majority of textbooks now describe B cells as the reservoir of latent EBV and epithelial cells as the site of productive lytic replication (18) and several recent important observations have made sense of the long lasting inability to demonstrate productive replication of virus in vitro in monotypic cultures. Normal human epithelial cells, when grown in airinterface organotypic raft cultures, differentiate to form stratified epithelium. Such cells infected from the apical surface with EBV support complete lytic replication and produce new virus particles (19). In B cells the viral lytic cascade is induced by the two immediate early genes BZLF1 and BRLF1 which cooperate to induce expression of all downstream lytic genes (20). In at least some epithelial cells, BRLF1, whose expression is dependent on a different set of cellular transcription factors than those required by BZLF1, is uniquely required (21). Expression of BRLF1 is enhanced by B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (BLIMP1) and KLF4, both of which are expressed in epithelial cells in a differentiation-dependent manner. Thus when telomerase immortalized normal oral keratinocytes are latently infected with EBV carrying a drug-resistance marker for selection and differentiated in air-interface organotypic raft 85 cultures, the virus also undergoes lytic replication (22). The differentiation status of the epithelial cell is thus critical to its ability to support EBV replication. The question now arises, is EBV in an epithelial cell in a persistently infected host 88 always undergoing lytic replication or is it ever latent? Although virus is clearly latent in
5 89 epithelial tumors the assumption has been made that that epithelial latency is dependent on 90 some malignant or premalignant state existing in the infected cell (23). Overexpression of cyclin D1 has for example been reported as being required for persistence of latent EBV in the absence of a drug-resistance marker in telomerase-immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cells and loss of the tumor suppressor p16, which often occurs in nasopharyngeal tumors or premalignant lesions, is a negative regulator of cyclin D1 signaling (24). In addition, no evidence was found for the presence of latent EBV in the organotypic raft cultures infected from the apical surface (19). However, there is some evidence for the presence of EBV in basal epithelial cells in vivo. The original claim, based on in situ hybridization data, was that in oral hairy leukoplakia only the more differentiated layers of cells carry EBV and carry virus only in its lytic replication cycle. The basal layers were said to lack virus altogether (25). Revisiting this question with a more sensitive reverse transcriptase real time PCR analysis of basal cells, isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections by laser capture microdissection, challenged this conclusion by demonstrating EBER RNA transcripts in the absence of lytic gene expression (22). The same type of analysis also found evidence for latent infection in basal epithelial cells taken from sections of normal tonsil. Many years ago it was suggested that EBV might behave in epithelial cells in the same way as does a papillomaviruses, establishing latency in basal layers of epithelium and relying on differentiation of the cell to move the virus into productive replication (26). Although this hypothesis was later discarded, perhaps it is time to revisit the possibility. Reactivation of virus as latently infected B cells differentiate into plasmablasts in Waldeyer s ring, the lymphatic tissue of tonsils and adenoids surrounding the oropharynx, would produce an epitheliotropic virus This virus would be well positioned to infect basal layers of epithelium which express the integrins needed to trigger virus and cell fusion. If the initial infection of this basal layer established latency which was only followed by reactivation as cells differentiated upward, virus would be released into the oropharynx. If instead it were to replicate
6 immediately upon epithelial infection the virus released would be highly lymphotropic and return to the lymphoid compartment, good for establishing infection but not for person to person spread (Figure 1). This scenario does of course beg the question of how virus access B cells in the first place if, as seems plausible, in the absence of epithelial wounding, epithelial cells provide something of an initial barrier. Virus shed in saliva is high in g42 and thus not ideally suited to infect epithelial cells. However, the difference in tropism in this direction is relatively small, only fivefold. It also remains uncertain whether reactivating lymphocytes may also be transmitted in saliva and contribute to infection, or whether the abundant cell-free virus in saliva attaches to uninfected B cells that may also be present and is thus enhanced for epithelial infection by socalled transfer-infection (27). In contrast, virus emerging from replication in an epithelial cell is considerably more lymphotropic and driven towards the B cell compartment. By switching its tropism, but in a very unequal manner, EBV may have managed to attain the best of both worlds. REFERENCES 1. Epstein, M. A., B. G. Achong, and Y. M. Barr Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma. Lancet 1: Henle, W., G. Henle, H. G. Ho, P. Burtin, Y. Cachin, P. Clifford, A. de Schryver, G. de The, V. Diehl, and G. Klein Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, other head and neck cancers and control groups. J.N.C.I. 44: Desgranges, C., H. Wolf, g. de The, K. Shanmugaratnam, N. Cammoun, R. Ellouz, G. Klein, K. Lennert, N. Munoz, and H. zur Hausen Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. X. Presence of Epstein-Barr virus genomes in separated epithelial cells of tumors in patients from Singampore, Tunisia and Kenya. Int. J. Cancer 16:7-15.
7 Lemon, S. M., L. M. Hutt, J. E. Shaw, J.-L. H. Li, and J. S. Pagano Replication of EBV in epithelial cells during infectious mononucleosis. Nature 268: Sixbey, J. W., J. G. Nedrud, N. Raab-Traub, R. A. Hanes, and J. S. Pagano Epstein-Barr virus replication in oropharyngeal epithelial cells. New Engl. J. Med. 310: Walling, D. M., N. M. Clark, D. M. Markovitz, T. S. Frank, B. D.K., E. Eisenberg, D. J. Krutchkoff, D. H. Felix, and N. Raab-Traub Epstein-Barr virus coinfection and recombination in non-human immunodeficiency virus-associated oral hairy leukoplakia. J. Inf. Dis. 171: Greenspan, D., Y. G. De Souza, M. A. Conant, H. Hollander, S. K. Chapman, E. T. Lennette, V. Petersen, and J. S. Greenspan Efficacy of desciclovir in the treatment of Epstein-Barr virus infection in oral hairy leukoplakia. J. AIDS 3: Greenspan, J. S., D. Greenspan, E. T. Lennette, D. I. Abrams, M. A. Conant, V. Petersen, and U. K. Freese Replication of Epstein-Barr virus within the epithelial cells of oral "hairy" leukoplakia, an AIDS-associated lesion. New Engl. J. Med. 313: Walling, D. M., C. M. Flaitz, C. M. Nichols, S. D. Hudnall, and K. Adler-Storthz Persistent productive Epstein-Barr virus replication in normal epithelial cells in vivo. J. Inf. Dis. 184: Thorley-Lawson, D. A., E. M. Miyashita, and G. Khan Epstein-Barr virus and the B cell: that's all it takes. Trends Microbiol. 4: Hutt-Fletcher, L. M Epstein-Barr virus entry. J. Virol. 81: Li, Q. X., M. K. Spriggs, S. Kovats, S. M. Turk, M. R. Comeau, B. Nepom, and L. M. Hutt-Fletcher Epstein-Barr virus uses HLA class II as a cofactor for infection of B lymphocytes. J. Virol. 71:
8 Chesnokova, L. S., and L. M. Hutt-Fletcher Fusion of EBV with epithelial cells can be triggered by αvβ5 in addition to αvβ6 and αvβ8 and integrin binding triggers a conformational change in ghgl J. Virol. 85: Chesnokova, L. S., S. Nishimura, and L. Hutt-Fletcher Fusion of epithelial cells by Epstein-Barr virus proteins is triggered by binding of viral proteins ghgl to integrins avb6 or avb8. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: Borza, C. M., and L. M. Hutt-Fletcher Alternate replication in B cells and epithelial cells switches tropism of Epstein-Barr virus. Nature Med. 8: Jiang, R., R. S. Scott, and L. M. Hutt-Fletcher Epstein-Barr virus shed in saliva is high in B cell tropic gp42. J. Virol. 80: Hadinoto, V., M. Shapiro, C. C. Sun, and D. A. Thorley-Lawson The dynamics of EBV shedding implicate a central role for epithelial cells in amplifying viral output. PLoS Pathog. 7:e Longnecker, R. M., E. Kieff, and J. I. Cohen Epstein-Barr Virus, p In D. M. Knipe and P. M. Howley (ed.), Fields Virology, vol. 2. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 19. Temple, R. M., J. Zhu, L. R. Budgeon, N. D. Christensen, C. Meyers, and C. E. Sample Efficient replication of Epstein-Barr virus in stratified epithelium in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111: Kenney, S. C., and J. E. Mertz Regulation of the latent-lytic switch in Epstein- Barr virus. Semin. Cancer Biol. 26: Wille, C. K., D. M. Nawandar, A. R. Panfil, M. M. Ko, S. R. Hagemeier, and S. C. Kenney Viral genome methylation differentially affects the ability of BZLF1 versus BRLF1 to activate Epstein-Barr virus lytic gene expression and viral replication. J. Virol. 87:
9 Nawandar, D. M., A. Wang, K. Makeilski, D. Lee, S. Ma, E. Barlow, J. Reusch, R. Jiang, C. K. Wille, D. Greeenspan, J. S. Greenspan, J. E. Mertz, L. M. Hutt-Fletcher, E. C. Johannsen, P. F. Lambert, and S. C. Kenney Differentiation-dependent KLF4 expression promotes lytic Epstein-Barr virus infection in epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog. 11:e Lo, K. W., G. T. Chung, and K. F. To Deciphering the molecular genetic basis of NPC through molecular, cytogenetic and epigenetic approaches. Semin. Cancer Biol. 22: Tsang, C. M., Y. L. Yip, K. W. Lo, W. Deng, K. F. To, P. M. Hau, V. M. Lau, K. Takada, V. W. Lui, M. L. Lung, H. Chen, M. S. Zeng, J. Middeldorp, A. L. Cheung, and S. W. Tsao Cyclin D1 overexpression supports stable EBV infection in nasophyryngeal epithelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109:E3473-E Niedobitek, G., L. S. Young, R. Lau, L. Brooks, D. Greenspan, J. S. Greenspan, and A. B. Rickinson Epstein-Barr virus infection in oral hairy leukoplakia: virus replication in the absence of a detectable latent phase. J. Gen. Virol. 72: Sixbey, J. W Epstein-Barr virus and epithelial cells. Adv. Viral Oncol. 8: Shannon-Lowe, C. D., B. Neuhierl, G. Baldwin, A. B. Rickinson, and H.-J. Delecluse Resting B cells as a transfer vehicle for Epstein-Barr virus infection of epithelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: FIGURE LEGEND Figure 1. Possible routes for infection and spread of EBV in vivo. 1. Cell-free virus, virus produced by a transferred B cell or virus using an uninfected B cell as a transfer vehicle infects the apical surface of the epithelium from which point it spreads through the epithelium to emerge as highly lymphotropic virus. 2. Virus infects B cells and establishes latency in the memory B cell compartment. 3. Terminal differentiation of a B cell into a plasmablast induces
10 reactivation and production of virus which is epitheliotropic, infects basal epithelial cells and establishes latency. 4. As basal cells differentiate they become capable of supporting productive replication and shed virus into saliva for transmission to a new host or replenishment of the reservoir in the existing host.
11
Epstein-Barr Virus: Cell Trafficking Is Crucial for Persistence
Epstein-Barr Virus: Cell Trafficking Is Crucial for Persistence This virus moves between host lymphoid and epithelial cells, switching its tropism while enhancing persistence Lindsey Hutt-Fletcher Herpesviruses,
More informationEpstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infection in Epithelial Cells In Vivo: Rare Detection of EBV Replication in Tongue Mucosa but Not in Salivary Glands
BRIEF REPORT Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infection in Epithelial Cells In Vivo: Rare Detection of EBV Replication in Tongue Mucosa but Not in Salivary Glands Phroso Frangou, Maike Buettner, and Gerald Niedobitek
More informationHerpesviruses. Virion. Genome. Genes and proteins. Viruses and hosts. Diseases. Distinctive characteristics
Herpesviruses Virion Genome Genes and proteins Viruses and hosts Diseases Distinctive characteristics Virion Enveloped icosahedral capsid (T=16), diameter 125 nm Diameter of enveloped virion 200 nm Capsid
More informationAlternating Host Cell Tropism Shapes the Persistence, Evolution and Coexistence of Epstein Barr Virus Infections in Human
Bull Math Biol DOI 10.1007/s11538-010-9590-8 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Alternating Host Cell Tropism Shapes the Persistence, Evolution and Coexistence of Epstein Barr Virus Infections in Human Giao T. Huynh Frederick
More informationEBV Infection and Immunity. Andrew Hislop Institute for Cancer Studies University of Birmingham
EBV Infection and Immunity Andrew Hislop Institute for Cancer Studies University of Birmingham EBV Introduction Large ds DNA virus Spread by saliva contact Lifelong infection Predominantly B-lymphotropic
More informationViruses. Poxviridae. DNA viruses: 6 families. Herpesviridae Adenoviridae. Hepadnaviridae Papovaviridae Parvoviridae
Viruses DNA viruses: 6 families Poxviridae Herpesviridae Adenoviridae Hepadnaviridae Papovaviridae Parvoviridae Human herpesviruses Three subfamilies (genome structure, tissue tropism, cytopathologic effect,
More informationDetermination of the temporal pattern and importance of BALF1 expression in Epstein-Barr viral infection
Determination of the temporal pattern and importance of BALF1 expression in Epstein-Barr viral infection Melissa Mihelidakis May 6, 2004 7.340 Research Proposal Introduction Apoptosis, or programmed cell
More informationEBV infection B cells and lymphomagenesis. Sridhar Chaganti
EBV infection B cells and lymphomagenesis Sridhar Chaganti How EBV infects B-cells How viral genes influence the infected B cell Differences and similarities between in vitro and in vivo infection How
More informationTHE Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is an important factor
Vol. 333 No. 11 EBV IN PREINVASIVE LESIONS RELATED TO NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA 693 CLONAL PROLIFERATIONS OF CELLS INFECTED WITH EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS IN PREINVASIVE LESIONS RELATED TO NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA
More informationOriginal article Atypical expression in the detection and quantification of Epstein-Barr virus using real-time PCR Israel Parra-Ortega, Briceida López-Martínez, José Luis Sánchez-Huerta, Armando Vilchis-Ordóñez,
More informationViruses and cancer: Should we be more afraid?
Viruses and cancer: Should we be more afraid? Viruses and cancer: Should we be more afraid? During the past 30 years it has become exceedingly clear that several viruses play significant roles in the development
More informationInt. J. Cancer: 121, (2007)
Int. J. Cancer: 121, 588 594 (2007) ' 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Epstein Barr virus B95.8 produced in 293 cells shows marked tropism for differentiated primary epithelial cells and reveals interindividual variation
More informationHead and Neck Squamous Subtypes
1 Head and Neck Squamous Subtypes Adel K. El-Naggar, M.D., Ph.D. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas HNSCC 5 th -6 th most common cancer 400,000/year 50% mortality Considerable
More informationViruses. Rotavirus (causes stomach flu) HIV virus
Viruses Rotavirus (causes stomach flu) HIV virus What is a virus? A virus is a microscopic, infectious agent that may infect any type of living cell. Viruses must infect living cells in order to make more
More informationJVI Accepts, published online ahead of print on 19 May 2010 J. Virol. doi: /jvi
JVI Accepts, published online ahead of print on 19 May 2010 J. Virol. doi:10.1128/jvi.00379-10 Copyright 2010, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved.
More informationChapters 21-26: Selected Viral Pathogens
Chapters 21-26: Selected Viral Pathogens 1. DNA Viral Pathogens 2. RNA Viral Pathogens 1. DNA Viral Pathogens Smallpox (pp. 623-4) Caused by variola virus (dsdna, enveloped): portal of entry is the respiratory
More informationEpstein-Barr virus and immunity
Epstein-Barr virus and immunity Elena Kashuba, PhD Associate Professor Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC) Karolinska Institutet 1 Epstein-Barr virus EBV Everybody s virus 200 nm Enveloped
More informationImmunodeficiency. (2 of 2)
Immunodeficiency (2 of 2) Acquired (secondary) immunodeficiencies More common Many causes such as therapy, cancer, sarcoidosis, malnutrition, infection & renal disease The most common of which is therapy-related
More informationRestricted VZV transcription in human trigeminal ganglia
JVI Accepts, published online ahead of print on 27 June 2012 J. Virol. doi:10.1128/jvi.01331-12 Copyright 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 Restricted VZV transcription
More informationOverview of primary HHV-8 infection
Overview of primary HHV-8 infection HHV-8, also known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is a gamma herpesvirus primarily transmitted through saliva. The virus initially replicates in epithelial
More informationBIT 120. Copy of Cancer/HIV Lecture
BIT 120 Copy of Cancer/HIV Lecture Cancer DEFINITION Any abnormal growth of cells that has malignant potential i.e.. Leukemia Uncontrolled mitosis in WBC Genetic disease caused by an accumulation of mutations
More informationHuman Immunodeficiency Virus. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS Sudden outbreak in USA of opportunistic infections and cancers in young men in 1981 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), Kaposi s
More informationEpstein-Barr Virus Glycoproteins gb and ghgl Can Mediate Fusion and Entry in Trans;
JVI Accepts, published online ahead of print on 20 August 2014 J. Virol. doi:10.1128/jvi.01597-14 Copyright 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 3 Epstein-Barr Virus Glycoproteins
More informationCan Mechanism plus Statistical Relevance add up to Good Enough Causation?
Can Mechanism plus Statistical Relevance add up to Good Enough Causation? BSPS Conference 2009 14 th July 2009 University of East Anglia Brendan Clarke Department of Science and Technology Studies UCL
More informationPersistent Infections
Persistent Infections Lecture 17 Biology 3310/4310 Virology Spring 2017 Paralyze resistance with persistence WOODY HAYES Acute vs persistent infections Acute infection - rapid and self-limiting Persistent
More informationChronic Viral Infections vs. Our Immune System: Revisiting our view of viruses as pathogens
Chronic Viral Infections vs. Our Immune System: Revisiting our view of viruses as pathogens Tiffany A. Reese Assistant Professor Departments of Immunology and Microbiology Challenge your idea of classic
More information19/06/2013. Viruses are not organisms (do not belong to any kingdom). Viruses are not made of cells, have no cytoplasm, and no membranes.
VIRUSES Many diseases of plants and animals are caused by bacteria or viruses that invade the body. Bacteria and viruses are NOT similar kinds of micro-organisms. Bacteria are classified as living organisms,
More informationReview Article Epstein-Barr Virus and Its Association with Oral Hairy Leukoplakia: A Short Review
International Dentistry Volume 2016, Article ID 4941783, 6 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4941783 Review Article Epstein-Barr Virus and Its Association with Oral Hairy Leukoplakia: A Short Review
More informationCan HPV, cervical neoplasia or. HIV transmission?
Interactions between HPV and HIV: STIs and HIV shedding, regulation of HPV by HIV, and HPV VLP influence upon HIV Jennifer S. Smith Department of Epidemiology pd University of North Carolina Can HPV, cervical
More informationCerebrospinal Fluid EBV Replication is Associated with Compartmental Inflammation and Pleocytosis in HIV-positive naïve and Treated Individuals
Cerebrospinal Fluid EBV Replication is Associated with Compartmental Inflammation and Pleocytosis in HIV-positive naïve and Treated Individuals Lupia T, Milia MG, Atzori C, Audagnotto S, Imperiale D, Romito
More informationWhat is a cause? Dr Brendan Clarke. UCL Department of Science and Technology Studies
What is a cause? Dr Brendan Clarke UCL Department of Science and Technology Studies Causation is important to medicine Causation is important to medicine Causal relations imply something beyond mere association
More informationThe Pennsylvania State University. The Graduate School. College of Medicine
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Medicine EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTION AND REPLICATION IN STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL CELLS A Dissertation in Microbiology and Immunology by Rachel
More informationVZV, EBV, and HHV-6-8
VZV, EBV, and HHV-6-8 Anne Gershon Common Features of Herpesviruses Morphology Basic mode of replication Primary infection followed by latency Ubiquitous Ability to cause recurrent infections (reactivation
More informationAdvances in gene encoding proteins of human herpesvirus 6
2009 9 4 3 Journal of Microbes and Infection, September 2009, Vol. 4, No. 3 165 6 1, 2 1., 241000; 2., 210029 : 6 ( HHV-6) DNA, HHV-6 80 100, ( IE) DNA DNA HHV-6 : 6 ; ; Advances in gene encoding proteins
More informationHuman Epithelial Cell Expression of an Epstein-Barr Virus Receptor
J. gen. Virol. (1987), 68, 805-811. Printed in Great Britain 805 Key words: EB V/receptor/epithelial cells Human Epithelial Cell Expression of an Epstein-Barr Virus Receptor By JOHN W. SIXBEY, 1. DONNA
More informationMedical Virology. Herpesviruses, Orthomyxoviruses, and Retro virus. - Herpesviruses Structure & Composition: Herpesviruses
Medical Virology Lecture 2 Asst. Prof. Dr. Dalya Basil Herpesviruses, Orthomyxoviruses, and Retro virus - Herpesviruses Structure & Composition: Herpesviruses Enveloped DNA viruses. All herpesviruses have
More informationCommon Characteristics and Distinct Features of Human Pathogenic Herpesviruses
Common Characteristics and Distinct Features of Human Pathogenic Herpesviruses Hartmut Hengel Chapter 1 1.1 Hallmarks of Herpesvirus Infections The members of the family of the herpesviridae are phylogenetically
More informationPersistent Infections
Persistent Infections Lecture 16 Virology W3310/4310 Spring 2013 1 Breaking Up Is Hard To Do Neil Sedaka 1962 2 Acute vs. Persistent Infections Acute - a natural infection that usually is rapid and self
More informationANTIBODY TO EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS IN PATIENTS WITH CARCINOMA OF THE NASOPHARYNX
Keio J. Med. 26: 79-90, 1977 ANTIBODY TO EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS IN PATIENTS WITH CARCINOMA OF THE NASOPHARYNX YUKIO INUYAMA*, KAZUYUKI ASAOKA*, YASUO NAKAJIMA*, MASATOSHI HORIUCHI*, KEI TAKASAKI** and RAISUKE
More informationNeutralizing Antibodies to Epstein Barr Virus in the Rhesus Macaque Animal Model and in Humans
Neutralizing Antibodies to Epstein Barr Virus in the Rhesus Macaque Animal Model and in Humans The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your
More informationINTRODUCTION. Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
Journal of General Virology (24), 85, 2767 2778 DOI 1.199/vir..814- Capacity of Epstein Barr virus to infect monocytes and inhibit their development into dendritic cells is affected by the cell type supporting
More informationProperties of Herpesviruses
Herpesviruses Properties of Herpesviruses Structure and Composition Spherical icosahedron, 150-200 nm Double-stranded DNA, linear More than 35 proteins Enveloped Replication from nucleus (budding) Features
More informationVIRUSES AND CANCER Michael Lea
VIRUSES AND CANCER 2010 Michael Lea VIRAL ONCOLOGY - LECTURE OUTLINE 1. Historical Review 2. Viruses Associated with Cancer 3. RNA Tumor Viruses 4. DNA Tumor Viruses HISTORICAL REVIEW Historical Review
More informationEpstein-Barr Virus Polypeptides: Identification of Early Proteins and Their Synthesis and Glycosylation
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Aug. 1981, p. 651-655 0022-538X/81/080651-05$02.00/0 Vol. 39, No. 2 Epstein-Barr Virus Polypeptides: Identification of Early Proteins and Their Synthesis and Glycosylation ROBERT J.
More informationHuman Herpesviruses. VZV, EBV, and HHV-6-8. The rash of VZV is vesicular. MID 34
VZV, EBV, and HHV-6-8 Anne Gershon Human Herpesviruses Replication (lytic infection) occurs in a cascade Latency occurs when the cascade is interrupted Transcription of viral genome and protein synthesis
More information1. Virus 2. Capsid 3. Envelope
VIRUSES BIOLOGY II VOCABULARY- VIRUSES (22 Words) 1. Virus 2. Capsid 3. Envelope 4. Provirus 5. Retrovirus 6. Reverse transcriptase 7. Bacteriophage 8. Lytic Cycle 9. Virulent 10. Lysis 11. Lysogenic Cycle
More informationAn Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microrna targets PUMA to promote host cell survival
An Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microrna targets to promote host cell survival The Journal of Experimental Medicine 205(11): 2551-2560, 2008. 1 Elizabeth Yee-Wai Choy, Kam-Leung Siu, Kin-Hang Kok, Raymond
More informationAction and Mechanism of Epstein Barr virus Latent Membrane Protein1. induced Immortalization of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts *
21 1 21 1 16-20 2006 1 VIROLOGICA SINICA January 2006 EB 1 MEF * ** 410078 Action and Mechanism of Epstein Barr virus Latent Membrane Protein1 induced Immortalization of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts * HE
More informationAn Update on Epstein-Barr Virus and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.
-1- An Update on Epstein-Barr Virus and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Epstein-Barr Virus Bayardo Perez-Ordoñez, MD, FRCPC Department of Pathology University Health Network Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory
More informationImmunoglobulin Production Induced by EBV Reactivation: Underlying Mechanisms of Autoimmune Diseases Including Graves Disease
Journal of Basic & Clinical Medicine http://www.sspublications.org/index.php/jbcm/index Immunoglobulin Production Induced by EBV Reactivation: Underlying Mechanisms of Autoimmune Diseases Including Graves
More informationChapter 9, Part 1: Biology of Cancer and Tumor Spread
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Name Chapter 9, Part 1: Biology of Cancer and Tumor Spread I. Cancer Characteristics and Terminology Neoplasm new growth, involves the overgrowth of tissue to form a neoplastic mass (tumor).
More informationHIV INFECTION: An Overview
HIV INFECTION: An Overview UNIVERSITY OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL MBBS II SEMINAR VJ
More information+ Intermittent shedding in urine, + Urinary tract
Table 16.3 Examples of s in humans Microorganism Site of persistence Infectiousness of microorganism Viruses Consequence Herpes simplex Dorsal root ganglia Activation, cold sore + Salivary glands + Not
More informationEstablishing etiopathogenesis in Epstein-Barr virus associated malignancies using chromogenic in situ hybridization
Original Article DOI: 10.18203/issn.2456-3994.IntJMolImmunoOncol20172643 Establishing etiopathogenesis in Epstein-Barr virus associated malignancies using chromogenic in situ hybridization Ashwini J. Patkar,
More informationPrinciples of Molecular Virology STAGE / YEAR: 3 CREDITS: 10. PROGRAMME COMMITTEE: Biomedical Sciences. VERSION: 4th March 2015
MODULE: MODULE NUMBER: JACS CODE: Principles of Molecular Virology BIO00041H C540 STAGE / YEAR: 3 CREDITS: 10 ORGANISER: Nathalie Signoret PROGRAMME COMMITTEE: Biomedical Sciences VERSION: 4th March 2015
More informationHuman Herpes Viruses (HHV) Mazin Barry, MD, FRCPC, FACP, DTM&H Assistant Professor and Consultant Infectious Diseases KSU
Human Herpes Viruses (HHV) Mazin Barry, MD, FRCPC, FACP, DTM&H Assistant Professor and Consultant Infectious Diseases KSU HERPES VIRUS INFECTIONS objectives: ØTo know the clinically important HHVs. ØTo
More informationVIRUSES. 1. Describe the structure of a virus by completing the following chart.
AP BIOLOGY MOLECULAR GENETICS ACTIVITY #3 NAME DATE HOUR VIRUSES 1. Describe the structure of a virus by completing the following chart. Viral Part Description of Part 2. Some viruses have an envelope
More informationA virtual look at Epstein-Barr virus infection: biological interpretations
University of Massachusetts Medical School escholarship@umms Immunology/Infectious Disease Pediatric Divisions 10-19-2007 A virtual look at Epstein-Barr virus infection: biological interpretations Karen
More informationEpstein-Barr Virus 1
Epstein-Barr Virus 1 Herpesviruses dsdna, linear, enveloped, 180-200 nm Large genome, codes for 75 viral proteins 50-70% similarity Cross reactivity between HSV and VZV HSV-2 virus particle. Note that
More informationBacteriophage Reproduction
Bacteriophage Reproduction Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles The following information is taken from: http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit3/index.html#charvir Bacteriophage Structure More complex
More informationViral Diseases in the Hematolymphatics. By:Ass. Prof. Nader Alaridah
Viral Diseases in the Hematolymphatics By:Ass. Prof. Nader Alaridah Parvoviruses Members of the family Parvoviridae, are small (diameter, ~22 nm), nonenveloped, icosahedral viruses with a linear single-strand
More informationComplete genomic sequence of Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line C666-1
Title Complete genomic sequence of Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line C666-1 Author(s) Tso, KK; Yip, KY; Mak, CK; Cheung, ST Citation Infectious Agents and Cancer, 2013, v. 8 n. 1,
More informationMapping the N-Terminal Residues of Epstein-Barr Virus gp42 That Bind gh/gl by Using Fluorescence Polarization and Cell-Based Fusion Assays
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Oct. 2010, p. 10375 10385 Vol. 84, No. 19 0022-538X/10/$12.00 doi:10.1128/jvi.00381-10 Copyright 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Mapping the N-Terminal
More informationEBV DNA in Nonlymphoid Cells of Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas and in a Malignant Lymphoma Obtained after Inoculation of EBV into Cottontop Marmosets
EBV DNA in Nonlymphoid Cells of Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas and in a Malignant Lymphoma Obtained after Inoculation of EBV into Cottontop Marmosets H. WOLF, J. WERNER* AND H. ZUR HAUSEN Institut fur Klinische
More informationLESSON 4.6 WORKBOOK. Designing an antiviral drug The challenge of HIV
LESSON 4.6 WORKBOOK Designing an antiviral drug The challenge of HIV In the last two lessons we discussed the how the viral life cycle causes host cell damage. But is there anything we can do to prevent
More informationClever tricks EBV employed to modulate innate immunity during latency and lytic infection
Clever tricks EBV employed to modulate innate immunity during latency and lytic infection Kirsten Kuipers December 22, 2011 About the cover: Upon recognition of PAMPs, activated PRRs initiate innate immune
More informationA-type and B-type Epstein Barr virus differ in their ability to spontaneously enter the lytic cycle
Journal of General Virology (1999), 80, 441 445. Printed in Great Britain... SHORT COMMUNICATION A-type and B-type Epstein Barr virus differ in their ability to spontaneously enter the lytic cycle M. Buck,
More informationMaternal oral CMV recurrence following postnatal primary infection in infants
Maternal oral CMV recurrence following postnatal primary infection in infants I. Boucoiran, B. T. Mayer, E. Krantz, S. Boppana, A. Wald, L. Corey, C.Casper, J. T. Schiffer, S. Gantt No conflict of interest
More informationEpstein-Barr virus driven promoter hypermethylated genes in gastric cancer
RESEARCH FUND FOR THE CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Epstein-Barr virus driven promoter hypermethylated genes in gastric cancer J Yu *, KF To, QY Liang K e y M e s s a g e s 1. Somatostatin receptor 1
More informationThe role of Epstein-Barr virus infection in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
VIROLOGICA SINICA 2015, 30 (2): 107-121 DOI 10.1007/s12250-015-3592-5 REVIEW The role of Epstein-Barr virus infection in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma Chi Man Tsang, Sai Wah Tsao * Department
More informationVirology Introduction. Definitions. Introduction. Structure of virus. Virus transmission. Classification of virus. DNA Virus. RNA Virus. Treatment.
DEVH Virology Introduction Definitions. Introduction. Structure of virus. Virus transmission. Classification of virus. DNA Virus. RNA Virus. Treatment. Definitions Virology: The science which study the
More informationUnder the Radar Screen: How Bugs Trick Our Immune Defenses
Under the Radar Screen: How Bugs Trick Our Immune Defenses Session 8: Apoptosis Marie-Eve Paquet and Gijsbert Grotenbreg Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Myxoma virus Poxvirus Infects rabbits
More informationEpstein-Barr virus infection in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
248 Institute for Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander- University, Krankenhausstr. 8 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany G Niedobitek Correspondence to: Dr Niedobitek gerald.niedobitek@ patho.imed.uni-erlangen.de Accepted
More informationPrevalence of Anti EBV Antibodies in Adult Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma During In Isfahan, Iran
Original Article Prevalence of Anti EBV Antibodies in Adult Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma During 2003 2007 In Isfahan, Iran Mokhtari M 1, Hashemi Jazi M 2, Davarpanah Jazi AH 3 Abstract Background:
More informationMedical Virology Pathogenesis of viral infection
Medical Virology Pathogenesis of viral infection Dr. Sameer Naji, MB, BCh, PhD (UK) Head of Basic Medical Sciences Dept. Faculty of Medicine The Hashemite University Pathogenesis of viral infection Viral
More informationChapter 19: The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
Chapter 19: The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria What is Microbiology? Microbiology is the science that studies microorganisms = living things that are too small to be seen with the naked eye Microorganisms
More informationHPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the world.
Hi. I m Kristina Dahlstrom, an instructor in the Department of Head and Neck Surgery at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. My lecture today will be on the epidemiology of oropharyngeal
More informationHIV & AIDS: Overview
HIV & AIDS: Overview UNIVERSITY OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL SEMINAR VJ TEMPLE 1 What
More informationSECTION 25-1 REVIEW STRUCTURE. 1. The diameter of viruses ranges from about a. 1 to 2 nm. b. 20 to 250 nm. c. 1 to 2 µm. d. 20 to 250 µm.
SECTION 25-1 REVIEW STRUCTURE VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms. 1. virus 2. capsid 3. retrovirus 4. viroid 5. prion MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. The diameter of
More informationLarge DNA viruses: Herpesviruses, Poxviruses, Baculoviruses and Giant viruses
Large DNA viruses: Herpesviruses, Poxviruses, Baculoviruses and Giant viruses Viruses are the only obstacles to the domination of the Earth by mankind. -Joshua Lederberg Recommended reading: Field s Virology
More informationACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME AND ITS OCULAR COMPLICATIONS
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME AND ITS OCULAR COMPLICATIONS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS ) is an infectious disease caused by a retrovirus, the human immunodeficiency virus(hiv). AIDS is
More informationChapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions. Biology 1009 Microbiology Johnson-Summer 2003
Chapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions Biology 1009 Microbiology Johnson-Summer 2003 Viruses Virology-study of viruses Characteristics: acellular obligate intracellular parasites no ribosomes or means
More informationThis electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King s Research Portal at
This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Evaluation of the Role of Epstein-Barr virus and Cellular Gene Expression
More informationViruses. CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Miss Zeina Alkudmani
Viruses CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Miss Zeina Alkudmani History Through the 1800s, many scientists discovered that something smaller than bacteria could cause disease and they called it virion (Latin
More informationEpstein-Barr Virus Infection in Ex Vivo Tonsil Epithelial Cell Cultures of Asymptomatic Carriers
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Nov. 2004, p. 12613 12624 Vol. 78, No. 22 0022-538X/04/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.22.12613 12624.2004 Copyright 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Epstein-Barr
More informationGastric Carcinoma with Lymphoid Stroma: Association with Epstein Virus Genome demonstrated by PCR
Gastric Carcinoma with Lymphoid Stroma: Association with Epstein Virus Genome demonstrated by PCR Pages with reference to book, From 305 To 307 Irshad N. Soomro,Samina Noorali,Syed Abdul Aziz,Suhail Muzaffar,Shahid
More informationIn Vitro and In Vivo Studies with Epstein-Barr
A n n a l s o f C l i n i c a l L a b o r a t o r y S c i e n c e, Vol. 3, No. 6 Copyright 1973, Institute for Clinical Science In Vitro and In Vivo Studies with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-------A Review
More informationvirology MCQs 2- A virus commonly transmitted by use of contaminated surgical tools & needles produces a disease called serum hepatitis.
virology MCQs 1- A virus which causes AIDS is: a- Small pox virus. b- Coxsackie B virus. c- Mumps virus. d- Rubella virus. e- HIV-III virus. 2- A virus commonly transmitted by use of contaminated surgical
More informationNucleic acid: singled stranded, double stranded, RNA, or DNA, linear or circular. Capsid: protein coat that is most of the mass of the virus.
Viruses General Characteristics of Viruses 1. Depending on view may be regarded as exceptionally complex aggregates of nonliving chemicals or as exceptionally simple living microbes. 2. Contain a single
More informationEpstein-Barr Virus: Stimulation By 5 '-Iododeoxy uridine or 5 '-Brom odeoxy uridine in Human Lymphoblastoid Cells F ro m a Rhabdom yosarcom a*
A n n a ls o f C l i n i c a l L a b o r a t o r y S c i e n c e, Vol. 3, No. 6 Copyright 1973, Institute for Clinical Science Epstein-Barr Virus: Stimulation By 5 '-Iododeoxy uridine or 5 '-Brom odeoxy
More informationZurich Open Repository and Archive. {beta}1 Integrin Expression Increases Susceptibility of Memory B-Cells to EBV Infection
University of Zurich Zurich Open Repository and Archive Winterthurerstr. 0 CH-0 Zurich http://www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 00 {beta} Integrin Expression Increases Susceptibility of Memory B-Cells to EBV Infection
More informationReturn tissue fluid to the bloodstream (fluid balance) Immunity. Transport fats from the digestive tract to the bloodstream
Lymphatic System L Y M P H A T I C C O M P O N E N T S What is a Lymphatic System? The lymphatic system is a complex system of fluid drainage and transport, immune response, and disease resistance. Fluid
More informationRepetitorium of selected human viruses HIV
Repetitorium of selected human viruses HIV Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology Poznan University of Medical Sciences Chairman: prof. dr hab. Andrzej Szkaradkiewicz Wieniawskiego Street 3, 61-712
More informationMedChem401 Herpesviridae. Herpesviridae
MedChem401 Herpesviridae Members of the herpesvirus family have been identified in more than 80 different animal species Eight have been identified as human pathogens Herpes viruses are a leading cause
More informationIJPHCS Open Access: e-journal
EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV) AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA (NPC): A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Sri Ganesh Muthiah 1, Lye MS 1* 1 Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
More informationSTRUCTURE, GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND REPRODUCTION OF VIRUSES
STRUCTURE, GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND REPRODUCTION OF VIRUSES Introduction Viruses are noncellular genetic elements that use a living cell for their replication and have an extracellular state. Viruses
More informationCh 18 Infectious Diseases Affecting Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Ch 18 Infectious Diseases Affecting Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Highlight Disease: Malaria World s dominant protozoal disease. Four species of Plasmodium: P. falciparum (malignant), P. vivax (begnin),
More informationFayth K. Yoshimura, Ph.D. September 7, of 7 HIV - BASIC PROPERTIES
1 of 7 I. Viral Origin. A. Retrovirus - animal lentiviruses. HIV - BASIC PROPERTIES 1. HIV is a member of the Retrovirus family and more specifically it is a member of the Lentivirus genus of this family.
More informationAntiviral Drugs Lecture 5
Antiviral Drugs Lecture 5 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (MLAB 366) 1 Dr. Mohamed A. El-Sakhawy 2 Introduction Viruses are microscopic organisms that can infect all living cells. They are parasitic and multiply
More information