Keratinophilic fungi on the hair of goats from the West Bank of Jordan

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1 Mycopathologia 0:0-0 (9) 9 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht - Printed in the Netherlands 0 Keratinophilic fungi on the hair of goats from the West Bank of Jordan M. S. Ali-Shtayeh, H. M. Arda, M. Hassouna & S. E Shaheen Department of Biological Sciences, The University, Nablus, West Bank of Jordan; Arda Dermatology Clinic, Nablus, West Bank of Jordan; Department of Veterinary, Nablus, West Bank of Jordan; Department of Public Health, Nablus, West Bank of Jordan, Israel Key words: keratinophilic fungi, dermatophytes, goats, epidemiology Abstract The mycoflora of the hair in 7 goats from the West Bank of Jordan was analysed and the frequency of occurrence and the relative importance value for the different keratinophilic fungi found were calculated. One hundred and seven which belong to genera were isolated. Thirty six of these were either well recognised agents of mycoses (Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum, and M. nahum), or have been frequently isolated from human and animal lesions (Arthroderma spp., Acremonium kiliense, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillusflavus, Cladosporium carionii, and several other ). These potentially pathogenic fungal comprised 66.9% of all keratinophilic fungi found on the hair of goats. The role of this animal as a reservoir for dermatophytes and other potentially pathogenic fungi is discussed. Introduction Animals play an important role in the transmission and persistence of dermatophytes and other potentially pathogenic fungi [6, 9, ]. A knowledge of the frequency and extension of etiological agents of human and animal mycoses and other potentially pathogenic fungi on the hair of domestic animals is of prime importance for the understanding of the epidemiological cycles of these fungi [,, ]. A limitied number of investigations has been carried out on the dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi on healthy hair of domestic animals in different parts of the world [,, 7, ]. The accumulation of such information together with an increased awarenenss of opportunistic mycotic diseases will be of great importance in expanding knowledge about human and animal mycoses [9,. In the West Bank of Jordan, Ali-Shtayeh et al. [] studied the dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi on healthy sheep but there are no records avail- able on these fungi on goat hairs. This paper reports the results of a survey on the dermatophytes and other kreatinophilic fungi on the healthy hair of goats from the West Bank of Jordan in an attempt to elucidate the role of these animals in the epidemiology of animal and human mycoses. Materials and methods Healthy hair samples, about 00 hairs each, were collected from 7 goats from different localities in the West Bank of Jordan (Table ). Hair samples were placed in sterile plastic bags and brought back to the laboratory where they kept at room temperature until processed within 6 hours. The samples were placed on sterile soil moistened with sterile distilled water. Two plates were used for each sample. The plates were incubated at room temperature for 6 weeks. During this period soil in the plates was remoistened with sterile distilled water whenever necessary and hairs were periodically transferred

2 0 Table. Types, distribution, total numbers of animals examined, and numbers of positive animals; percentages of +ve animals are shown in parentheses. Locality Goats No. +ve % Nablus 6 6 (00) Jenin 6 6 (00) Tulkarm (00) Bethlehem & Ramalla 7 7 (00) Hebron (9) Totals 7 77 (99) onto Sabouraud agar medium amended with cycloheximide (0. mg/ml) and chloramphenicol (0.0 mg/ml). Two hairs, taken at random from each plate, were transfered on Sabouraud agar plates and the agar plates incubated at 7C for weeks and the de- veloped fungal colonies examined and identified. Four such transfers were carried out on each sample of hairs. Frequency of occurrence as percentage of animals on which the fungal was found and the relative importance value (RIV) was calculated for each []. Results One hundred and seven of keratinophilic fungi which belong to genera, were recovered from goat hairs (Table ). Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium moniliforme, Paecilomyces marquandii, Aspergillus flavus, and Chrysosporium keratinophilum were the most frequent and common keratinophilic fungi on the hair of goats. These had the highest relative importance values Table. Keratinophilic fungi found on the hair of goats (number of animals examined 7) from the West Bank of Jordan. +, pathogenic and potentially pathogenic fungi. Fungal No. of +ve Percentage No. of RIV animals/ of + ve animals/ isolates/ + Arthroderma cuniculi A. curreyi.7 6 \ +A. tuberculatum.. Chrysosporium asperatum.7 6. C. evolceanui C. indicum. 7.9 C. keratiuophilum C. pannorum + C. tropicum Microsporum audonuinii M. nanum.. + Trichophyton mentagrophytes T. verrucosum Acremonium falciforme A. furcatum A. fusidioides.. + A. kiliense.7. + Alternaria alternata Aspergillus alutaceus A. candidus.. A. chevalieri A. erythrocephalus

3 0 Table. Continued. Fungal No. of +ve animals/ Percentage of +ve animals/ No. of isolates/ RIV A. flavipes + A. flavus + A. fumigatus + A. niger A. parasiticus A. repens + A. restrictus A. ustus + A. versicolor A. wentii Botrytis sp. Chaetomidium fimeti..9 + Cladosporium bantianum + C. carionii + C. cladosporiodes C. herbarum C. resinae Emericella nidulans E. nivea Exophiala mansonii Fennellia flavipes Fusarium fusarioides F. heterosporum + F. moniliforme + F. oxysporum F. poae + F. solani Gliocladium roseum G. solani G. viride. 7. Glomerularia corni Harposporium oxycoracum Humicola fuscoatra H. grisea. i. Memnoniella echinata.. Monilia sitophila. 0.7 Monoaseus ruber.. Mucor piriformis M. strictus + M. saturninus.7. Oidiodendron griseum Paecilomyces carneus P. farinosus

4 06 Table. Continued. Fungal No. of +ve animals/ Percentage of +ve animals/ No. of isolates/ RIV + P. lilacinus P. marquandii P. variotii t Penicillium canescens.7. P. chrysogenum t.. + P. citrinum. 6. P. daleae P. expansum P. frequentans P. funiculosum t P. griseofulvum t + P. herquei. P. islandicum.. P. janthinellum..6 P. nigricans P. oxallicum P. purpurogenum.. + P. rubrum + P. simplicissimum P. stoloniferum P. variabile Phialophora atra P. cyclaminis Plectosphaerella cucumerina t + Rhizopus stolonifer.. Scopulariopsis acremonium + S. brevicaulis S. brumptii..6 S. candida.. Sporendonema casei + Sporothrix schenckii.0 Staphylotrichum corcosporum.. Syncephalstrum racemosum.7. Trichosporiella cerebriformis 0.9 Trichothecium roseum Ulocladium chartarum.. Verticillium albo-atrum.. V. lamellicola V. lecanii.7 6. V. nigrescens V. psalliotae. 0.0 Sterile hyphae 7.9. Total number of isolates 9

5 07 (RIV's): 7.,.9,.6,.,.7 and. respectively. Dermatophytes and related fungi (i.e., Arthroderma spp, Chrysosporium spp) were represented by fourteen. These comprised about 7.% (7/9 isolates) of all fungi isolated. The dermatophytes comprised about % (/9 isolates) of hair mycoflora. Trichophyton mentagrophytes was the most common and frequent dermatophyte on the hair of goats, it was found in 6.% of all goats investigated and it comprised.% of all fungal isolates recovered. Trichopyton verrucosum was the second most frequent dermatophyte, it was found in.9% of the animals and comprised.% of all fungi isolated. Other dermatophytes recovered were Microsporum audouinii (on.7% of animals), and M. nanum (on.% of animals). The genus Chrysosporium was represented by 6. It comprised 9.% (79/9 isolates) of all keratinophilic fungi recovered. Chrysosporium keratinophilum was the most frequent and common of these, it was found in 7.9% of the animals and comprised.% (9/9) of all fungal isolates recovered. The genus Arthroderma was represented by, and comprised.9% (/9 isolates) of all keratinophilic fungi recovered. The genus Alternaria was the most common and frequent fungus found on the hair of goats. It was found in % of all animals, and it comprised 0.% (7/9) of all fungal isolates recovered. Aspergillus was the second most frequent genus found on the hair of goats. It comprised 0.% (/9) of all fungal isolates recovered. It was represented by fourteen, of which A. flavus was the most common. Paecilomyces came fourth behind Chrysosporium. It comprised 7.% (6/9) of all fungal isolates found. It was repesented by, of which P. marquandii was the most common. Penicillium and Cladosporium were among the common fungi on the hair of goats, they comprised. % (9/9 isolates) and.7 % (/9) of all fungi recovered, respectively. Penicillium was represented by eighteen, of which P. herquei was the most frequent, whereas Cladosporium was represented by five of which C. herbarum was the most frequent. The genus Fusarium_was the next (behind Cladosporium) most common fungus on the hair of goats. It comprised.% (/9 isolates) of all fungi and was represented by 6. Other frequent genera were: Gliocladium (. %), VerticilHum (.6%), and Scopulariopsis (.%). Other fungi were less frequent and less common on the hair of goats. Discussion The present investigation of mycoflora of the hair of goats from the West Bank of Jordan has revealed that Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum, and Microsporum audouinii were the most frequent dermatophyte encountered on these animals. The first two have also been reported from goats by a few workers [, ]. The other two dermatophyte present on goat hair were M. nanum, and M. audouinii which were recorded for the first time from goat hair in the area. It is interesting to note that these dermatophyte were not recovered from goat hairs in neighbouring Israel [], and Egypt []. Microsporum canis was absent from goat hair mycoflora in the West Bank but was isolated from goats in Norway [] and Germany []. It is interesting to note that T. mentagrophytes and T. verrucosum have also been reported from human mycoses in the West Bank of Jordan [, 0]. The two comprised 7.% (/ isolates) of the dermatophytes found on goat hair. It is also noteworthy to mention that all the dermatophyte found on goat hair except M. audouinii, were also recovered from sheep hair in the West Bank []. Chrysosporium keratinophilum and C. tropicum seem to be quite common on goat hairs. They were found in 7.9% and 6.7% of all animals examined respectively. This is in agreement with the results of a similar study on goat hair from Egypt by Bagy & Abdel-Hafez [], who found C. keratinophilum and C. tropicum on % and % of the goats they examined, respectively. These were also isolated from mammals in different parts of the world [, I0,, 6, ]. Arthroderma tuberculatum was found in. % of the goats examined in our study and was also found in 6.7% of the goats examined in Egypt []. Another two A. cuniculi, and A. curreyi were also

6 0 found in our work but were absent from goat hair in Egypt. It is interesting to note that (marked' +' in Table ) of the keratinophilic fungi recovered from the hair of goats from the West Bank of Jordan were either well-known mycotic agents of human and animals such as Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum, and Microsporum audouinii, or pathogenic and potentialy pathogenic fungi [, 7, 9,, 9]. The latter fungi included Acremonium kiliense, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium bantianum, Fusarium moniliforme, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Scopulariopsis acremonium, and others. These potentially pathogenic fungi comprised 66.9% (6/9) of all fungal isolates found on the hair of goats. This fact leads us to conclude that goats are important domestic animals in the transmission and persistence of several dermatophytes especially Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum and several other potentially pathogenic fungi. Acknowledgement The authors wish to thank Mr. B. S. Asa'd for valuable technical assistance, and Miss M. S. Shtayeh for typing the manuscript. This work was supported by a grant from The Abdul Hameed Shoman Foundation, Amman, Jordan. References. Ainsworth GC, Austwick PFC. Fungal diseases of animals. Farnham Royal, Slough, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, 97.. Ali-Shtayeh MS, Arda HM. A study of tinea capitis in Jordan (West Bank). J trop. Med Hyg 96; 9:7-.. Ali-Shtayeh MS, Arda HM, Hassouna M, Shaheen SE Keratinophilic fungi on sheep hairs from the West Bank of Jordan. Mycopathologia (Submitted for publication).. Bagy MMK. Fungi on the hair of large mammals in Egypt. Mycopathologia 96; 9:7-7.. Bagy MMK, Abdel-Hafez AAI. Mycoflora of camel and goat hairs from A-Arish, Egypt. Mycopathologia 9; 9:-. 6. Caprilli F, Mercantini R, Palamara G, Belardi M, Crescimbeni E. Distrubtion and frequency of dermatophytes in the city of Rome between 97 and 9. Mykosen 97; 0: Filipello Marchisio V, Luppi Mosca AM. Mycological analy- sis of the sands of a box for children's play. Mycopathologia 9; 0:-.. Gugnani HC, Wattal BL, Sandhu RS. Dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi recovered from small mammals in India. Mykosen 97; : Hall NK, Larsh HW. Epidemiology of the mycoses. In: Howard DH, ed. Fungi pathogenic for humans and animals (in three parts): Part B: Pathogenicity and detection. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 9; : Haffmann R, Kolipp D, Koch HA. Die Bedeutung von Mousen und anderen kleinsaugern fur die verbreit-ung von Dermatophyten und anderen keratinophilen Pilzen. Mykosen 970; :-7.. Kuntze A, Gemeinhardt H, Bensch GJ. Uber eine Microsporum canis-endemie bei zootieren mitverufsbedingten Infektionen beim Menschen. Mykosen 967; 0:7-.. Kuttin ES, Beemer AM. Fungi isolated from birds and animals in Israel. In: Iwata K. ed. Recent advances in medical and veterinary mycology. Baltimore: University Park Press 97; -.. Monga DP, Mohapatra LN. A compilation of published reports of mycoses in animals in India. Mycopathologia 90; 7:-.. Moraes M, Borelli D, Feo M; Microsporum amazonicum nova. Med Cutan 967; :-6.. Otcenasek M. Ecology of dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 97; 6: Otcenasek M, Dvorak J, Kuner J. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der sogennanten 'roten Stamme' von Trichophyton terrestre. Derm Wschr 967; OtcenasekM, Hubalek Z, SixlW. Survey of dermatopytes in the hair of small mammals from Austria. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 90; 7:-7.. Rees RG. Keratinophilic fungi from Queensland. I. Isolations from animal hairs and scales. Sabouraudia 967; : Rippon JW. Medical Mycology: The Pathogenic Fungi and the Pathogenic Actinomycetes. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Campany, ShtayehMS, ArdaHM. Incidence of dermatophytosis in Jordan with special reference to tinea capitis. Mycopathologia 9; 9:9-6.. Smith JMB, Rush-Minra F, McCarthy M. Animals as a reservoir of human ringworm in New Zealand. Austr J Dermatology 969; 0:69-.. Stenwig H. Isolation of dermatophytes from domestic animals in Norway. Nordisik Vet. Med. 9; 7: World Health Organization Official Records. 97. No. 6: 9.. Zaror, L, Fischmann O, Borges M, Vilanova A, Levites J. The role of cats and dogs in the epidemiological cycle of Microsporum canis. Mykosen 96; 9:-. Address for offprints." M.S. Ali-Shtayeh Dept. of Biological Sciences An-Najah Nat. University P.O. Box 696 Nablus, West Bank of Jordan Israel.