I) Aero-aquatic Hyphomycetes

Transcription

1 CHAPTER-VI MITOSPORIC FUNGI I) Aero-aquatic Hyphomycetes Genus: Helicomyces Link Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, Mag. 3: 21 (1809). The genus Helicomyces was introduced by Link (1809) with H. roseus Link as its type species. The species of the genus are charecterised by having, Colonies: effuse to arachnoid or tuberculate, white to pinkish, or becoming brownish in age. Mycelium: immersed or superficial, composed of branched, septate, hyaline to dilute fuscous hyphae. Conidiophores: lacking or formed as short, lateral branches of the repent mycelium. Conidiogenous cells: mono- or polyblastic, producing conidia from the apex, or synchronously and /or successively from short denticles. Conidia: hyaline, dry, hygroscopic, frequently uncoiling in water. Conidial filament: coiled 1-8 times, usually in one plane to form a disk-like body, but sometimes in three planes and resembling a loosely coiled spring; basal cell attached eccentrically; conidial secession schizolytic. The genus is represented by 12 species (Zhao et al., 2007). Helicomyces colligatus R.T. Moore (Fig. 14; Plate fig. 37) Mycologia, 46: 89 (1954). Colonies: effuse, coraceous, coarsely flocculose or nearly crust-like, pale rose when fresh; when old composed almost entirely of conidia. Mycelium and conidiophores: not apparent, when young the whole stratum composed of semiagglutinated mycelium, conidia and conidiophores; conidia arising directly from the mycelium or else borne on robost conidiophores up to 45 um tall. Conidia: loosely coiled 1-2 times, hygroscopic, multiseptate at maturity, each cell containing one large vacuole or two smaller ones; filament tapering at both ends, 1

2 the basal end 3.5 um broad, filament enlarging to 8 um broad in the middle and becoming slightly less at the distal end, easily broken into segments; diameter of coils (32-) um. Habitat: Conidia in foam sample, Yashwant Lake 16 Aug. 2009, AFN-14A; Amlibari dam, 29 August 2010, AFN-14B, Leg., S. N.Wagh. Distribution:- Karnataka: Conidia in foam samples (Ramesh, 2002), conidia in stem flow and through fall (Sridhar and Karamchand, 2009), on submerged wood (Sudheep and Sridhar, 2011). Remark: The present fungus is common in occurrence. The measurements of conidial filament, conidia and descriptions are completely agree with that of Helicomyces colligatus as described by Moore (1954). Therefore, it is assigned to that species. This makes new addition to the aquatic fungi of Maharashtra. Helicomyces roseus Link (Fig. 15; Plate fig. 38) Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Mag. Neuestern Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk., 3: 21(1809). Helicomyces albus Preuss, 1852 (fide Linder, 1929). Helicomyces elegans Morgan, 1892 (fide Linder, 1929). Helicomyces clarus, Morgan, 1892 (fide Linder, 1929). Helicomyces fuscopes Linder, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 18: 15 (1931). Colonies: effuse, forming a thin, flocculose, white to pinkish stratum. Mycelium: immersed and superficial, hyaline to dilute fuscous, composed of branched, septate, hyphae. Stalked sclerotia (sclerotes pedicelees) often present. Conidiophores: short, hyaline to pale brown, mostly arising as lateral branches of the repent mycelium. Conidiogenous cells: mono- or polyblastic, developing as denticles on the repent hyphae, or as the terminal cell of the conidiophores. Conidia: hyaline, white to pinkish in mass, attached eccentrically, frequently with 2

3 hyaline secondary conidia, µm in diam. Conidial filament: (2.5) 4-5(-6) µm in diam, multiseptate, tapering to an enlarged, obliquely flattened basal cell, coiled 2 ¼ -3 times. Habitat: Conidia in foam samples, Rangawali river, 24 Aug. 2008, AFN-15A, Ranipur dam, 13 Sep. 2009, AFN-15B, Leg., S. N. Wagh. Distribution:- Karnataka: On Submerged leaves and in foam samples (Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa, 2003), conidia in stem flow and through fall (Sridhar and Karamchand, 2009), on submerged wood (Sridhar et al., 2010); Uttarakhand: Conidia in water samples (Arya and Sati, 2012). Remarks: The present fungus is frequent in occurrence. The measurements and descriptions of conidia are completely agree with that of Helicomyces roseus as described by Goos (1985). Therefore, it is assigned to that species. This makes new addition to the aquatic fungal flora of Maharashtra. Helicomyces torquatus Lane & Shearer (Fig. 16; Plate fig. 39) Mycotaxon. 19: 291 (1984). Colonies: floccose, hyaline at first, turning light brown to dark blackishbrwon on aging. Mycelium: mostly immersed, composed of branched, septate, hyphae, hyaline at first, becoming subhyaline to light brown. Conidiophores: micronematous, formed laterally on repent hyphae, 2-3-septate, x µm. Conidiogenous cells: monoblastic, hyaline, elongate, x µm. Conidia produced holoblastically, terminally, and singly at tips of conidiogenous cells, seceding schizolytically from conidiogenous cells. Conidia: hyaline, multiseptate, dry, coiled 1.8 to 2.8 times, µm diam, end cells broadly spathulate, end of basal cell bearing flattened attachment scar. Conidia in water hydrophilic and floating or unwinding to assume a torquelike or sigmoid form, x µm. 3

4 Habitat: Conidia in foam Samples, Yashwant Lake, 2 Aug. 2009, AFN-16A; Tapi river, 1 Aug. 2010, AFN-16B, Leg., S. N. Wagh. Distribution:- Karnataka: Conidia in foam samples (Ramesh, 2002). Remarks: The present fungus is rare in occurance. The measurement of conidia, conidial filament and description completely agree with that of Helicomyces torquatus Lane and Shearer (1984). Therefore, It is assigned to that species. This makes new addition to the fungi of Maharashtra. 4

5 II) Ingoldian Hyphomycetes Genus: Brachiosphaera Nawawi In: Descals et al., Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 67: 213 (1976). The genus Brachiosphaera was erected by Nawawi (In: Descals et al. 1976) with B. tropicalis Nawawi as the type species. The genus is charecterised by having, Mycelium: hyphae brown, septate, branched. Conidiophores: simple, rarely branched, macronematous or semimacronematous, erect. Conidigenous cells: terminal, holoblastic, proliferate sympodially or rarely precurrently. Conidia: sphaerical, with radiating arms, arms septate and appear simultaneously. The genus is represented by two species (Descals et al., 1976). Brachiosphaera tropicalis Nawawi (Fig. 17; Plate fig. 40) In: Descals et al., Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 67: 213 (1976). Mycelium: The vegetative mycelium on culture medium (2% MA) is mostly immersed, light brown at first, becoming dark brown to black with age. Hyphae: septate, thick-walled, 6-12 µm wide, pigmented to varying degree with age, smooth to minutely tuberculate, the cells often becoming monilioid and filled with numerous spherical, refractive globules. Conidiophores: erect, hyaline, unbranched, septate. Conidiogenesis: As the conidiophore lengthens, the cell at the distal portion becomes slightly constricted at their septa. The end cell gradually becomes subglobose and finally spherical. When it reaches µm diam., 4-7 arms (usually 4) appear simultaneously as blown out buds, and elongate rapidly, becoming 3-5 septate. The top arm always lies along the axis of the conidiophore while the rest develop from around the circumference of the sphere equidistant from one another. As the conidium mature, another ovoid conidiogenous cell develops very close to the attachment point and very soon produces another conidium. This process of sympodial proliferation is repeated until up to 10 or 5

6 more conidia are produced. Conidia: The mature conidia consist of a spherical body, µm diam, and filled with numerous small spherical globules up to 6 µm diam. The spherical body is yellowish brown and furnished with 4-7 radiating arms, µm long, 9-11 µm wide at the widest point, tapering to 4-5 µm wide at the rounded apex, constricted to 3-5 µm at the point of origin and becoming 3-5 septate. The spherical body is multinucleate and each cell of the arms contain up to 8 nuclei. Habitat: Conidia in foam samples, Yashwant Lake, 30 Aug. 2009, AFN- 17A; Tapi river, 22 Aug. 2010, AFN-17B, Leg., S. N. Wagh. Distribution:- Maharashtra: Conidia in foam samples (All examined conidia, both in slides and illustrations from previous work of Patil and Kapadnis (1979) and Patil (2003 a, b) from Maharshtra, referred to as Actinospora megalospora correspond to B. tropicalis); Karnataka: Conidia in foam (as Actinospora megalospora, Sridhar and Keveriappa, 1982a), conidia in foam samples (Sridhar and Kaverappa, 1989b), conidia in water samples (Sridhar and Keveriappa, 1990). Remarks: The present fungus is rare in occurance. The measurements and descriptions of conidia are completely agree with that of Brachiosphaera tropicalis as given in Descals et al., (1976). Therefore, it is assigned to that species. It has been reported for the first time from North Maharashtra region. Genus: Campylospora Ranzoni Farlowia, 4: 373 (1953). The genus Camylospora was established by Ranzoni (1953) with Camylospora chaetocladia Ranzoni as a type species. The genus Camylospora is charecterised with colonies in isabelline tones, hyaline to pale brown hyphae including variously shaped inflated cells, integrated conidiogenous cells typically proliferating sympodially. Characteristic for all accepted species (4 sp.) is a 6

7 strongly recurved conidial primordium during the early stage of development, resembling a crozier stage of ascogenous hyphae during the early fruit body differentiation (Ranzoni, 1953). The primordium starts as a clavate outgrouth on the conidiophore apex, soon elongating and becoming strongly recurved. A septum is laid down at the point of bending. Two new growth points appear at the proximal side of the septum, giving rise to the first conidial part; on the distal side of the septum the second conidial part is formed. At this stage cellular appendages start to grow simultaneously from the conidial end cells. Mature conidia are bipartite: the first-formed (proximal) part is more or less triangular in outline, consisting of two arms perpendicular to each other on a heel-like pedicel; the second-formed (distal) part is fusoid or allantoid, connected dorsally to the proximal part. Conidial secession is schizolytic. The genus is represented by four accepted and one undescribed species (Marvanova and Laichmanova, 2014). Campylospora chaetocladia Ranzoni (Fig.18; Plate fig. 41) Farlowia, 4: 373 (1953). Mycelium: branched, septate, coloureless. Conidiophores: colourless, unbranched, µm long, µm broad. Conidia: aleurispores, colourless, terminal, multicellular, each consisting of a basal cell µm wode, µm long, with two divergent appendages of approximately the same length, µm long, 3-6 µm wide at the point of attachment to the basal cell and tapering to about 1.5 µm at the tips, and a lateral branch, µm long attached perpendicularly to the transverse axis of the conidium and bearing at each end an appendage similar in appearance to those on the basal cell. Conidia produced in succession but not basipetally. Habitat: Conidia in foam samples, Rangavali river, 20 Sep. 2009, AFN-18A; Tapi river 1 Aug. 2010, AFN-18B, Leg., S. N.Wagh. 7

8 Distribution in India:- Uttarakhand: Conidia in foam (Mer and Sati, 1989), on submerged needles of Pinus roxberghii Sarg. (Sati et al. 1989), on submerged roots as endophte (Sati and Belwal, 2005), conidia in water samples (Arya and Sati, 2012); Karnataka: On submerged leaves, conidia in foam and water samples (Sridhar and Keveriappa, 1982, 1989b), conidia in stem flow and through fall (Sridhar and Karamchand, 2009), on submerged wood (Sudheep and Sridhar, 2011); Kerala: Conidia in foam (Sridhar and Keveriappa, 1985a); Andhra Pradesh: On submerged leaves (Manoharachary and Madhusudan Rao, 1983; Madhusudan Rao and Manoharachary, 1984), conidia in water samples (Manoharachary and Galiah,1987, Sarma and Manoharachary, 1989); Maharashtra: Conidia in foam samples (Borse and Patil, 2006); Gujarat: Conidia in foam samples (Ahire et al., 2009); Madhya Pradesh: On submerged leaves (Agarwal et al., 1992), on submerged twigs (Upadhyaya et al., 2012). Remark: The present fungus is common in occurrence. The measurements and descriptions of conidia are completely agree with that of Brachiosphaera tropicalis as given in Ranzoni (1953). Therefore, it is assigned to that species. It has been reported for the first time from Nandurbar district. Campylospora filicladia Nawawi (Fig. 19; Plate fig. 42) Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 63: 603 (1974). Mycelium: on the natural substrate is scany, hyaline, septate, branched, with µm wide hyphae. Conidiophores: project in the water arise laterally from cells of the vegetative hyphae and are erect, simple, indistinguishable from the somatic hyphae. They range from µm long and are µm wide. Conidia: consists of two distinct halves: The proximal half is triangular, 4-celled, µm high and µm wide. The distal half is allantoid, 4-celled, 9-13 µm long and 3-8

9 4.5 µm wide. Viewed either from the top or bottom, the conidium is more or less rectangular, µm thick with a round or conical projections at each corner. The appendages arising from the end cells are lie along the long axis.the projection opposite the origin of each appendage is bigger and rounder. The two appendages at the top of the conidium are usually longer (15-35 µm) than the lateral appendages (7-17 µm). They are always directed opposite each other and are more or less perpendicular to the lateral appendages. Surface view of the conidium always shows these two appendages to be in a crossed position. Habitat: Conidia in foam samples,yashwant Lake, 21 Sep. 2008, AFN-19A; Narmada river, 22 August, 2010, AFN-19B, Leg., S. N. Wagh. Distribution:- Karnataka: Conidia in foam (Subramanian and Bhat, 1980), on submerged leaves and conidia in water (Chandrashekar et al., 1990); Kerala: Conidia in foam (Subramanian and Bhat, 1980); Tamil Nadu: Conidia in foam (Subramanian and Bhat, 1980); Maharashtra: On submerged leaves and conidia in foam (Shinde and Pawar, 2008), conidia in foam samples (Patil and Borse, 2011b). Remark: The present fungus is common in occurrence. The descriptions and measurements of conidia are completely agree with that of Campylospora filicladia as described by Nawawi (1974). It has been reported for the first time from Nandurbar district. Genus: Clavatospora Sv. Nilsson ex Marva. & S. Nilsson Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 57: 531 (1971). = Clavatospora Sv. Nilsson, Symb. Bot. Upsal., 18: 88 (1964). The genus Clavatospora is characterized by having, Hyphae: septate, hyaline, without sporodochia. Conidiophores: simple or sparsely branched, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells: phialidic, hyaline. Conidia: enteroblastic-phialidic, one-celled, 9

10 tetraradiate, consisting of a clavate, straight, basal main axis, from which three narrow cylindrical or conical, elongate branches arise at the apex; hyaline. The genus is represented by one marine and four fresh water species (Ingold, 1975; Jones et al., 2009). Clavatospora tentacula (Umphlett) Sv. Nilsson (Fig. 20; Plate fig. 43) Symb. Bot. Upsal., 18: 89 (1964). = Heliscus tentaculus Umphlett, Va. J. Sci., 10: 27 (1959). Conidia: Hyaline, tetraradiate; main axis clavate, elongate, 0-6 septate, µm long, µm wide at base, 4-7 µm wide at apex; with 3 equidistant, divergent, x µm, appendages arising from apex and unconstricted at base. Habitat: Conidia in foam, Tapi river, 7 Sep. 2008, AFN-20, Leg., S. N. Wagh. Distribution:- Maharashtra: Conidia in foam (as Heliscus tentaculus, Patil and Kapadnis, 1979); Uttarakhand: Conidia in foam (Mer and Sati, 1989); Karnataka: On submerged leaves, conidia in water and foam samples (Sridhar and Kaveriappa, 1982), conidia in stem flow and through fall (Sridhar and Karamchand, 2009); Kerala: On submerged leaves, conidia in water and foam samples (Sridhar and Kaveriappa, 1985a); Andhra Pradesh: Conidia in water samples (Manoharachary and Galiah, 1987; Sarma and Manoharachary, 1989). Remark: The present fungus is occasional in occurrence. The descriptions and measurements of conidia are completely agree with that of Clavatospora tentacula (Umphlett) Nilsson as described by Nilsson (1964). Therefore, it is assigned to that species. It is being reported for the first time from Nadurbar district. Genus: Filosporella Nawawi 10

11 Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 67: 175 (1976b). The genus Filosporella was erected by Nawawi (1976b) for a single species, Filosporella aquatica Nawawi. The genus is charecrized by having, Mycelium: branched, septate, and grey to dark-brown. Conidiophores: erect, septate, and apicaly branched. Conidia: holoblastic, hyaline, terminal, filiform and septate. The genus is represented by five species (Marvanova & Barlocher, 1998). Filosporella aquatica Nawawi (Fig. 21; Plate fig. 44) Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 67: 173 (1976b). Mycelium: branched, septate, grey to dark-brown, occurring superficially or immersed in the leaf. Conidiophores: submerged which arise at right angels from groups of dark-brown, thick-walled cells, are simple or branched, dark at the basal region but paler above. When branched, it consists of a basal portion µm long and µm wide. Secondary branches which arise along the upper part of the conidiophore are short, and each ends in up to 4 tertiary branches. These tertiary branches are usually made up of 1-4 cells, each cell measuring µm long and 3.5 µm diam. Conidia: holoblastic, hyaline, filiform, straight or mostly curved, 6-12 septate, µm long, 4-5 µm at their broadest point and taper at the obtuse apex. Each cell of the conidium contains 2 or more guttules. Newly detached conidia have a truncate base but this eventually becomes cone-or teat-shaped. Habitat: Conidia in foam samples, Tapi river, 16 Aug. 2009, AFN-21, Leg., S. N. Wagh. Remark: The present fungus is rare in occurrence. The measurements and descriptions of conidia are completely agree with that of Filosporella aquatica as described by Nawawi (1976b). Therefore, it is assigned to that species. It is being reported for the first time from India. 11

12 Genus: Flabellospora Alasoadura Nova Hedwigia, 15: 415 (1968). The genus Flabellospora was erected by Alasoadura (1968a) to accommodate a single species, Flabellospora crassa Alasoadura. The genus is characterized by having, Mycelium: extensive, hyphae branched, septate, hyaline; Conidiophores: simple, rarely branched, hyaline; Conidia: aleuriospores, tetraradiate, terminal, multicellular, essentric, the terminal thalloconidium has a stalk ending in a small spherical head from which a number of long straight arms diverge; arms placed more or less equidistantly from each other round the circumference of the head, arms develop outwards and slightly upwards as lateral branches. Flabellospora acuminata Descals & Webster (Fig. 22; Plate fig. 45) Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 78: 411 (1982). Mycelium: branched, septate, loosely or in aggregation. Conidiophores: on mycelial hyphae, apical or lateral, prostrate, mononematous, simple or sparsely branched, septa indistinct, x 3-4 µm, irregularly swollen, delicate, base abruptly constricted, branches 0-(3), irregularly distributed or unilateral, perpendicular, curved, base abruptly constricted. Conidiogenous cells: apical, integrated, monoblastic, pedunculate and drooping, detachment scar very narrow. Conidia: acrogenous, solitary, staurosporous, main body clavate, apex capitate, 4-6 µm diam, base pedunculate, 5-10 µm long, branches (4)-5-(7), budding out before relese, synchronous, (30) x 7-12 (-15) µm, one branch apical, the rest raditing slightly retrorsely, straight, fusiform (-obclavate), apex greatly extended, cells 3-10, released as a strangulation at the base, dispersaed singly or as interlocked pairs. Habitat: Conidia in foam samples, Yashwant Lake, 6 Sep. 2009, 29 Aug. 2010, AFN-22, Leg., S. N. Wagh. 12

13 Distribution:- Uttarakhand: On submerged leaves and conidia in foam samples (Belwal and Sati, 2007); Maharashtra: Conidia in foam samples (Pawara et al., 2009). Remark: The present fungus is frequent in occurrence.the descriptions and measurements of conidia are completely agree with that of Flabellospora accuminata Descals and Webster (1982a). Therefore, it is assigned to that species. It makes new addition to the fungi of Nadurbar district. Flabellospora crassa Alasoadura (Fig. 23; Plate fig. 46) Nova Hedwigia, 15: 416 (1968c). Mycelium: branched, septate, hyaline. Conidiophores: µm long, 2-3 µm wide, usually simple, but occasionally branched, septate, emerges from the edge of the leaf. Conidiogenesis: development is initiated when the tip of the conidiophore is arrested in growth and becomes subspherical. The spore primordium soon becomes cut off from the conidiophore by a transverse septum. This primordium, 5-15 µm long represent the main axis of the mature spore. Further development of the spore from the primordium involves the simultaneous outgrowth of 3-5 usually four arms placed more or less equidistantly from each other round the circumference of the enlarged tip (5-7 µm diam.) of the main axis. The outgrowths develop outwards and slightly upwards as lateral branches. Conidia: each arm is at first clavate, narrow at the attachment constriction, but increasing in diameter to the rounded tip. The configuration simulates the appearance of a ceiling fan at this stage. The growth of the arms continue at their tips, but when they are about µm long they become obclavate; so that in the mature conidium, each arm is µm long, µm wide at the attachment constriction, increases in diameter to µm at the widest part (which is µm from the point of attachment) and again narrows gradually towards the tip 13

14 which is about 3 µm wide. Four or more septa develop in each arm just before the conidium attains maturity. The coidium is detached from the conidiophore at the septum and it often floats with the short main axis pointing downwards. Habitat: Conidia in foam samples, Yashwant Lake, 14 Sep. 2008, AFN-23A; Tapi river, 22 August 2010, AFN-23B, Leg., S. N. Wagh Distribution:- Uttarakhand: Conidia in foam sample (Mer and Sati, 1989); Karnataka: On submerged leaves and conidia in foam and water samples (Sridhar and Kaveriappa, 1982, 1989), conidia in water samples (Chandrashekar et al., 1986), conidia in stem flow and through fall (Sridhar and Karamchand, 2009), on submerged wood (Sudheep and Sridhar, 2011); Maharashtra: Conidia in foam samples (Pawara et al., 2009); Madhya Pradesh: On submerged leaves (Upadhyaya et al., 2012). Remark: The present fungus is occasional in occurrence. The measurements and descriptions of conidia are completely agree with that of Flabellospora crassa Alasoadura (1968c). Therefore, it is assigned to that species. It is being reported for the first time from Nadurbar district of Maharashtra State. Flabellospora multiradiata Nawawi (Fig. 24; Plate fig. 47) Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 66: 543 (1976a). Mycelium: branched, septate, hyaline. Conidiophores: lateral, semimacronematous, hyaline, µm long x µm wide, erect, unbranched, 0-2 septate. Conidia: holoblasic, hyaline, multi-radiate, main axis 9-13 µm long x 2-3 µm at the base, expanding above to form a globose structure µm diam., from around this, which is usually demarcated from the narrow stalk by a septum, µm long, slender, fusiform arms arise, each arm is markedly constricted at its point of origin and thereafter broadens to µm at the widest point and finally tapers to µm at the apex which is acute to accumulate and lacks septation in the 14

15 parts µm from the tip, the arms are µm long, septate and slightly constricted at the septa especially along the basal half, at maturity the cells become vacuolated and impart a pearly appearance to the whole conidium, conidia in foam samples usually have a blob of mucilaginous material at the tip of each arm. Habitat: Conidia in foam samples, Gomai river, 16 August 2009, AFN-24A, Amlibari dam,12 Sep. 2010, AFN-24B, Leg., S. N. Wagh Distribution:- Karnataka: On submerged leaves and conidia in foam and water samples (Sridhar and Kaveriappa, 1984b, 1989b), conidia in stem flow and through fall (Sridhar and Karamchand, 2009); Kerala: On submerged leaves, conidia in foam and in water samples (Sridhar and Kaveriappa, 1985a); Maharashtra: Conidia in foam sample (Patil and Kapadnis, 1980; Pawara et al., 2011). Remark: The present fungus is rare in occurrence. The measurements and descriptions of conidia are completely agree with that of Flabellospora multiradiata Nawawi (1976a). Therefore, it is assigned to that species. It is being reported for the first time from Nandurbar district of Maharashtra State. Flabellospora octacladia Saikia & Sarbhoy (Fig. 25; Plate fig. 48) Indian Phytopathology, 33: (1980). Colonies: on the natural substratum powdery white. Mycelium: hyaline, septate smooth-walled, hyphae measuring µm in thickness. Conidiophores: arising from the hyphae, hyaline, slender and easily detachable from the conidia leaving a short curved stalk. Conidia: stalked which terminates in a head or primordium. Primordium spherical, hyaline, µm in diam. and is formed first in the process of formation of the conidia from which eight elegant arms arise equidistantly around it. Arms, 2-3 of which are often shorter than the rest, hyaline, 15

16 3-5 septate, measuring µm long, 6-9 (-10.5) µm broad at the middle across, tapering to µm at the apex. Habitat: Conidia in foam samples, Vaki river, 28 Sep. 2008, AFN-25A, Tapi river 22 Aug. 2010, AFN-25B, Leg., S. N. Wagh Distribution:- Assam: On leaf litter in terrestrial habitats (Saikia and Sarbhoy (1980). Remark: The present fungus is rare in occurrence. The measurements and descriptions of conidia are completely agree with that of Flabellospora octocladia Saikia and Sarbhoy (1980). Therefore, it is assigned to that species. It is being reported for the first time from Maharashtra State. Flabellospora verticillata Alasoadura (Fig. 26; Plate fig. 49) Nova Hedwigia, 15: 419 (1968b). Mycelium: extensive in the submerged decaying leaves; in addition some hyphae 3-5 µm in diameter emerge from the edges of the substratum. Conidiophores: µm long, µm wide, simple, arises from the hypha, emerging from the edge of the decaying leaf. Conidiogenesis: development is initiated when the tip of the conidiophore is arrested in growth and becomes subspherical; later, the spore primordium is cut off by a transverse septum. This primordium represents the main axis of the mature spore. At a later stage, 4-7 or sometimes up to outgrowths (arms) arise simultaneously, more or less equidistance from each other, round the circumference of the slightly enlarged tip of the primordium. The arms develop outwardly and slightly upwards as lateral branches. Each arm is at first clavate, continues to grow at the tip, becoming subcylindrical and finally obclavate before the conidium attains maturity. Conidia: The detached conidium consists of a main axis µm long 2-3 µm wide with a terminal spherical or subspherical portion µm across; and a variable number 16

17 of arms, each µm long, about 1.5 µm at the attachment constriction, µm at the widest part and tapering to about 2 µm at the tip. The arms arise from the dome-shaped apex but also from round the side of the apical cell. In a few detached conidia, the arms were restricted to the anterior part of the sub-spherical tip of the main axis. Habitat: Conidia in foam samples, Tapi River, 14 Sep. 2008, 20 Sep. 2009, AFN- 26, Leg., S. N. Wagh Distribution:- Maharashtra: Conidia in foam sample (Patil and Kapadnis, 1979; Patil, 1998a), on submerged leaves (Patil, 1998b); Uttarakhand: On submerged needles of Pinus roxberghii Sarg. (Sati et al. 1989); Karnataka: On submerged leaves and conidia in foam and water samples (Sridhar and Kaveriappa, 1982, 1989b), conidia in stem flow and through fall (Sridhar and Karamchand, 2009); Kerala: On submerged leaves, conidia in foam and in water samples (Sridhar and Kaveriappa, 1985a); Tamil Nadu: conidia in foam (Subramanian and Bhat, 1980); Andhra Pradesh: On submerged leaves and conidia in foam (Goliah and Manoharachary, 1987). Remark: The present fungus is common in occurrence. The measurements and descriptions of conidia are completely agree with that of Flabellospora verticillata Alasoadura (1968b). Therefore, it is assigned to that species. It is being reported for the first time from Nandurbar district. Genus: Flagellospora Ingold Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 25: 402 (1942). The genus Flagellospora was erected by Ingold (1942) to accommodate a single species, Flagellospora curvula Ingold. The genus is characterized by having, Mycelim: branched, septate mycelium. Conidiophores: branched to form a number of phialids. Conidia: phialospores, hyaline, filiform, produced in basipetal 17

18 succession. The genus is represented by seven species (Marvanova & Barlocher, 1989). Flagellospora curvula Ingold (Fig. 27; Plate fig.50) Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 25: 404(1942). Mycelium: branched and septate. Conidiophores: usually branched forming a group of two to ten phialids. Phialids: clavate, µm long, 2.5 µm broad, producing conidia. Conidia: phialospores, produced in basipetal succession, curved or sigmoid, hyaline, unicellular, µm long, 2 µm broad in middle region tapering to 1.5 µm towards its ends. Habitat: Conidia on submerged leaf litter, Yashwant Lake, 16 August 2009, AFN- 27A, Amlibari dam, 26 Nov. 2010, AFN-27B, Leg., S. N. Wagh Distribution:- Karnataka: On submerged leaves and conidia in foam samples (Sridhar and Kaveriappa, 1984b, 1989b), conidia in stem flow and through fall (Sridhar and Karamchand, 2009), on submerged wood (Sudheep and Sridhar, 2011); Kerala: On submerged leaves, conidia in foam and in water samples (Sridhar and Kaveriappa, 1985a); Madhya Pradesh: On submerged leaves, twigs and conidia in foam samples (as F. curvula var. minuta, Agarwal et al., 1992). Remark: The present fungus is rare in occurrence. It has been reported for the first time from Nandurbar district. Genus: Hydrometrospora Gonczol & Revay Nova Hedwigia, 40: (1984). The genus Hydrometrospora is monotypic and was established by Gonczol & Revay (1984) with H. symmetrica as its type species. The genus is characterized by having, Mycelium: septate, branched, hyaline, superficial or immersed in the substrate. Conidiophores: continuous, hyaline, not or hardly talering to its apex, developing sparsely in submerged condition as ramifications of the hyphae. Conodia: solitary, holoblastic, acrogenous, hyaline, composed of a more or less 18

19 fusiform, septate central body, to which an H-shaped, branched formation is attached directly or through a short cell. The branches are septate, with pointed ends, diverging more or less from the central body axis, and connected by a short cell. Hydrometrospora symmetrica Gonczol & Revay (Fig. 28; Plate fig. 51) Nova Hedwigia, 40: 199 (1984). Mycelium: septate, branched, hyaline, occurring superficially or immersed in the substrate. Conidiophores: continuous, hyaline, not or hardly talering to its apex, µm long, µm wide, developing sparsely in submerged condition as ramifications of the hyphae. Conodia: solitary, holoblastic, acrogenous, hyaline, composed of a more or less fusiform, septate, central body x 5-6 µm, central body, to which an H-shaped, branched formation is attached directly or through a short cell. The branches are septate, with pointed ends, diverging more or less from the central body axis x 4-5 µm, and connected by a short cell. Habitat: Conidia in foam samples, Tapi River, 27 Sept. 2009, AFN-28, Leg., S. N. Wagh. Distribution:- Karnataka: Conidia in foam samples (Ramesh, 2002). Remark: The present fungus is rare in occurrence. The measurements and descriptions of conidia are completely agreed with that of Hydrometrospora symmetrica as given by Gonczol and Revay (1984). It has been reported for the first time from Maharashtra state. Genus: Isthmotricladia Matsushima Bulletin of the Natural Science Museum Tokyo, 14: (1971a). The genus Isthmotricladia was erected by Matsushima (1971a) with Isthmotricladia laeensis Matsushima as its type species. The species of the genus are charecterised by having, Conidia: single, terminal, septate, hyaline thalloconidium consists of a long thin stalk at the end of which there are three to 19

20 six flatter divergent arms. In development these arise and grow out simultaneously from the free end of the stalk and each is much constricted near its insertion. Isthmotricladia gombakiensis Nawawi (Fig. 29; Plate fig. 52) Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 64: 243 (1975a). Mycelium: scanty, white to pinkish in colour. Conidiophores: lateral, very short, sometimes efficient, 6-12 µm long, 1-2 µm wide, indistinguishable from the somatic hyphae. Conidiogenesis: The main axis which is only slightly broader at the top is cut off early from the conidiophore. From its apex three to five buds appear simultaneously, more or less equidistant from one another, and grow outward and upward to form the arms of the conidium. The conidia either remain erect on the conidiophores with their arms folded together or fall the side resting on the water surface, in which case they spread out. When fully grown the conidia are liberated by rupture of the septum between conidia and conidiogenous cells. Conidia: The mature conidia are 4-to 6-radiate consisting of a main axis, µm long, 2-3 µm wide at the top, tapering to µm at the base. The arms are fusiform, µm long, µm at the widest point, 9-15 septate, tapering gradually to µm at the apex, and slightly constricted at the septa. The arms are connected to the axis by a narrow isthmus, µm long, µm wide. Habitat: Conidia in foam samples, Rangavali river, 17 Aug. 2008, AFN-29A; Yashwant Lake, 27 Sep.2009, AFN-29B, Leg., S. N. Wagh Distribution:- Karnataka: Conidia in foam samples (Sridhar and Kaveriappa, 1984b, 1989b), on submerged leaves and conidia in foam samples (Sridhar and Kaveriappa, 1988a); Andhra Pradesh: On submerged leaves (Galiah and Manoharachary, 1987), Conidia in water samples (Sarma and Manoharachary, 1989); Maharashtra: Conidia in foam samples (Borse and Patil, 2006). 20

21 Remark: The present fungus is frequent in occurrence. The measurements and descriptions of conidia are completely agree with that of Isthmotricladia gombakiensis Nawawi (1975a). It is reported for the first time from Nandurbar district. Isthmotricladia laeensis Matsushima (Fig. 30; Plate fig. 53) Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, 14: 479 (1971). Conidiogenesis: The main axis which is only slightly broader at the top is cut off early from the conidiophore. From its apex three buds appear simultaneously, more or less equidistant from one another, and grow outward and upward to form the arms of the conidium. The conidia either remain erect on the conidiophores with their arms folded together or fall the side resting on the water surface, in which case they spread out. When fully grown the conidia are liberated by rupture of the septum between conidia and conidiogenous cells. Conidia: The mature conidia are tetra-radiate consisting of a main axis µm long, µm wide at the top, tapering at the base, 0-1-septate. The arms are cylindrical, x µm, 3-septate. The arms are connected to the axis by a narrow isthmus. (Main axis: x µm, 0-1-septate. Arms: three-four, x 2-3 µm, 3-4- (or more) septate (Nawawi, 1975a, Descals and Webster, 1982b). Habitat: Conidia in foam samples, Rangavali river, 14 Sep. 2008, AFN-30A; Toranmal Lower region, 22 Aug. 2010, AFN-30B, Leg., S. N. Wagh Distribution:- Karnataka: On submerged leaves (Sridhar and Kaveriappa, 1982); on submerged leaves and conidia in foam and water samples (Sridhar and Kaveriappa, 1988a, 1989b), conidia in water samples (Chandrashekar et al., 1990), conidia in stem flow and through fall (Sridhar and Karamchand, 2009); Maharashtra: Conidia in foam samples (Borse and Patil, 2007). 21

22 Remark: The present fungus is common in occurrence. The measurements and descriptions of conidia are completely agree with that of Isthmotricladia laeensis Matsushima (1971a). It is being reported for the first time from Nandurbar district of Maharashtra state. Genus: Jaculispora Hudson & Ingold Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 43: 475 (1960). The genus Jaculispora was erected by Hudson and Ingold (1960) to accommodate a single species, J. submersa Hudson & Ingold. The genus is characterized by having, Mycelium: submerged, septate, and hyaline. Conidiua: thalospores, terminal, hyaline, unicellular, main axis straight with truncate base, apex ending in a fine point, making the conidium appear dart-shaped except for three lateral appendages. Jaculispora submersa Hudson & Ingold (Fig. 31; Plate fig. 54) Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 43: 475 (1960). Mycelium: submerged, simple or sparingly branched, septate, hyaline. Conidiophores: very narrow, delicate, µm long, µm wide with inconspicuous cross-walls. Conidiua: thalospores, terminal, hyaline, unicellular, main axis straight, µm long with truncate base, µm wide at the base increasing to 5-7 µm wide at the distance of about µm from the base, apex ending in a fine point, making the conidium appear dart-shaped except for three lateral appendages. Appendages: three, hair-like, equally spaced around the circumference, arise at a level just beyond half way between the base and apex, µm long and µm wide. Habitat: Conidia on submerged wood, Rangavali river, 20 May 2008, AFN-31A, Tapi River, 26 Nov. 2010, AFN-31B, Leg., S. N. Wagh 22

23 Distribution:- Andhra Pradesh: On submerged leaves (Manoharachary and Madhusudan Rao, 1983); Uttarakhand: Conidia in foam samples (Sati et al., 2002b); Karnataka: Conidia in foam samples (Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa, 2003). Remark: The present fungus is rare in occurrence. The measurements of conidia and descriptions of the present fungus is completely agrees with that of Jaculispora submersa as described by Hudson and Ingold (1960). Therefore, it is assigned to that species. This makes a new addition to the fungi of Maharashtra. Genus: Lateriramulosa Matsushima Micro-fungi of the Solomon Islands and Papua-New Guinea (Osaka), pp. 34 (1971b). The genus Lateriramulosa was proposed by Matsushima (1971b) on the basis of L. uni-inflata isolated from rotten leaves of a broad-leaved tree in Rabaul, the Soloman Islands. Three additional species, namely L. a-inflata, L. bi-inflata, and L. minitriangularis (as L. minitriangularia) were also described by the same author from similar substrata from japan (Matsushima, 1975). The species of the genus are charecterised by having, the thalloconida consisting of four cells, the central (first-formed) one is oval and from it three others arise, each of which grows out as a long pointed arms/ branches. In L. quadriradiata Miura and Okano, central cell is sometimes with four septate arms/ branches. The genus is represented by five species (Miura and Okano, 1979). Lateriramulosa uni-inflata Matsushima (Fig. 32; Plate fig. 55) Microfungi of the Solomon Islands and Papua-New Guinea (Osaka): pp. 34 (1971b). Colonies: on Malt Agar are small, of restricted growth (ca. 1 cm in diam. in 1 month), cream-whitish. Mycelium: hyaline, composed of septate, poorly branched, 1-2 µm wide hyphae. Conidiophores: are lateral, short, up to 30 µm long, µm wide, slightly under in the middle part. Conidia: hyaline, detached 23

24 by fission, µm in diam. They appear as small triangles, which consist of one main axis, x µm, and three branches measuring x µm; the lower two branches are composed of a swollen basal part and a spike-like seta. The upper arm has only one half of its base swollen. Marvanova (1973) stated that With regard to our present ingnorance of true ecology it would be better to call this fungus as water-borne. This fungus probably grows in close vicinity of water biotopes, because their abundance in scum increases rapidly after a heavy rain. Habitat: Conidia in foam samples Yashwant Lake, 17 Aug. 2008, AFN-32A, Bilgaon dam, 26 Sep. 2010, AFN-32B, Leg., S. N. Wagh Distribution:- Maharashtra: Conidia in foam samples (Patil and Kapadnis, 1979); Karnataka: Conidia in foam samples (Subramanian and Bhat, 1980), on submerged leaves (Sridhar and Kaveriappa, 1982, 1989b), on submerged leaves, conidia in foam and water samples (Chandrashekar et al., 1990), Conidia in stem flow and through fall (Sridhar and Karamchand, 2009); Kerala: Conidia in foam samples (Subramanian and Bhat, 1980), Tamil Nadu: Conidia in foam samples (Subramanian and Bhat, 1980); Andhra Pradesh: Conidia in foam samples (Galiah and Manoharachary, 1987). Remark: The present fungus is rare in occurrence. The measurements of conidia and descriptions of the present fungus is completely agrees with that of Lateriramulosa uni-inflata as described by Matsushima (1971b), Marvanova (1973) and Markovskaja (2007). Therefore, it is assigned to that species. This makes a new addition to the fungi of Nandurbar district. Genus: Lunulospora Ingold Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 25: 409 (1942). The genus Lunulospora was erected by Ingold (1942) with Lunullospora curvula Ingold as its type species. The species of the genus are charecterised by 24

25 having, Mycelium: branched, septate, and hyaline. Conidiophores: simple or branched. Conidia: aleurispores, unicellular, sigmoid or crescent-shaped, borne terminally on the conidiophore on a small stalk cell attached not to an end of the spore but at a point some way from either end. Spore liberated by the breakdown of the stalk cell. Lunulospora curvula Ingold (Fig. 33; Plate fig. 56) Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 25: 409 (1942). Mycelium: branched, septate, hyaline. Conidiophores: simple or sparingly branched, µm long, µm broad. Conidia: aleurispores, produced terminally on a short stalk cell 3-5 µm long, 1.5 µm broad. By repeated budding from end of the conidiophore a number of spores may be produced in succession (but not basipetally), each seated on a stalk cell. Aleuriospore unicellular, sigmoid or crescent-shaped, um long, 4-5 µm broad in its middle region, tapering to 1.5 µm at its ends, with a row of conspicuous vacuoles, attached at a point along its convex surface to the stalk cell. Aleuriospore liberated by the breakdown of the stalk cell. Liberated spore with an inconspicuous hilum where it was originally attached to the stalk cell. Habitat: On submerged leaf litter, Rangavali river, 20 Aug. 2006, AFN-33, Leg., S. N. Wagh Distribution:- Tamil Nadu: On submerged leaves (Ingold and Webster, 1973); Uttarakhand: On submerged leaves (Mer and Khulbe, 1981), on submerged needles of Pinus roxberghii (Sati et al., 1989), on submerged roots as endophyte (Sati and Belwal, 2005), conidia in water samples (Arya and Sati, 2012); Karnataka: On submerged leaves and conidia in foam and water samples (Sridhar and Kaveriappa, 1982, 1989b), conidia in stem flow and through fall (Sridhar and Karamchand, 2009), on submerged wood (Sudheep and Sridhar, 2011); Kerala: On submerged leaves and conidia in foam and water samples (Sridhar and Kaveriappa, 25

26 1985a); Andhra Pradesh: Conidia in foam samples (Manoharachary and Murthy, 1981), On submerged leaves (Manoharachary and Madhusudan, 1983), conidia in foam samples (Manoharachary and Bhairavnath, 1985), On submerged leaves and conidia in foam samples (Galiah and Manoharachary, 1987), conidia in water samples (Sarma and Manoharachary, 1989); Madhya Pradesh: Conidia in foam samples (Hasija and Shanware, 1986), on submerged leaves and twigs and conidia in foam samples (Agarwal et al., 1992; Upadhyaya et al., 2012); Maharashtra: On submerged leaves and conidia in foam samples (Patil, 1998b; Patil and Borse, 2011b). Remark: The present fungus is common in occurrence. It has been reported for the first time from Nandurbar district. Genus: Phalangispora Nawawi & Webster Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 79: 65 (1982). The genus Phalangiospora was erected by Nawawi & Webster (1982a), typified by P. constricta Nawawi & Webster. The genus is characterized by having, Conidiomata: sporodochiam bearing a few dark setae. Conidiogenous cells: bear one to several branched conidia. Conidia: multicellular, and deeply constricted between the cells. The conidia grow by budding at the tips of the arms. Although variable in shape, a typical spore has a curved main axis with two laterals which arise on cell apart near the base of the main axis. The genus is represented by two semi-aquatic species (Kuthubutheen, 1987). Phalangispora bharathensis Keshav Prasad & Bhat (Fig. 34; Plate fig. 57) Mycotaxon, 83: 405 (2002). Colonies: effuse, olivaceous brown to dark brown. Mycelium: partly superficial, partly immersed, composed of septate, branched, colourless to pale brown hyphae, µm wide. Conidiomata: sporodochial, solitary, pulvinae, 26

27 slightly elevated, with 8-16 setae arising from the margin of the base. Setae: subulate, acute at the apex, septate, thick-walled, dark-brown, smooth, protruding beyond the level of conidiophores and conidial mass, x 7-10 µm. Conidiophores: mononematous, erect, short, arising in groups, septate, 1-2 times branched, thin-walled, colourless, smooth, µm long, µm wide. Conidiogenous cells: polyblastic, discrete, terminal, hyaline, smooth, with denticulate scars at the rounded apex. Conidia: hyaline, smooth, aseptate, in 2-3- branched chains of µm long, µm wide, connected by narrow isthmi, uniseriate below, bi- to triseriate above, with branches arising from the third and forth cells of the main axis, of two types: apical and basal cells conical to obclavate, 7-9 x µm; intermediate cells cylindrical with truncate ends, 8-10 x µm; in mass initially whitish, latter becoming pale brown. Habitat: Conidia in foam sample, Yashwant Lake, 6 Sept. 2009, AFN-34A, Ranipur dam, 29 Aug. 2010, AFN-34B, Leg., S. N. Wagh Disribution:- Goa: On leaf litter (Keshav Prasad and Bhat, 2002). Remark: The measurements of conidia and descriptions of the present fungus is completely agrees with that of Phalangispora bharathensis as described by Keshva Prasad and Bhat (2002). Therefore, it is assigned to that species. This makes a new addition to the fungi of Maharashtra. Phalangispora nawawii Kuthub. (Fig. 35; Plate fig. 58) Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 89: 419 (1987). Semi-aquatic fungus; Colonies: on corn meal agar effuse, fast growing, hairy, sporulating readily to form setose sporodochia, greyish-green to olivaceous. Mycelium: partly immersed, composed of septate, branched, smooth, hyphae, 4-7 µm wide, subhyaline to pale brown. Conidiomata: sporodochial, with somewhat cylindrical stalk up to 80 µm tall and µm wide (in culture stalk up to 160 µm 27

28 tall, up to 60 µm wide), stalk consisting of dark, inflated, thick-walled cells, 2-3 µm diam. Setae: arising from sporodochial column 6-9 (in culture up to 26), long, dark-brown, 6-8 septate, smooth, subulate, up to 200 µm long (in culture up to 300 µm long), up to 14 µm wide at the bulbous base, 5-6 µm in the mid-region and tapering to a point at the apex. Conidiophores: macronematous, synnematous, hyaline, non-septate, up to 45 µm long x 2-3 µm wide, branched, 2-4 branches, branches up to 14 µm long, conidiophores arising in column up to 40 µm high up to 15 µm of the synnematal colomn outside the sporodochial stalk. Conidiogenous cells: polyblasic, integrated, terminal, at the end of short cylindrical branches of conidiophores, after detachment of conidia small flattened protuberances visible, marking points of attachments of conidia. Conidial chains: in yellowish-brown mass becoming brownish-green, consists of cells connected by narrow isthmi, with main axis and 2-3 laterals (in culture mostly 1-2 laterals), 6-8 cells in main axis, 2-6 (usually 4-5) cells in lateral branches, µm (mostly µm) from base to apex, lateral branches µm (mostly µm), basal cells conical and 8-9 x up to 2 µm, apical cells conical and 8-12 x up to 2 µm, cells along conical chain cylindrical and x µm, light brown. Habitat: Conidia in foam samples Rangavali river 21 Sep. 2008, AFN-35A, Ranipur dam, 23 Aug. 2009, AFN-35B, Leg., S. N. Wagh Distribution:- Karnataka: Conidia in foam samples (Sridhar and Kaveriappa, 1992); Uttarakhand: On submerged leaves (Sati et al., 2003). Remark: The present fungus is rare in occurrence. The measurements of conidia and descriptions of the present fungus is completely agrees with that of Phalangispora nawawii as described by Kuthubutheen (1987). It is being reported for the first time from Maharashtra. Genus: Speiropsis Tubaki 28

29 J. Hattori bot. Lab., 20: 171 (1958). The genus Speiropsis was erected by Tubaki (1958) to accommodate a single species, S. pedatospora Tubaki. The genus is characterized by having, Colonies: effuse, brown or blackish brown, hairy or velvety. Mycelium: partly superficial, partly immersed. Conidiophores: macronematous, mononematous, with short, pale branches at the apex; stipe straight or curved, mid to dark brown, smooth septate. Conidiogenous cells: discrete or integrated, formed at the ends of the branches, polyblastic, determinate, clavate, cylindrical or ellipsoidal, usually with 2 or 3 terminal protuberances or denticles on which branched chains of conidia are formed. Conidia: cylindrical or cuneiform, hyaline or brown, smooth, 0-septate; they remain attached to one another for a long time by narrow isthmi or connections forming branched compound structures and secede only with difficulty. Speiropsis pedatospora Tubaki (Fig. 36; Plate fig. 59) J. Hattori bot. Lab., 20: 171 (1958). Mycelium: partly superficial, partly immersed. Hyphae: branches, septate, granulae, µm wide. Conidiophores: macronematous, mononematous, with short, pale branches at the apex; stipe straight or curved, mid to dark brown, smooth septate, µm long, rarely up to 100 µm long. Conidiogenous cells: discrete or integrated, formed at the ends of the branches, polyblastic, determinate, clavate, cylindrical or ellipsoidal, usually with 2 or 3 terminal protuberances or denticles on which branched chains of conidia are formed. Conidia: in 2-5 irregular branched chains, um long, µm wide; conidia, cylindrical or cuneiform, hyaline or brown, smooth, 0-septate, x 4-7 µm; they remain attached to one another for a long time by narrow isthmi or connections forming branched compound structures and secede only with difficulty. The genus is 29