Answers to Pre-Lab Quiz (p. 171) Answers to Activity Questions

Transcription

1 Answers to Pre-Lab Quiz (p. 171) 1. Holds bones together; allows the rigid skeleton some flexibility so that gross body movements can occur 2. c, amount of movement allowed by the joint 3. synovial 4. fibrous 5. true 6. insertion 7. a, ball-and-socket 8. a, abduction 9. rotation 10. false Answers to Activity Questions Activity 4: Demonstrating the Importance of Friction-Reducing Structures (p. 174) 4. The fluid-filled sac greatly reduces the friction between the two surfaces. The water balloon represents a synovial cavity, bursae, or tendon sheaths. The fists represent two articulating bones on opposite sides of a synovial cavity. They may also represent muscles, tendons, or ligaments in the case of bursae and tendon sheaths. Answers to Group Challenge (p. 184) 1. Name of joint (any one) Movement allowed elbow (hinge) proximal and distal radioulnar (pivot) rotation atlas and dens of axis (pivot) rotation interphalangeal/finger (hinge) ankle (hinge) dorsiflexion and plantar flexion interphalangeal/toe (hinge) temporomandibular (modified hinge) elevation and depression 2. Name of joint (any one) Movement allowed Movement allowed carpometacarpal of digit 1 (saddle) flexion, extension abduction, adduction metacarpophalangeal/knuckles (condylar) flexion, extension abduction, adduction atlanto-occipital (condylar) flexion, extension lateral flexion, circumduction wrist (condylar) flexion, extension abduction, adduction tibiofemoral/knee (modified hinge) flexion, extension some rotation metatarsophalangeal (condylar) flexion, extension abduction, adduction 3. Name of joint (any two) Movement allowed Movement allowed Movement allowed shoulder (ball-and-socket) flexion, extension abduction, adduction rotation, circumduction hip (ball-and-socket) flexion, extension abduction, adduction rotation, circumduction sternoclavicular (shallow saddle) moves in all axes Exercise M11_MARI1353_11_TE_CH11.indd 75

2 11 Review Sheet Exercise NAME LAB TIME/DATE Articulations and Body Movements Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial Joints 1. Use key responses to identify the joint types described below. Key: a. cartilaginous b. fibrous c. synovial 1. fibers connecting the tibia and fibula 2. includes joints between the vertebral bodies and the pubic symphysis 3. found in the epiphyseal plate 4. sutures are memorable examples 5. characterized by cartilage connecting the bony portions 6. all characterized by a fibrous articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane surrounding a joint cavity 7. all are freely movable or diarthrotic 8. bone regions united by dense regular connective tissue 9. include the hip, knee, and elbow joints 2. Describe the tissue type and function of the following structures in relation to a synovial joint and label the structures indicated by leader lines in the diagram. Use an appropriate reference if needed. ligament: Dense regular connective tissue; attaches bones together; reinforces joints tendon: Dense regular connective tissue attaching muscle to bone; reinforces the joint capsule as it spans a joint Hyaline cartilage; reduces friction where articular cartilage: bones articulate Loose connective tissue; produces synovial membrane: synovial fluid which decreases friction within the joint capsule Fluid-filled synovial sac which cushions the tendon bursa: Synovial cavity containing synovial fluid Articular capsule Articular cartilage Synovial layer Fibrous layer Periosteum where it crosses the bone 76 M11_MARI1353_11_TE_CH11.indd 76

3 3. Match the synovial joint categories in column B with their descriptions in column A. d; pivot a; ball-and-socket e; plane e; plane a; ball-and-socket Column A 1. joint between the axis and atlas 2. hip joint 3. intervertebral joints (between articular processes) 4. joint between forearm bones and wrist 5. elbow 6. interphalangeal joints 7. intercarpal joints 8. joint between talus and tibia/fibula 9. joint between skull and vertebral column 10. joint between jaw and skull 11. joints between proximal phalanges and metacarpal bones 12. a multiaxial joint Column B a. ball-and-socket b. condylar c. hinge d. pivot e. plane f. saddle, f; saddle 13. biaxial joints, d; pivot 14. uniaxial joints 4. Indicate the number of planes in which each joint can move. one uniaxial joints two biaxial joints three or more multiaxial joints 5. What characteristics do all joints have in common? All consist of bony regions held together by fibrous or cartilaginous connective tissue, or by a joint capsule. Selected Synovial Joints 6. Which joint, the hip or the knee, is more stable? Hip Name two important factors that contribute to the stability of the hip joint. Deep socket for femur and _ strongly reinforced articular capsule Name two important factors that contribute to the stability of the knee. The menisci and _ ligaments and tendons crossing joint Review Sheet M11_MARI1353_11_TE_CH11.indd 77

4 7. The diagram shows a frontal section of the hip joint. Identify its major structural elements by using the key letters. a e g Key: a. acetabular labrum d b. articular capsule c. articular cartilage b f c d. head of the femur e. hip bone f. joint cavity g. ligament of the head of the femur 8. The shoulder joint is built for mobility. List four factors that contribute to the large range of motion at the shoulder: 1. The large head of the humerus moves easily against the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula. 2. The glenoid labrum only slightly deepens the glenoid cavity. 3. The articular capsule is thin and loose. 4. There are few ligaments that strengthen the joint. 9. In which direction does the shoulder usually dislocate? The humerus usually dislocates in the forward and downward direction. Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints 10. Which letter of the adjacent diagram marks the origin of the muscle? A Which letter marks the Muscle contracting insertion? B A Insert the words origin and insertion into the following sentence: During muscle contraction, the insertion moves toward the. origin Tendon B 78 Review Sheet 11 M11_MARI1353_11_TE_CH11.indd 78

5 11. Complete the descriptions below the diagrams by inserting the type of movement in each answer blank. (a) (b) flexion extension at the elbow at the knee (c) (d) abduction adduction of the upper limb of the lower limb (e) circumduction of the upper limb (f) inversion of the foot (g) rotation of the head (h) pronation of the forearm Joint Disorders 12. What structural joint changes are common to the elderly? Degenerative changes (adhesions and bone spurs) begin to sprout up in diarthrotic joints; intervertebral discs begin to degenerate. These changes lead to increased joint stiffness and pain. 13. Define the following terms. sprain: Ligaments reinforcing a joint are damaged by excessive stretching, or torn away from the bony attachment. dislocation: Bones are forced out of their normal positions in a joint cavity. 14. What types of tissue damage might you expect to find in a dislocated joint? Torn or stressed ligaments and inflammation. The joint capsule and ligaments may remain stretched. Review Sheet M11_MARI1353_11_TE_CH11.indd 79